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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:06/June-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
HARMONIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF CRACKED CANTILEVER BEAM USING

ANSYS SOFTWARE WITH PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL
Manik Maiti*1
*1M.Tech Structural Engineering Student., Department Of Civil Engineering, Narula Institute Of
Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS42577
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research paper is to determine the deformation, strain, stress, change in voltage frequency
plot in harmonic response analysis of a solid steel cantilever beam and a cracked cantilever beam when a load
is placed on it. In this thesis report, Full Methods has used for predicting the stress and deformation the method
adopted to fulfil this objective is that by Ansys workbench, 2023 version, piezoelectric material is placed under
the cantilever beam and simulation is done. The result obtained by using these methods shows that at a certain
frequency the value of the voltage frequency plot in the cracked steel beam is decreasing whereas the value of
other parameters such as deformation, strain, stress, acceleration etc. is increasing. A frequency response graph
is plotted to analyses the effect of Stress, Strain and Deformation, It can be said that if a crack occurs in a beam
then its voltage frequency decreases with respect to a certain load.
Keywords: Structural Health Monitoring, Ansys Workbench, Cantilever Beam With Crack And Uncrack,
Harmonic Analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Engineering structures are so designed and constructed that stability, strength, stiffness and durability are
ensured during their life time for all anticipated loads. The beams are among these that are used most
frequently and have a wide range of engineering-oriented practical applications. They undergo both static as
well as dynamic loads of elements. It is necessary to build a structure that will function safely for the duration
of the service period. Nevertheless, some fractures would cause a specific kind of deformation failure in the
structure. The infinitesimal changes either intentionally or unintentionally that are introduced in a structure,
leading to the adverse effects on the prevalent or further performance of that structure is usually referred as
damage. It can cause the failure of structure as a whole or any individual element can fail. Due to fast paced
economic growth of the industrial buildings, damage can be considered as one of the main factors and aspects
relevant to structural analysis and structural engineers need to ensure damage free elements in structures. The
most common structural defect that is discovered when studying structures is the persistence of cracks. Cracks
in any element of a structure are undesirable and it is most often found in structures at the start of their service
or may develop later over a period of time. The interesting basic model for many enriching structural
engineering applications, which are widely used in structural components under controlled conditions, is
explored in the analysis of beams. Examples includes the structures that are modeled with the structural
element such as beam-like elements like aircraft wings, spacecraft antennae, helicopter rotor blades and robot
arms. Many other structures to be considered as examples are beam like model elements are lengthy bridges,
high rise buildings and robotic arms. The presence of fracture in structural elements can have a significant
impact on the dynamic responses of the entire structure. Cracks when widen and propagate can cause
catastrophic failure of any types of structures. Cracks can be detected and predicted, and subsequent corrective
action in the impending mechanical, electrical, and process-related issues can be taken using variations in
dynamic responses, characteristics of structures or structural elements due to the initiation, growth, and
propagation of cracks. Monitoring the vibration can reveal issues with machinery equipment and continuous
process systems. Hence it is important to understand the post cracking behavior of beams subjected to
vibration. There is a need to develop effective techniques for the analysis cracked beams under vibration. In the
present work an attempt has been made to understand the behavior of beams under vibration and theoretical
and numerical analyses are carried out to perform vibration analysis of beams in normal and post crack stages.
Vibration analysis is a general method used to find defects of structures like fractures. It offers an inexpensive,
effective and efficient way of nondestructive testing (NDT). The existence of cracks /localized damage within
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the structures drastically minimizes the stiffness and enhances damping within the element. In vibration theory
it is well known that reduction in natural frequencies with modifications of vibration modes in structures is
associated with reduction in the stiffness. Properties such as damping and stiffness will be influenced by its
dynamic loading due to existence of fracture in structural component. The frequencies and respective mode
shape of structures provides info regarding the positional and depth data of the cracks. Due to the existence of
fractures in the structures, increase in local flexibility is detrimental for entire structure towards dynamic
behavior to a considerable level. This also decreases the natural frequency which varies the mode patterns of
the vibration. Identification of such differences likely yields in detection of cracks leading to fracture. As time
progresses, structural defects like cracks initiated in all structures are subjective to degenerative effects
ultimately leading to a catastrophic-failure/breakdown of the structures. Thus, the quality of manufactured
products should be ensured by periodical inspection which is very important. In structural elements, cracks or
other defects will influence the dynamic behavior and changes the stiffness as well as damping properties.
Information regarding the location and damage dimensions are directly related with natural frequencies with
respect to structure. Stiffness of entire structure decreases due to the occurrence of damages and natural
frequency which provides the efficient method for detecting damage identification. Finite element method
shortly known as FEM is very effective tool for analyzing and developing solutions to various vibration
problems in structures which provides an advance-numerical discretization scheme. In structural mechanics
FEM plays a major role. FEM is a general purpose numerical method and is widely used in the analysis of
structures for static and dynamic loads to determine the responses. In the early 1970s Bellman and his
associates first developed the differential quadrature method (DQM). They aimed to offer an efficient numerical
method to solve partial differential equations of non-linear type. Since then this method is successfully applied
to various problems. By using Lagrange multipliers the boundary conditions of beams are satisfied as per
damaged or undamaged condition the behaviour of members of the structure varies. Damages like cracks in
members cause most of the structures to fail. Cracks also reduce the stiffness and frequency of structures. So, to
examine the dynamic behavior, many experiments are carried out. The objective of the present work is to
examine the natural frequency and mode shape of a cantilever beam with single crack in highly stressed zone
and also to verify frequency with an analytical value. These structures within the service-life are subject to
various means to know the effects of dynamic-loading, corrosive medium, temperature within additional types
of damages Alloy beams are widely used in aircrafts and machinery structures. Fatigue cracks which are caused
by cyclic loading action due to vibration are the main cause of initiating cracks and subsequent failure of beams.
This also leads to the change in natural frequencies. Since fatigue-cracks are potential means of sources leading
towards catastrophic structural failure, early detection of such cracks is important for both safety and economic
reasons. Due to numerous reasons cracks are present in several structures. Modification in stiffness and in the
mechanical behavior of complete structure occurs because of existence of the crack in the structure which
results in damage to huge extent. Unlimited fatigue strength causes fatigue under service-conditions leading
towards the formation of cracks. Smaller cracks typically spread throughout the beam and are more common. If
the size of cracks in beams reaches crucial size, then rapid structure breakdown is formed due to the lack of
undetected cracks. Therefore, to detect cracks natural frequency measurements are used. Since sudden failure
leads to serious damage or injury due to high node operation, early crack detection is important. Due to the
existence of cracks, the crack section is modeled as modified beam element. Several studies show that it is
important to detect the cracks as early widening and development of more cracks that are undetected leads to
modification of vibration modes and natural frequencies.
II. METHODOLOGY
Mode Superposition
When performing dynamic response analyses of linear structures, mode superposition is a powerful technique
for reducing the computation time. Using this method, the dynamic response of a structure can be
approximated by a superposition of a small number of its eigenmodes.
Mode superposition is most useful when the frequency content of the loading is limited. It is particularly useful
when performing analyses in the frequency domain, since the loading frequencies are known. Wave
propagation problems are not suited for this technique, as they involve very high frequencies.

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III. MODELING AND ANALYSIS
Modal analysis and harmonic analysis of 3 meter cantilever beam whose cross sectional area is 0.25 meter
width and 0.3 meter depth beam has been done. For that, 3 types of materials have been taken, the first is
aluminum alloy, the second is pzt-5A and the third is Tungsten, the properties of all these materials such as
density of aluminum alloy = 2770 Kg/m³, Young's modulus 7.1e + 10 Pa, Poisson’s ratio = 0. 33. Similarly Pzt-5A
whose density is 7750 Kg/m³, in this way Tungsten whose density is 19250 Kg/m³, Young's modulus 4.1e+11.
In this way all the data which is given in the table below. Also anisotropic elasticity, anisotropic relative
permittivity and piezoelectric matrix in tabular format are shown below.
i)Tungsten
Density 19250 kg/m³
Structure:-
Isotropic Elasticity
Derive from Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio
Young's Modulus 4.1e+11 Pa
Poisson's Ratio 2.8472e+11 Pa
Bulk Modulus 2.8472e+11 Pa
Shear Modulus 1.627e+11 Pa
Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-05 1/°C
Compressive Yield Strength 2.5e+08 Pa
Tensile Ultimate Strength 4.6e+08 Pa
Tensile Yield Strength 2.5e+08 Pa
Thermal:-
Isotropic Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W/m·°C
Specific Heat Constant Pressure 434 J/kg·°C
Electric:-
Isotropic Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W/m·°C
Magnetic:-
Isotropic Relative Permeability 10000
ii) Aluminum Alloy
Isotropic Elasticity
Derive form Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio
Young’s Modulus 7.1e+10 Pa
Poisson’s Ratio 0.33
Bulk Modulus 6.9608e+10 Pa
Shear Modulus 2.6692e+10 Pa
Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 2.3e-05 1/°C
Compressive Ultimate Strength 0 Pa
Tensile Ultimate Strength 3.1e+08 Pa
Tensile Yield Strength 2.8e+08 Pa

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Compressive Yield Strength 2.8e+08 Pa
Thermal:-
Magnetic:-
Isotropic Relative Permeability 1
Material Properties of host Beam and Tungsten
Young’s Coefficient of
Poisson’s
Material modulus Density thermal Bulk modulus Shear Modulus
ratio
Y (GPa) expansion
Tungsten 4.1E+11 0.26 19250 1.2E-5 2.8472E+11 1.627e+11
Aluminum
7.1E+10 0.33 2770 2.3E-5 6.9608E+10 2.6692E+10
Alloy
iii) PZT-5A
Table 1: Polarization in Y-Direction, Permittivity at constant strain
1.99E-09 0 0
0 5.78E-10 0
0 0 1.99E-09
Table 2: Piezoelectric Matrix: - d matrix, strain/ Efield
0 -5.35116 0
0 15.78347 0
0 -5.35116 0
12.29474 0 0
0 0 12.29474
0 0 0
Table 3: Anisotropic Electricity: -Polarization in y-Direction Stiffness at Constant field
1.20E+11 7.51E+10 7.52E+10 0 0 0
7.51E+10 1.11E+11 7.51E+10 0 0 0
7.52E+10 7.51E+10 1.20E+11 0 0 0
0 0 0 2.11E+10 0 0
0 0 0 0 2.11E+10 0
0 0 0 0 0 2.26E+10
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result from Modal Analysis
Table 3: Total Deformation of Uncrack Beam for Modal Analysis
Mode Frequency in Hz Total Deformation in mm
Mode-1 22.352 0.078827
Mode-2 26.766 0.078747
Mode-3 135.42 0.078644

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Figure 1: Total Deformation of Uncrack Beam for Modal Analysis

Table 4: Total Deformation of crack Beam for Modal Analysis
Mode-1 22.202 0.079158
Mode-2 26.15 0.079830
Mode-3 131.87 0.077628
Figure 2: Total Deformation of Uncrack Beam for Modal Analysis

Result from Harmonic Response Analysis
Table 5: Total deformation of the Crack and Uncrack Beam
Mode-1 Min- 0, Max-140 0.063217
Figure 3: Total Deformation of crack beam in Harmonic Response

Mode-1 Min- 0, Max-140 0.022595

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Figure 4: Total Deformation of uncrack beam in Harmonic Response

Table 7: Voltage Frequency Plot of Crack Beam
Voltage Frequency Plot
Mode Frequency in Hz
(v)
Mode-1 Min- 0, Max-140 254.666
Voltage Frequency Plot
Mode Frequency in Hz
(v)
Mode-1 Min- 0, Max-140 455.598
Figure 5: Voltage Frequency Plot of Crack Beam

V. CONCLUSION
In a harmonic response analysis of a crack and uncrack cantilever beam the total deformation of the cracked
beam is greater than that uncracked beam except voltage frequency plot In other words, it can be said that if
there is no crack in a beam, the voltage frequency will remain at a certain hertz, but if a crack occurs in the same
beam, then its voltage frequency will decrease to the same hertz.
VI. REFERENCES
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composite and metallic patches for repairing aircraft structures of aluminum alloy 7075 T6”,
International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 80, pp. 128-135.
[2] Errouane, H., Sereir, Z. and Chateauneuf, A. (2014), “Numerical model for optimal design of composite
patch repair of cracked aluminum plates under tension”, International Journal of Adhesion and
Adhesives, Vol. 49, pp. 64-72.
[3] Alaimo Duan, W.H., Wang, Q. and Quek, S.T. (2010), “Applications of piezoelectric materials in
structural health monitoring and repair: selected research examples”, Materials, Vol. 3 No. 12, pp.
5169-5194.
[4] Duflot, M. (2008), “The extended finite element method in thermo-elastic fracture mechanics”,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 74 No. 5, pp. 827-847.

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[5] Liu Abuzaid, A., Hrairi, M. and Dawood, M.S.I. (2015), “Survey of active structural control and repair
using piezoelectric patches”, Actuators, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 77-98.
[6] Liu, T.J.C. (2007), “Fracture mechanics and crack contact analyses of the active repair of multi-layered
piezoelectric patches bonded on cracked structures”, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, Vol.
47 No. 2, pp. 120-132.
[7] Dr. C. M. Ramesha1 , Abhijith K G2 , Abhinav Singh3 , Abhishek Raj4 , Chetan S Naik5 “Modal Analysis
and Harmonic Response Analysis of a Crankshaft”
[8] Duan, W.H., Quek, S.T. and Wang, Q. (2007), “Finite element analysis of the piezoelectric-based repair of
a delaminated beam”, Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 015017.
[9] Md. Shumon Miaa, Md. Shahidul Islamb, Udayan Ghoshc, “Modal Analysis of Cracked Cantilever Beam
by Finite Element Simulation”, ScienceDirect, Volume 194, 2017, Pages 509-516
[10] Al-Ashtari, W. (2016), “A novel analytical model to design piezoelectric patches used to repair cracked
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[11] Dhiraj Ahiwale, Harshada Madake, Nikita Phadtare, Amit Jarande, Deepak Jambhale “Modal analysis of
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[12] Ritesh Kumar, Himanshu Pathak, Akhilendra Singh, Mayank Tiwari (2021), “Modeling of crack repair
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[13] Platz, R., Stapp, C. and Hanselka, H. (2011), “Statistical approach to evaluating active reduction of crack
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[14] Abuzaid, A., Hrairi, M. and Dawood, M.S. (2017), “Modeling approach to evaluating reduction in stress
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Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 28 No. 10, pp. 1334-1345.
[15] Alaimo, A., Milazzo, A. and Orlando, C. (2011), “On the dynamic behavior of piezoelectric active repair
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[16] Wu, N. and Wang, Q. (2011), “An experimental study on the repair of a notched beam subjected to
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[17] Abuzaid, A., Hrairi, M. and Dawood, M.S. (2018), “Experimental and numerical analysis of piezoelectric
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[18] Seemann, W. and Sattel, T. (1999), “Influence of bonding on the efficiency of piezoceramic patches as
actuators in smart structures”, Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, Vol. 3668, pp. 677-687.

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

HARMONIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF CRACKED CANTILEVER BEAM USING

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Figure 1: Total Deformation of Uncrack Beam for Modal Analysis

Figure 2: Total Deformation of Uncrack Beam for Modal Analysis

Figure 3: Total Deformation of crack beam in Harmonic Response

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Figure 4: Total Deformation of uncrack beam in Harmonic Response

Figure 5: Voltage Frequency Plot of Crack Beam

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