Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

1 INTRODUCTION This project is based on the designing of a cellular network for a real geographical area on the software named Cell Planner. Cell Planner is the software which provides all the functions for the design of a wireless system and allows us to estimate the performance of the designed system or we can say wireless system. It is essentially helpful for almost all the frequency ranges for Analog, TDMA, CDMA, GSM and 3G. Our project is based on the designing of GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). It is a very supportive tool through which we can actually see the characteristic of a particular base station under different circumstances including its antenna, power, height and other parameters. The project teaches us the technical concepts of a cellular network and also provides us the understanding of terms such as co channel interference, adjacent channel interference and composite interference. Also we came to know how an antenna will behave in different situations and how its pattern gets affected by the environment 1.1 Purpose The purpose of the project is to understand the concepts of the cellular network deeply and to learn how to tackle with the different problems which a Base station Engineer face while installing a base station and also what all things should be kept in mind before performing such action. As the main aim of a Base station Engineer is to work for his desired task efficiently and perform all the actions involved in it considering the economic as well as the technical aspects, moreover network should satisfy the quality of service (QoS).

1.2 Scope
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications The Scope of this project includes the entire technical requirement for the network which we can use efficiently. It provides the. Also this project enables an engineer to create a network using all the requirements given. It comprises of planning, designing, simulating and analysing the designed cellular network

1.3 Report Organisation The main aim of this project is to achieve a good coverage in a particular area with the best possible way including the cost and maintenance of the network. This Report presented is organised in three different sections which are: Network configuration including Base Station Sites. Antenna selection criterion and assigning frequency. Good Coverage with handling traffic easily.

2 NETWORK PLANNING APPROACH

This part of the project may be treated as the main part as planning a network means to create the back bone of a human. If the back bone is weak then the whole system will suffer, causing the network to degrade its performance which is not acceptable. As it has been said again and again that for a cellular network two things are the most vital elements are Coverage and traffic. If these two things are good enough to achieve desired GoS then the task is accomplished. Thus the approach towards the designing of the project should be firm and fixed in order to achieve the task successfully.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications 1.4 General Requirements: The first thing which comes in mind before planning a network is How to build a cellular mobile telecommunication network for a given area effectively and efficiently? The answer to this will be, use all the resources efficiently and for this the basic requirements of our project include the antenna selection, area to covered, base station parameters such as power, height, cell radius and frequency. System Parameters used while proceeding with the project are given as follows:

Adjacent channel selectivity Acceptable C/I Bit Error Ratio Band centre frequency: GSM 900 DCS 1800 A DCS 1800 B Environment

20 dB 12 dB 3% 925MHz 1795 MHz

1990MHz Standard 40 dB 6 dB 5 Watts 45 Watts

Attenuation Attenuation standard deviation Minimum Tx output power Maximum Tx output power

The specification for the GSM-900 mobile terminal specifications were given as follows: Maximum RF power Receiver noise figure Antenna height (outdoor0 Antenna nominal gain 0.8 8 1.5 0 Watt s dB m dBd

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications The cellular network is to be analysed under different environment and each environment has its own affect on the signal level and are taken into account before any conclusion. Thus the mobile environment specifications are as follows under different conditions: A) Pedestrian (CLASS 3) Human body attenuation Penetration attenuation Average speed 3 0 5 dB dB Km/h r

B) In vehicle Handheld (CLASS 2) Human body attenuation Penetration attenuation Average speed 3 3 110 dB dB Km/h r C) Building Handheld (CLASS 1) Human body attenuation Penetration attenuation Average speed 3 12 2.5 dB dB Km/h r Coverage Area to be considered: In this project we are asked to provide a good coverage area with minimum interference and the area given was shown in the figure below which is named as area 3 and 4: Latitudes: 33 0000 N 32 5050 N Longitudes: 93 2000 W 93 4000 W

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

The geographical area shown above is the area in which the cellular network to be designed and the topography and morphology for the area is shown in the figure below, also it can be seen that is mostly forest area and a very small portion of the area is urban where the traffic intensity will be high. Topography:

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications Morphology:

2.2 Choice of Cell Radius: For the prediction of the base station coverage under the different terrain conditions we must define the cell radius of that base station and this thing can be done by considering about the threshold level of the mobile receiver. In general the threshold level is 102dBm for the mobile means that the signal level above threshold is not acceptable, but if the terrain conditions are taken into account then the signal level will vary and it will not create a perfect circle so as to predict cell radius, thus in the project
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications the cell radius is taken as 3km uniformly for each base station and thus forming a grid pattern of 3 sectors which makes easy to place base station in the given area. In other words cell radius can be defined as, measuring the signal level from base station and noting the minimum distance point away from base station which gives us the acceptable signal level that will be the cell radius for that base station.

2.3 Antenna Selection Criteria:

This is the most important part of the project as coverage area of a particular base station depends on the antenna which is installed and if the antenna is not selected correctly then the whole system will suffer and the system cost may also increase. Thus the selection of antenna should be done in such a way that it is well suited for a given area and provides sufficient coverage with large gain also. Moreover in this project each base station sectoring is done and 3 sectors for each base station is present, so the antenna should be directional not Omni directional because if Omni directional antenna are chosen then it will cause interference in its neighbouring sectors as sectoring is done so in each sector the frequency will b different and the frequency reuse concept cannot be achieved. All in all we can say that when sectoring is done use of directional antenna with high gain is worth full as Omni
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications directional antennas are mostly used in rural areas where the traffic intensity is very less. For designing a cellular system there are several things which should be kept in mind which area as described below Coverage The first and foremost thing which be kept in mind that where the antenna is to be placed and how much area it has to cover. Thus an antenna which can cover large enough area to with all the other parameters unaffected described below should be chosen and this thing can be done by analysing the terrain data of that area as the coverage area of an antenna largely depend on the place where it is situated. Interference

After the coverage area is achieved then interference level is to be checked and if the interference is high then it has to be minimised in order to provide good service, while minimising the interference level coverage area must be looked out whether it is affected or not. The best way to achieve this is to allot frequency to each sector of a base station properly moreover the antenna specification such as antenna height, power and tilting should be adjusted so far to minimise interference Traffic carrying capacity

The antenna selected should also carry the traffic in that area effectively and the traffic is distributed according to morphology. Overall the system can handle traffic easily with less blocking probability and a good GoS which is 2% in this project. Gain

Gain of the antenna is directly related to its directivity, the more the gain of an antenna more directional it will be. While sectoring is
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications done the antenna should be good enough directional with high gain so as to provide strongest signal for its sector. And in case if the antenna is to be tilted to minimise the interference it can be done as tilting is done only to high gain direction antenna because tilting an Omni directional antenna is of no use. Front to back ratio

Front to back ratio of an antenna can be measured by its radiation pattern and this ratio should be high enough so that it does not cause interference with other sectors. In other words it is the ratio of power gain between the front and the rear of a directional antenna. Null fill

Null is the area present in between the side lobes which means the area where signal level is nearly equal to zero. These null may be in order of 30 or more dB which is less than one thousand of the total energy. Null fill is done to prevent the signal overshooting the nearest part of the intended coverage area for the antennas located on mountains or tall towers. Prone to atmospheric conditions

Antenna structure should be strong enough to handle wind pressure, rain, storms etc, thus the signal level should not be so much affected that the system tends to fail. Cost

Although the base station antenna contribute very less part of the overall cost of the system, this thing should be kept in mind as in case of failure the system engineer should have a spare antenna for its replacement. As we know in a communication system each of its part has its own importance on the system performance and also the total cost.
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications 2.4 Teletraffic Capacity Planning

In this project each of us has been allotted a particular area to work on and the area under the figure which is highlighted is the area under consideration. The traffic for that area is 210 and 270 Erlang for the block 3 and 4 which makes the total of 480Erlang. In the communication system Erlang is the traffic measuring unit. The process of the assigning of traffic in each area starts with the estimation of population density of that area, and then the system engineer has to plan where to place down the cellular sites typically base transceiver station, base station controller and mobile switches and then allot the traffic channels. It is very obvious that the traffic capacity traffic capacity of a base site is highly dependent on the exact locations of the base sites. Thus every effort should be made during the planning stage to guarantee that a base site can be well positioned, the actual site acquisition process is subject to many factors including the physical location, real estate cost, the height of the location, the availability of equipment and antenna space, etc.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications There are two ways by which the teletraffic can be carried out easily i.e. installing another base station near a pre installed site working on different frequency or to increase the number of traffic channels. 2.5 Grade of Service and Blocking Probability: For a cellular system the grade of service should be good enough so that the customers are well satisfied by the service. The grade of service depends on the call quality which includes voice quality, call drop etc. In other words the amount of traffic not handled by the network helps to determine the quality of service. Mathematically it is the ratio of lost traffic to the offered traffic.

GoS = A-A0/A
Where, A-actual traffic A-A0-lost traffic The blocking probability is the probability of a call not carried out when the system is busy or the traffic channels are all equipped. This happens due to traffic overload or lack of traffic channels. When the number of traffic channels is all busy then the new call originated will be blocked.

3 NETWORK SOLUTION DESCRIPTION For a cellular network to be designed the main objective of a BTS engineer is: To obtain adequate coverage over the entire service area to ensure that high quality services and data services with less error rates can be offered to the users.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

To

offer

the

subscriber

traffic

network

capacity

with

sufficiently low blocking and call dropping rate.

To enable an economical network implementation when the service is established and a controlled network expansion during the lifecycle of the network.

For the network operator good network planning is: Less amount of money utilized for the infrastructure. More pleased customers (good service quality). Less need for adjustments.

For an operator network optimization is: Better return for investment. Less need for costly hardware updates. Less need for new sites (which are very expensive). 3.1 Network Configuration: A telecommunication network consists of a base station, antenna, mobile users, MSCs, PSTN and microwave links connecting the mobile users with the stations. The base station in this project which forms a cellular network are placed as shown in the figure below and the table shows their exact positions:

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

Base Station BTS001 BTS002 BTS003 BTS004 BTS005 BTS006 BTS007 BTS008 BTS009

Position according to morphology Deciduous Forest Mixed Forest Deciduous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Grasslands Evergreen Forest Mixed Forest Deciduous Forest

Latitude 3258'43.2 "N 3258'58.1 "N 3251'34.6 "N 3256'47.8 "N 3258'38.0 "N 3254'06.7 "N 3254'11.1 "N 3251'23.0 "N 3251'04.5

Longitude 9338'20.5" W 9334'39.2" W 9335'09.5" W 9338'24.9" W 9331'02.1" W 9334'18.7" W 9330'44.0" W 9332'21.7" W 9338'37.9"
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications "N 3253'30.7 "N 3256'24.4 "N 3251'18.3 "N 3251'16.7 "N 3254'13.5 "N 3259'02.4 "N 3257'07.1 "N 3256'25.6 "N 3258'55.6 "N 3253'45.2 "N 3258'51.9 "N 3253'57.5 "N 3256'27.5 "N 3256'25.8 "N 3251'23.8 "N 1.4.1 Frequency management Frequency management is the most important concept to be followed specifically in order to create a system which has minimum interference. Each sector of a cell has allotted a different frequency so as to avoid any
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BTS0010 BTS0011 BTS0012 BTS0013 BTS0014 BTS0015 BTS0016 BTS0017 BTS0018 BTS0019 BTS0020 BTS0021 BTS0022 BTS0023 BTS0024

Grasslands Mixed Forest Deciduous Forest Evergreen Forest Mixed Forest Grasslands Deciduous Forest Evergreen Forest Deciduous Forest Evergreen Forest Mixed Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Evergreen Forest Mixed Forest

W 9338'38.1" W 9335'43.2" W 9325'16.8" W 9329'00.7" W 9327'23.2" W 9327'04.1" W 9329'06.7" W 9332'23.2" W 9320'43.3" W 9320'58.7" W 9324'03.3" W 9323'43.4" W 9325'44.0" W 9321'21.8" W 9321'30.3" W

Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications co channel interference. The same frequency is used at the frequency reuse distance so that they will not interfere. The spacing between the frequencies should also be proper as well spaced frequency will not cause adjacent channel interference. In this project each base station is divided into 3 sectors spaced at 0, 120 and 240 the spacing done shown in the figure below0o

Sector A

Sector C

Sector B

240 o

120 o

1.4.2 Cell clustering The figure below shows how the frequency in each sector is assigned for a 3 cell cluster layout and the same frequency is reused by keeping in mind the frequency reuse distance.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

1A 1

1.4.3 RF channel numbering Table 2.3 shows the RF channels numbering for cellular cluster size of N = 3

GSM-900 uses 890915 MHz to send information from the mobile station (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used.

the base station (uplink) and 935960 MHz for the reverse direction

1A 1 10 19 28 37

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2A 2 11 20 29 38

Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

Lower Band (25 MHz) 890 915 MHz

Upper Band (25 MHz) 935 960 MHz

f1

f2

f3

f124

f0

f1

f2

f3

f124

200 kHz 45 MHz

Centre Gap

1.5 Base Station Site Configuration 1.5.1 Antenna configuration This project is designed by selecting the antenna model 7146-38 which is highly directional with a gain of 14dBd. Although it has many side lobes which is alright as it does not create any null. The elevation beamwidth is 7.0 which is very small and hence effective in providing a good coverage area. Also this antenna is well suitable for the 120 sectoring pattern cell. As this antenna is highly directional, thus giving excellent coverage. The reason behind the selection of this antenna is that its beamwidth is not too narrow or too wide as it has to be directional because sectoring is done and in case to reduce interference if tilting is needed we can do easily because tilting an antenna whose beamwidth is not narrow will not make any difference in the coverage and interference. Also at last the coverage achieved by this antenna under the frequency range is the best and that is why the antenna model 7146-38 is the best and thus chosen. The figure below shows the antenna specification with azimuth and elevation beamwidth
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

3.2.2 Coverage Area After configuring the cellular network with installing base station sites and allocating frequency to each sector and adjusting power level and height of the antenna the coverage area we found was fair enough as more than 85% of the area was under the signal level of -85dBm. This is achieved by simulating the base station with the parameters are attached at last in the appendix part and checking the composite forward, performed on the forward link which means the RBS are transmitting and the mobile are receiving. The coverage achieved is shown in the figure-

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

When the legend is set to -95dBm and we see that 99% of the area is under the coverage area where the signal strength is more than-95dBm which is no way close to the threshold level -102dBm. Even if the 5dB fade margin is taken into account then the minimum signal level will be -97dBm and in this area is seen that at -97dbm the signal strength or the coverage is 100% which is a sign of a good cellular network. The screenshot of the signal strength of -95 dBm and -97dBm is shown on next page. In brief the coverage percentage is:

Signal Level -85dBm- -95dBm -97dBm 86% 99% 100%

Coverage

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

1.6 Resolving Interference Issues As long as the frequency channels are assigned correctly the interference will be very less because the main cause of interference is the wrong allotment of frequency to the network. Sometimes the power level of the base station may cause interference even if the frequency is assigned
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications correctly. The first thing is to assign frequency by the frequency reuse concept, if the power level of a base station is high then it may also cause interference because the signal level might be good enough at far distance where the other base station is serving then in this case the mobile will get confused which signal to pick and thus cause interference. 1.6.1 Co- channel interference Co channel interference is caused when two site operating on the same frequency are not installed far away according to the frequency reuse concept. Earlier when the frequency was not assigned correctly the co channel interference was very large but assigning frequencies correctly the co channel interference was reduced to an acceptable level but was not eliminated.

1.6.2 Adjacent channel interference

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications Adjacent channel interference caused when the frequency spacing is not done properly, there should be enough spacing between the two frequencies so as to avoid adjacent channel interference. In the project sectoring is done and if we look up the frequency table the frequency assigned to each sector is widely spaced and there is no chance of them to get interfere and thus there is no adjacent channel interference is seen in the project. Its main reason is poor frequency control.

1.6.3 Composite interference The software shows the composite interference in the form of C/I ratio.

Basically composite interference is the mixture of all the interference including adjacent and co channel interference. In this project the acceptable C/I is set to 12dB which means if the C/I ratio drops below 12dB then it is not acceptable because this will drop when there is more interference as compared to the main signal The other reasons for the composite interference may be include environmental interference, terrain, human body attenuation, penetration

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications attenuation etc. Thus we conclude that the more the C/I ratio is the better the signal level is.

1.7

Teletraffic Handling Capacity Analysis

In this project the traffic resolving problem was the major part as after achieving coverage traffic needs to be handled. At first most of the base station were facing difficulties in controlling traffic for their area. The best way to control traffic is to shuffle base stations according to traffic and then minimising the traffic problem. While shuffling the base station coverage area was affected and it became the vital task to maintain the coverage and controlling the traffic simultaneously. After trying really hard on the base station I end up with 24 base station for the whole area with 6 of the base station in need of an extra transceiver as the traffic for one or the other sector was high and just two transceiver could not able to handle the traffic, thus there was a need to add another transceiver. Another way is to add one more base station to the place where the traffic is high but if adding one more transceiver
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications solves the problem then adding a base station would be wastage of lot of money as installing another base station is costly in comparison to adding a transceiver. In the cell planner software we need to create the traffic for a particular area and for my area the total traffic was 480 Erlang.. Traffic can be distributed uniformly or according to morphology database. When the traffic is set uniform it will create the bins for the work area and assign same traffic to each bin regardless of the location. Also when the traffic is distributed according to the morphology database, then the bins created for the work area have traffic in non uniform manner. The traffic is defined according to the morphology database which is fed into the system. In this project the traffic is assigned according to the Erlang B table and an example of how the traffic bins look like after creating it and its can be predicted that the bins which are more dark that location has high traffic comparing to the bins which are light.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

The traffic which was given to us according to morphology is shown in the figure below. The cell Planner executes the defined traffic and shows how many traffic channels area needed in a particular sector and how many channels area available. It also suggests the number of traffic channels so as to achieve the grade of service. The result which I achieved after simulating the traffic and adding transceiver to 6 base stations was that out of total simulated traffic of 480 Erlang, 475.53 Erlang or 99.1% of the traffic was carried out easily and the system blocking probability was nearly 0.4% nearly equal to 0%. The more detail output is attached at last in the appendix section.

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3.5

Number of servers

This study allows the determination of number of RBSs at each point of the analysed area. Any RBS is considered to be a server only if it Provides acceptable signal level to the analysed point The MS transmitting at this point also reaches the RBS with an acceptable signal level Handoff request does not occur at that point

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

1.8 Best server In Cell Plan, Best Server is the sector, or site, which supplies the higher acceptable signal level (forward) for the subscriber of the selected class of service, receiving also acceptable reverse signal. Besides, for a sector considered best server, the terminal must not be requiring handoff, and in case it has required, its request was not attended Good communication quality in links, forward and reverses can be assured in the points with best server identification.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

1.9 Bit Error Rate In the field of communication the quality criterion is expressed in terms of Bit error rate. BER can be defined as the number of errors that occur in a string of a stated number of bits. Mathematically it can be stated as: BER = No. of error/Total bits The BER depends on the transmission medium, as how much noise is present which attenuates the signal and causes the transmitted bits to lost and more than 94% of the transmission was done with a BER of less than 1%.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

1.10 Interconnection of Base Station Sites to Switching Centre After installing the base stations and achieving the desired coverage area and controlling the traffic the next final step to create a cellular network is to install a MSC through which all the base stations are connected via microwave links with the microwave antennas. The main function of MSC is that to processes the call and connects the cell site radio link to the PSTN. The MSC should be installed to place which is the top most point so as to get a direct link from the microwave antenna to the base station. The network formed looks like as shown in the figure. There should not be more than 10Km microwave link because that much long distance link might fail. So in order to connect one single MSC to all the station not all the stations are directly connected, some of them are connected to another base station which acts as the repeater for the following base station.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

The microwave antenna used for the setting up the MSC is shown below:

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

1.10.1

Backhaul network transmission lines

Backhaul transmission in GSM networks includes

between GSM core network and BSS network elements, the BSC and BTS. A typical GSM backhaul network is shown in the figure below:

Each radio cell site in a network requires connectivity to a mobile switching centre (MSC), which can be implemented by metallic cable, fibre cables, or microwave radio links. The technology, capacity and topology of the network connecting cell sites to MSC will depend on many factors, including technical and economical. The task for this part of the project is to choose a location for the MSC and establish a fixed network based on technical feasibility and traffic requirements.

1.10.2

Path profile

After setting up the MSC and creating microwave links between the stations we need to check the path profile link and the cell planner gives the path profile shown the Fresnel zone and for a perfect path profile the line of sight should be clear from any obstacles and the first Fresnel zone

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications should also be clear. The two example of the path profile shown by the software is shown below.

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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications

3 DISCUSSION AND CRITIQUE 1.11 Achievements This project helped me to understand the concept of cellular network deeply and taught me how to deal with the problems faced by a system engineer such as co-channel interference, adjacent interference etc. It also provides me the knowledge of each and every work which a network engineer will have to do while designing the network. This is project is basically what I really want to do in future. As the given objective is to design a cellular network for the given geographical area providing a good coverage area with minimum interference and also carry the traffic for that area maintaining the quality of service.
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications The overall results achieved in this project are: Coverage area 86% at signal level of -85dBm and 99% at signal level of -95dBm Co-channel interference was found to be negligible Adjacent channel interference was zero percent More than 99% was carried out easily GoS achieved was 0.5% This project is accomplished after installing 24 base stations with maximum antenna height of 50m and power 50Watts and adding 6 extra transceivers to few of the base stations in order to carry the simulated traffic easily and maintaining the grade of service. 1.12 Difficulties Encountered Major difficulties faced were: Minimising the interference level as frequency reuse concept was followed. So the frequency reuse distance is be maintained which was a challenge. The geographical area was uneven so in order to provide coverage was a big ask and this was achieved by playing with the base station parameters such as antenna pattern, height and power.

Traffic was the major concern in this project as there were many areas where the traffic intensity was very high and only single base station equipped with two transceivers in each sector was not enough to handle the traffic. This problem was overcome by adding one more base station or increasing the no. of transceiver.

Achieving a clear line of sight while creating the microwave links and also the first Fresnel zone should be clear. This was easily carried out by increasing the microwave antenna height or by creating a link
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications from MSC to a base station via another base station acting as a repeater.

1.13 Points learned and Future Work This project helped me developing the skills needed to design a cellular network for a real geographical area and taught me to deal with various difficulties which a system engineer might face while doing it practically.

It provides me to understand and work on the software needed for the designing of the cellular network called Cell Planner very well.

Through this software I learned the concept of terms like frequency reuse, co-channel interference, handover, BER etc

Moreover it helped me to deal with the traffic in a particular area and how to allocate each base station so that the traffic in whole area is carried out efficiently.

Through this software I came to know about the setting up of MSC and how the microwave links can be established.

4 APPENDICES 1.13.1 1.13.2 CelPlanner Output Traffic Simulation Result

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REFERENCES

[1]Parsons, J. D., The Mobile Radio Channel, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2000 [2]Garg, V. K., Wilkes, J E, "Wireless and Personal Communications Systems", Prentice-Hall [3]Garg, V. K., Wilkes, J E, "Principles and Applications of GSM, 1/e", Prentice-Hall
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Cellular Mobile Radio Base Station Network Planning for Telecommunications [4]Lee, William C. Y., "Mobile Cellular Telecommunications: Analog and Digital Systems", second Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. [5]CelPlanner User Guide, CelPlanner Manuals, CelPlan Technologies, Inc.
[6]

CelPlan Technologies, Inc. website www.celplan.com

[7]Project Specification

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