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Chapter 2 PDF

The document summarizes the modern atomic model and provides information about atoms, molecules, ions, isotopes, and chemical bonding. It introduces the periodic table and describes how to name simple ionic and covalent compounds as well as acids. Key points include that the atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, electrons orbit the nucleus, and the number of protons determines the element.

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39 views29 pages

Chapter 2 PDF

The document summarizes the modern atomic model and provides information about atoms, molecules, ions, isotopes, and chemical bonding. It introduces the periodic table and describes how to name simple ionic and covalent compounds as well as acids. Key points include that the atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, electrons orbit the nucleus, and the number of protons determines the element.

Uploaded by

ghs26w5s2t
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Atoms, Molecules , and Ions


2.5: the modern view of atomic structure: An introduction

The simplest view of the atom is that it consists:


1- Tiny nucleus contains:
a) Protons
b) Neutrons

2- Electrons move about the nucleus.

For neutral atom: No. of protons = No. of electrons


The chemistry of an atom results from its electrons

Atomic number: no. of protons = no. of electrons (for neutral atom)

Mass number: no. of protons + no. of neutrons


Examples:

Atomic number: 11 = no. of P = no. of e Atomic number: 11 = no. of P = no. of e


Mass number: 23 = no of P + no. of N Mass number: 24 = no. of P + no. of N
No. of N= 23 – 11 = 12 No. of N = 24 – 11= 13

Isotopes: atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.

Exercise: find the no. of e, P, and N for the following:


2.6: Molecules and Ions.

Molecule: collection of atoms that hold together by chemical bond (covalent bond).

Ion: An atom or collection of atoms that positively or negatively charged.

+ ve charge ion: Cation (formed by loss of electron)


- ve charge ion: Anion (formed by gain of electron)

Ions can be:


Simple ion ( , )

Polyatomic ion ( , )
Chemical bond: Forces that hold atoms together in a compound. There are two types of
chemical bonding:

Covalent bond Ionic bond

Formed by sharing of electrons between atoms. Attraction between oppositely charged ions

Compounds have covalent bonds called Compounds have ionic bonds called ionic solid or
salts.
Molecules.
It consist of cation-anion
Atoms that formed covalent bond from the
Cations are formed from elements of group 1,2, and
following groups in the periodic table
3 in the periodic table (metals). Example:
(nonmetals): group 4,5,6, and 7 and H.
Anions are formed from elements of group 5,6,and 7
in the periodic table (nonmetals). Example:
Molecules can be represented by:

1) Chemical Formula: show number and type of atoms. Examples:

2) Structural Formula: individual bonds are shown (indicated by lines).


Examples:
2.7: An Introduction to the Periodic Table
*Elements in the same vertical column in the periodic table form a group (or family ) and generally
have similar properties.

*The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods.

Metals characteristic physical properties:


1. Efficient conduction of heat and electricity.
2. Malleability and Ductility.
3. Lustrous appearance.
Chemically, metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions.

Nonmetals lack the physical properties that characterize the metals.


Chemically, nonmetals tend to gain electrons in reaction with metals to form negative ions.

Metalloids (semimetals) : B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At


These elements exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic properties.
2.8: Naming Simple Compounds
• In early chemists there was no system for naming compounds.
common names were used, such as:
Sugar, Epsom salts, Milk of magnesia, Gypsum, and laughing gas .

As chemistry grew, nearly 5 million chemical compounds are currently


known.
Memorizing common names for these compounds would be an
impossible task.
To solve this problem, we will begin with the systems for naming
inorganic binary compounds.
• Binary compounds: compounds composed of two elements.
• We will consider both ionic and covalent compounds.
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)
• Binary ionic compounds contain a positive ion (cation) always written
first in the formula and a negative ion (anion).
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)

This type consist of cation- anion


Cation: metal that form more than one type of positive ion

Example:
FeCl2 and FeCl3

In FeCl2 the charge of Fe ion is


2(-1) + X = 0
X = +2 (Fe+2 )

In FeCl3 the charge of Fe ion is


3(-1) + X = 0
X= +3 (Fe+3 )
Naming type II:
The name of the element (charge of ion using Roman numeral) – anion name

For FeCl2 : Iron (II) chloride


FeCl3: Iron (III) chloride

Old naming
FeCl2 : Ferrous chloride , FeCl3 : Ferric chloride

Example: Give the systematic name for each of the following compounds:

a. CuCl: Copper (I) chloride


b. HgO: Mercury (II) oxide
c. Fe2O3: Iron (III) oxide
Notes:
-Mercury(I) ions always occur bound
together to form Hg2+2 ions.

-Ag+, Zn+2, Cd+2


These are transition metals, they form
only one type of ion, and a Roman
numeral is not used

-The Roman numeral is


I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII,…
Example: Given the following systematic names, write the formula for each
compound:

a. Manganese (IV) oxide : MnO2

b. Lead (II) chloride : PbCl2

c. Chromium (III) bromide: CrBr3

d. Gallium iodide: GaI3


Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ion
• Oxyanions: are anions contain an element with different numbers of
oxygen atoms.
• If there are two members in such a series:
• the smaller number of oxygen atoms: ends in -ite
• the larger number of oxygen atoms: ends in -ate
• Example:
• sulfite SO3-2 sulfate SO4-2
• If more than two oxyanions in the series, the following prefixes used to the
name:
• hypo- (less than)
• per- (more than)
• Example:
• ClO- : hypochlorite, ClO2- : chlorite, ClO3- : chlorate, ClO4- : perchlorate
Example: Give the systematic name for each of the following compounds:

a. Na2SO4 : Sodium Sulfate

b. KH2PO4 : Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

c. Fe(NO3)3 : Iron (III) nitrate

d. Mn(OH)2 : Manganese (II) hydroxide

e. Na2SO3 : Sodium sulfite

f. CaCO3 : Calcium carbonate


Example: Given the following systematic names, write the formula for each
compound:
a. Sodium hydrogen carbonate: NaHCO3
b. Cesium perchlorate: CsClO4
c. Lithium hypochlorite: LiClO or LiOCl
d. Potassium selenate: K2SeO4
e. Magnesium bromate: Mg(BrO3)2
f. Sodium iodite: NaIO2
Covalent Compounds (Type III)
• Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)
• They are formed between two nonmetals: (nonmetal+ nonmetal)

They are named very similarly to binary ionic compounds (Type I)


• The first element in the formula is named first, using the full element name.
• The second element is named as if it were an anion.
• Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.
(prefix donate # of atoms) element name- (prefix donate #of atoms) root name of element +ide

The prefix mono- is never used for naming the first element.

Example:
• CO is called carbon monoxide, not monocarbon
monoxide
• N2O Dinitrogen monoxide
NO Nitrogen monoxide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide
• Q1. Name each of the following compounds:

• a. PCl5 Phosphorus pentachloride

• b. PCl3 Phosphorus trichloride

• c. SO2 Sulfur dioxide

• Q2. From the following systematic names, write the formula for each
compound:

• a. Sulfur hexafluoride SF6

• b. Sulfur trioxide SO3

• c. Carbon dioxide Solution CO2


Example:
• Give the systematic name for each of the following compounds:
• a. P4O10 b. Nb2O5 c. Li2O2 d. Ti(NO3)4

• a. P4O10 Tetraphosphorus decoxide (Binary covalent compound (Type III))

• b. Nb2O5 Niobium(V) oxide (Type II binary compound and Nb+5 is a transition


metal and requires a Roman numeral)

• c. Li2O2 Lithium peroxide (Type I binary compound, O2-2 (peroxide) ions)

• d. Ti(NO3)4 Titanium(IV) nitrate Ionic compound contains the Ti+4 transition metal
(requires a Roman numeral) and NO-3 polyatomic ions.
Example:
• Q. Given the following systematic names, write the formula for each compound:
• a. Vanadium(V) fluoride b. Dioxygen difluoride
• c. Rubidium peroxide d. Gallium oxide
Answer:
• Name Chemical Formula formula
• a. Vanadium(V) fluoride VF5
• b. Dioxygen difluoride O 2F 2
• c. Rubidium peroxide Rb2O2
• d. Gallium oxide Ga2O3
Acids
• Compounds that when dissolved in water, produce free H+ ions (protons).
• The rules for naming acids.
• An acid is a molecule in which one or more H+ ions are attached to an
anion. (H-anion)
• 1. If the anion does not contain oxygen and the anion ends in -ide, the
acid is named with the prefix hydro-root name of anion+ the suffix -ic.

• HCl hydrochloric acid


• HCN hydrocyanic acid
• H2S hydrosulfuric acid
Naming of acids
• 2. If the anion contain oxygen (oxyanion) and the anion ends in -ate,
the acid is named root name of anion-ic
• If the anion ends in –ite, the acid is named: root name of anion-ous
• For example:
• H2SO4 which contains sulfate anion, is named as sulfuric acid
• H2SO3 which contains sulfite is named as sulfurous acid
• HNO2 which contains nitrite is named nitrous acid.
• HNO3 which contains nitrate is named nitric acid.
Naming of acids
• Acid Anion Name
• HClO4 Perchlorate Perchloric acid
• HClO3 Chlorate Chloric acid
• HClO2 Chlorite Chlorous acid
• HClO Hypochlorite Hypochlorous acid
• H3PO4 Phosphate Phosphoric acid
• HC2H3O2 Acetate Acetic acid

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