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5 - Impulse and Momentum

This document provides a summary of a lecture on impulse and momentum. It begins by stating the intended learning outcomes which are to derive and apply the principle of linear impulse and momentum. It then discusses the sources and derivation of the principle. Key concepts covered include linear momentum, linear impulse, and applying the principle to both single particles and systems of particles. An example problem is worked through for a single particle. The document concludes by stating an example problem involving a crate being towed by a force.

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Abdallah Hassan
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57 views17 pages

5 - Impulse and Momentum

This document provides a summary of a lecture on impulse and momentum. It begins by stating the intended learning outcomes which are to derive and apply the principle of linear impulse and momentum. It then discusses the sources and derivation of the principle. Key concepts covered include linear momentum, linear impulse, and applying the principle to both single particles and systems of particles. An example problem is worked through for a single particle. The document concludes by stating an example problem involving a crate being towed by a force.

Uploaded by

Abdallah Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Structural Analysis with Dynamics

Impulse and Momentum

Dr Christoforos Dimopoulos
Lecturer in Civil Engineering|Teesside University
Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lecture you will be able to:

• Derive the principle of linear impulse and momentum.

• Estimate the linear impulse acting on a body and the linear momentum of
a body.

• Apply the principle to solve problems that involve force, velocity, and
time.
Sources

Please refer to this publication for more information, theory


and examples.

Hibbeler RC (2017), ‘Engineering Mechanics – Dynamics’, 14th edn, Pearson Education.


Derivation of the principle

𝑑𝒗 To obtain the principle of linear impulse and momentum we


෍ 𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡 need to integrate the equation of motion of the particle

𝑡2 𝑣2 𝑡2
෍ න 𝑭𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 න 𝑑𝒗 or ෍ න 𝑭𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝒗2 − 𝑚𝒗1
𝑡1 𝑣1 𝑡1

• This equation is referred to as the principle of linear impulse and momentum.


• From the derivation it can be seen that it is simply a time integration of the equation of
motion.
• It provides a direct means of obtaining the particle’s final velocity 𝒗𝟐 after a specified
time period when the particle’s initial velocity is known and the forces acting on the
particle are either constant or can be expressed as functions of time.
Linear Momentum
Each of the two vectors of the form 𝑳 = 𝑚 𝒗 of the principle is referred to
as the particle’s linear momentum.
Since m is a positive scalar, the linear-momentum vector has the same
direction as 𝒗 , and its magnitude 𝑚𝒗 has units of mass times velocity, e.g.,
𝑘𝑔 𝑚/sec .

𝒗1 𝑚𝒗1

Momentum vector
Velocity vector
Linear impulse

𝒕
1. The integral 𝑰 = ‫ 𝒕𝒅𝑭 𝟐𝟏𝒕׬‬in the principle is referred to as the linear impulse.

2. This term is a vector quantity which measures the effect of a force during
the time the force acts.
3. Since time is a positive scalar, the impulse acts in the same direction as the
force, and its magnitude has units of force times time, e.g., N s .
Linear impulse

The impulse can be determined by direct evaluation of the integral. If the


force F is constant it can be estimated by:

𝑡2
𝑰 = න 𝑭𝑐 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑭𝑐 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
𝑡1
The principle of linear impulse and momentum
𝑡2
𝑚𝒗1 + ෍ න 𝑭𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝒗2 In vector form
𝑡1

𝑡2
𝑚𝑣𝑥,1 + ෍ න 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑥,2 In scalar component form
𝑡1

𝑡2
𝑚𝑣𝑦,1 + ෍ න 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑦,2
𝑡1
𝑡2
𝑚𝑣𝑧,1 + ෍ න 𝐹𝑧 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑧,2
𝑡1
The principle for a system of particles
The equation of motion for a
𝑑𝒗𝑖 system of particles
෍ 𝑭𝑖 = ෍ 𝑚 𝑖
𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝒗𝑖,1 + ෍ න 𝑭𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝒗𝑖,2
𝑡1

Alternatively, the equation can be written


with respect to mass centre G of the system
𝑡2
𝑚𝒗𝐺,1 + ෍ න 𝑭𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝒗𝐺,2 o Fi in the equation represents the external forces
𝑡1 o fi represents the internal forces acting between
the particles (e.g. due to impact).

𝑚 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝑚𝒗𝐺 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝒗𝑖,2
Conservation of Linear Momentum for a System of Particles

When the sum of the external impulses acting on a system of particles is zero
𝒕𝟐
σ ‫𝟎 = 𝒕𝒅 𝒊𝑭 𝒕׬‬, the equation for the principle of linear momentum for a system
𝟏
of particles reduces to a simplified form, namely

෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝒗𝑖,1 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝒗𝑖,2

▪ This conservation principle is often applied when particles collide or interact.


▪ In such cases, internal impulses always cancel out since they occur in opposite collinear
pairs.
▪ Some of the external impulses may be neglected if the period for which the motion is
studied is very short (e.g. as the weight of bodies in impact problems when their line of
motion is vertical). These are named as nonimpulsive forces.
Particle and system of particles

A problem characterized by only


one ‘particle’

A problem characterized by two


‘particles’, i.e. a system of particles
Example (Single Particle)
The 100-kg crate shown in the figure is originally at rest on the smooth horizontal
surface. If a towing force of 200 N, acting at an angle of 45°, is applied for 10 sec,
determine the final velocity and the normal force which the surface exerts on
the crate during this time interval.

Source: Hibbeler 2016, Example 15.1


Example (Single Particle)
This problem can be solved using the principle momentum since it involves force, velocity,
and time.

Free-Body Diagram.
The free body diagram is given in the provided figure.
Since all the forces acting are constant , the impulses are simply the product of the force
magnitude and 10sec 𝐼 = 𝐹𝑐 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 .
Work done by frictional forces due to sliding

𝑡2
𝑚𝑣𝑥,1 + ෍ න 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑥,2
+ 𝑡1

0 + 200𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠45𝑜 10𝑠 = 100𝑘𝑔 𝑣2 ⟹ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑡2
𝑚𝑣𝑦,1 + ෍ න 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑦,2
+

𝑡1

0 + 𝑁𝑐 ∙ 10𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 981𝑁 ∙ 10𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 200𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜 ∙ 10𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0


⟹ 𝑵𝒄 = 𝟖𝟒𝟎𝑵
Example
NOTE: Since no motion occurs in the y direction, direct application of the
equilibrium equation σ Fy = 0 gives the same result for 𝑁𝑐 . Try to solve the
problem by first applying σ Fx = m𝑎𝑥 , then 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑡.
Problem
Impulse and Momentum (F15– 2 [1])
If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 75 − 𝑘𝑔 crate and the ground is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.2,
determine the speed of the crate when 𝑡 = 4 𝑠. The crate starts from rest and is towed by the
500 − 𝑁 force.
[1] Hibbeler R.C. (2016) ‘Engineering Mechanics – Dynamics’, Pearson, 4th Edition.
END OF PRESENTATION

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