Archived Document

This archived document is no longer being reviewed through the CLSI Consensus Document Development
Process. However, this document is technically valid as of September 2018. Because of its value to the
laboratory community, it is being retained in CLSI’s library.

February 2004

H44-A2

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Methods for Reticulocyte Counting

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(Automated Blood Cell Counters, Flow
Cytometry, and Supravital Dyes); Approved
Guideline—Second Edition
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This document provides guidance for the performance of

reticulocyte counting by flow cytometry. It includes methods for
determining the trueness and precision of the reticulocyte flow
cytometry instrument and a recommended reference procedure.

A guideline for global application developed through the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute consensus process.
 H44-A2
Vol. 24 No. 8
ISBN 1-56238-527-5 Replaces H44-A
ISSN 0273-3099 Vol. 17 No. 15
Methods for Reticulocyte Counting (Automated Blood Cell Counters,
Flow Cytometry, and Supravital Dyes); Approved Guideline—Second
Edition
Volume 24 Number 8

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Charles F. Arkin, M.D., Chairholder Frank M. LaDuca, Ph.D.
Bruce H. Davis, M.D., Vice-Chairholder Ginette Y. Michaud, M.D.
J. David Bessman, M.D. Onno W. van Assendelft, M.D., Ph.D.
Berend Houwen, M.D., Ph.D.

Brian S. Bull, M.D.

Ahnond Bunyaratvej
Mauro Buttarello, M.D.
Bruce H. Davis, M.D.
Keiji Fujimoto, Ph.D.
Warren Groner
John A. Koepke, M.D.

Abstract
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International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) Expert Panel on Cytometry

George G. Klee, M.D., Ph.D., Chairholder

Guiseppe d’Onofrio, M.D., Secretary
Jolanta Kunicka, Ph.D.
S. Mitchell Lewis, M.D.
Samuel J. Machin, MB, ChB, FRCPath, FRCP
John Maples, Ph.D.
R. Martin Rowan, M.D.
Noriuki Tatsumi, M.D.
Onno W. van Assendelft, M.D., Ph.D.
Luc van Hove, M.D., Ph.D.
Robert Magari, Ph.D.
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Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document H44-A2—Methods for Reticulocyte Counting (Automated Blood Cell
Counters, Flow Cytometry, and Supravital Dyes); Approved Guideline—Second Edition provides guidance for the performance
of reticulocyte counting by flow cytometry and automated hematology instruments. This guideline addresses methods for
determining the precision and trueness of the flow cytometer and blood cell counters based upon principles of focused flow
dynamics, along with recommendations for calibration and quality control. A description of the new methylene blue (NMB)
method, a method against which the test instrument can be compared, is also included. Additional topics discussed include
reference intervals and use of related reticulocyte parameters, i.e., the immature reticulocyte fraction (formerly termed
“reticulocyte maturation index”) and reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr).
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Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Reticulocyte Counting (Automated Blood Cell Counters, Flow
Cytometry, and Supravital Dyes); Approved Guideline—Second Edition. CLSI document H44-A2 (ISBN 1-56238-527-5).
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087 USA, 2004.

The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute consensus process, which is the mechanism for moving a document through
two or more levels of review by the health care community, is an ongoing process. Users should expect revised editions of any
given document. Because rapid changes in technology may affect the procedures, methods, and protocols in a standard or
guideline, users should replace outdated editions with the current editions of CLSI documents. Current editions are listed in
the CLSI catalog and posted on our website at www.clsi.org. If your organization is not a member and would like to become
one, and to request a copy of the catalog, contact us at: Telephone: 610.688.0100; Fax: 610.688.0700; E-Mail:
[email protected]; Website: www.clsi.org.
Number 8 H44-A2

Copyright ©2004 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Except as stated below, any reproduction of
content from a CLSI copyrighted standard, guideline, companion product, or other material requires
express written consent from CLSI. All rights reserved. Interested parties may send permission requests to
[email protected].

CLSI hereby grants permission to each individual member or purchaser to make a single reproduction of

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this publication for use in its laboratory procedure manual at a single site. To request permission to use
this publication in any other manner, e-mail [email protected].

Suggested Citation

Previous Editions:
November 1993, October 1997

Archived:
September 2018
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CLSI. Methods for Reticulocyte Counting (Automated Blood Cell Counters, Flow Cytometry, and
Supravital Dyes); Approved Guideline—Second Edition. CLSI document H44-A2. Wayne, PA: Clinical
and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2004.
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ISBN 1-56238-527-5
ISSN 0273-3099

ii
Volume 24 H44-A2

Contents

Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................i

Committee Membership........................................................................................................................ iii

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................. vii

1 Scope.......................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1

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3 Principle ..................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 2

5 Specimen Collection and Storage .............................................................................................. 5

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5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

6.2
6.3
6.4
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Patient Information ........................................................................................................ 5
Specimen Collection Techniques .................................................................................. 5
Sample Integrity ............................................................................................................ 6
Sample Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 6
Specimen Storage .......................................................................................................... 7
Correlation Method—New Methylene Blue Visual Microscopy .............................................. 7
6.1 Stain ............................................................................................................................... 7
Slide Preparation............................................................................................................ 7
Counting Procedure ....................................................................................................... 8
Calculations ................................................................................................................. 10
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7 Specifications for Automated Blood Counters and Flow Cytometers to Be Used for
Reticulocyte Counting ............................................................................................................. 11
7.1 Reportable Range (Measuring Range)......................................................................... 11
7.2 Sample Preparation for Flow Cytometry ..................................................................... 11
7.3 Method(s) of Operation ............................................................................................... 11
7.4 Instrument Settings and Calibration ............................................................................ 12
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8 Performance Testing of Automated Blood Counters and Flow Cytometers to Be Used for
Reticulocyte Counting ............................................................................................................. 13
8.1 Comparability (Correlation) Method ........................................................................... 13
8.2 Internal Consistency Testing ....................................................................................... 18
8.3 Specificity of Testing................................................................................................... 19
8.4 Sensitivity of Testing ................................................................................................... 20
8.5 Testing for Carry-Over ................................................................................................ 22
9 Quality Control and Quality Assurance ................................................................................... 23
9.1 Short-Term Quality Control Procedures ...................................................................... 23
9.2 Long-Term Quality Control Procedures ...................................................................... 24
10 Reticulocyte Reference Intervals and New Reticulocyte Parameters ...................................... 25
10.1 Reference Population................................................................................................... 25
10.2 Reticulocyte Reference Intervals ................................................................................. 26
10.3 Immature Reticulocyte Fraction (Reticulocyte Maturation Index).............................. 26
10.4 Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content (CHr) .................................................................... 27
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Contents (Continued)
References ............................................................................................................................................. 28

Summary of Delegate Comments and Area Committee Responses ..................................................... 30

The Quality System Approach .............................................................................................................. 34

Related NCCLS Publications ................................................................................................................ 35

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Volume 24 H44-A2

Foreword
The reticulocyte count is one of the last common hematology measurements still being performed using
manual/visual methods. Flow cytometric methods have been developed that significantly reduce the time
it takes a technologist to perform this measurement. In addition, flow cytometric methods for reticulocyte
counting have been shown to be more precise than manual/visual methods. These automated methods
also afford the ability to determine other reticulocyte-specific parameters, such as the immature
reticulocyte fraction (IRF) based upon RNA content of these cells which further improve the diagnostic
evaluation of anemic patients.

The inter- and intralaboratory variables of these flow cytometric methods are becoming better
understood.1 This document provides practical guidelines that assist the technologist in counting

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reticulocytes using flow cytometers and automated blood counters with flow cytometric measurement
principles. In addition, quality control/assurance methods are given that help ensure that the procedure is
being performed with precision and trueness.

The new methylene blue method outlined in the guideline serves as the comparative procedure, if
required, for the automated reticulocyte flow cytometric methods. This manual/visual method may also

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be used as the back-up method or as the primary reticulocyte counting method in laboratories that do not
have the preferred flow cytometric method available.

H44-A2 was developed through the cooperation of the NCCLS Area Committee on Hematology and the
International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). By the cooperative development of a
single document, the area committee and the expert panel believe that this guideline avoids duplication
and advances the international harmonization of this important hematology measurement.

A Note on Terminology
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NCCLS, as a global leader in standardization, is committed to achieving global harmonization wherever
possible. Harmonization is a process of recognizing, understanding, and explaining differences while
taking steps to achieve worldwide uniformity. NCCLS recognizes that medical conventions in the global
metrological community have evolved differently in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere; that these
differences are reflected in NCCLS, ISO, and CEN documents; and that legally required use of terms,
regional usage, and different consensus timelines are all obstacles to harmonization. In light of this,
NCCLS recognizes that harmonization of terms facilitates the global application of standards and is an
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area of immediate attention. Implementation of this policy is an evolutionary and educational process that
begins with new projects and revisions of existing documents.

In keeping with NCCLS’s commitment to align terminology with that of ISO, the following terms are
used in H44: Accuracy in its metrological sense, refers to the closeness of agreement between the result of
a (single) measurement and a true value of a measurand, thus comprising both random and systematic
effects; Trueness is used in this document when referring to the closeness of the agreement between the
average value from a large series of measurements to a true value of a measurand.

For the sake of introduction and to avoid confusion, the subcommittee has chosen to include the following
ISO terms parenthetically in the text with the U.S. terms: Measuring range is combined with Reportable
range when referring to a set of values of measurands for which the error of a measuring instrument is
intended to lie within specified limits; and Reference measurement procedure is combined with Reference
method when referring to a thoroughly investigated measurement procedure shown to have an uncertainty
of measurement commensurate with the intended use, especially in assessing the trueness of other
measurement procedures for the same quantity and in characterizing reference materials.

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Users of H44-A2 should understand, however, that the fundamental meanings of the terms are identical in
many cases, and to facilitate understanding, the terms are defined along with explanatory notes in the
guideline’s Definitions section. All terms and definitions will be reviewed for consistency with
international use, and revised appropriately during the next scheduled revision of this document.

Key Words

Anemia diagnosis, erythrocyte, erythropoiesis, flow cytometry, immature reticulocyte fraction, new
methylene blue (NMB), red cell, reference method (reference measurement procedure), reticulocyte,
reticulocyte hemoglobin content

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Volume 24 H44-A2

Methods for Reticulocyte Counting (Automated Blood Cell Counters, Flow

Cytometry, and Supravital Dyes); Approved Guideline—Second Edition

1 Scope
This document outlines the essential factors that affect automated reticulocyte counting using flow
cytometric principles. The designated Class C comparative method (see Section 4, Definitions) is the
new methylene blue (NMB) staining of blood collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
anticoagulant. Methods to ensure acceptable precision and trueness of the calibration and quality control
of the automated reticulocyte counting methods are outlined. Procedures to develop appropriate reference
ranges are also outlined. Methods used to express the relative and absolute maturation of reticulocytes

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are discussed, primarily in an effort to guide in the standardization of these additional clinically useful
reticulocyte parameters.

Standard Precautions

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Because it is often impossible to know what might be infectious, all human blood specimens are to be
treated as infectious and handled according to “standard precautions.” Standard precautions are
guidelines that combine the major features of “universal precautions and body substance isolation”
practices. Standard precautions cover the transmission of any pathogen and thus are more
comprehensive than universal precautions which are intended to apply only to transmission of blood-
borne pathogens. Standard precaution and universal precaution guidelines are available from the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. CDC. 1996;Vol 17;1:53-80), (MMWR 1987;36[suppl
2S]2S-18S), and (MMWR 1988;37:377-382, 387-388). For specific precautions for preventing the
laboratory transmission of blood-borne infection from laboratory instruments and materials and for
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recommendations for the management of blood-borne exposure, refer to the most current edition of
NCCLS document M29—Protection of Laboratory Workers from Occupationally Acquired Infections.

2 Introduction
Reticulocyte counts have been used for many years to estimate the erythropoietic activity of the bone
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marrow. While in the past this has been done using manual/visual methods, several flow cytometric and
image-analysis methods are now available.1 Interlaboratory studies of flow cytometric methods have
shown some intermethod bias in reticulocyte counts, as well as maturation estimates, generated by flow
cytometers employing different reagents and instrumentation.2

The production of more precise and true reticulocyte data is necessary before these data can be more
generally applied to improve patient care. Methods to harmonize the various reticulocyte technologies
are provided in this guideline. These include methods to calibrate, and also to control this analysis.

Although primarily directed at automated or flow cytometric reticulocyte counting, portions of this
document are also applicable for the manual/visual and image analysis methods for reticulocyte
enumeration. Additionally, this document addresses principles and quality control of the automated
reticulocyte parameters related to reticulocyte maturation, termed “immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF)”
which is available on many of the automated blood counters using multiparameter flow cytometric
principles.

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Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. All rights reserved. 1
Number 8 H44-A2

3 Principle
Reticulocytes that are stained with one of a number of different supravital stains (e.g., NMB),
fluorochromes (e.g., thiazole orange), or monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-CD71) are counted in a flow
cytometer or automated blood cell counter that was specially designed, or otherwise modified or adjusted,
for this procedure.

4 Definitions
Accuracy (of measurement) – Closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and a
true value of the measurand (VIM93)3; NOTE: See the definition of Measurand, below.

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Battlement pattern – A method of studying a blood film in which the slide is moved from side to side
(or end to end) over acceptable examination areas; NOTE: The cumulative examination pathway
resembles the battlement of a castle.

Bias – The difference between the expectation of the test results and an accepted reference value (ISO
3534-1).4

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Calibration – set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values
of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a
material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding values realized by standards (VIM93); 3
NOTE: According to the U.S. Code of Federal regulations, calibration is the process of testing and
adjustment of an instrument, kit, or test system, to provide a known relationship between the
measurement response and the value of the substance being measured by the test procedure
(42CFR493.1217).5

Carry-over – The discrete amount of analyte carried by the measuring system from one sample reaction
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into subsequent sample reactions, thereby erroneously affecting the apparent amounts in subsequent
samples.

Control material – A device, solution, or lyophilized preparation, intended for use in the quality control
process. NOTES: a) Control material may include a pool of collected human or animal specimen, or
artificially derived material; b) The expected reaction or concentration of analytes of interest are known
within limits (e.g., mean  SD) ascertained during preparation and confirmed in use; c) Control materials
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are generally not to be used for calibration in the same process in which they are used as controls.

Diagnostic sensitivity – The proportion of patients with a well-defined clinical disorder whose test values
are positive or exceed a defined decision limit (i.e., a positive result and identification of the patients who
have a disease); NOTES: a) The clinical disorder must be defined by criteria independent of the test
under consideration; b) The term Clinical sensitivity was formerly used in this document; c) See the Note
on Terminology in the Foreword.

Flow cytometry – A methodologically oriented subdiscipline of analytical cytology that measures cells in
suspension in a liquid vehicle as they pass, typically one cell at a time, by a measurement station; NOTE:
The measurement represents transformations of changes in the output of a detector (or detectors) due to
changes in scattered light, absorbed light, light emitted (fluorescence) by the cell, or changes in electrical
impedance, as the cell passes through the measuring station.

Fluorochrome – A chemical compound that has the property of absorbing light at one wavelength and
emitting light of a longer wavelength.

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Number 8 H44-A2

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= red cells not counted
= red cells counted
= reticulocyte

Figure 1C. Correct Use of Miller Disc

6.4 Calculations

Retics (%) =

Total Number of Reticulocytes

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If a Miller disc is not used, the number of reticulocytes and the number of red cells (including
reticulocytes) are tallied separately. The percentage of reticulocytes is calculated as follows:

Total Number of Red Cells + Retics

x 100 (2)
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If a Miller disc is used, because the area of the small square equals one-ninth that of the large square, the
reticulocyte percentage is calculated as follows:

Retics (%) =

Total Number of Retics in 20 large squares x 100

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Total Numbers of RBCs in 20 small squares x 9 (3)

To determine the absolute number of reticulocytes, multiply the percent (ratio) of reticulocytes by the red
cell count determined on the same blood sample using an adequately calibrated and controlled
hematology instrument or, if available, from the reticulocyte analyzer itself.

Abs. Retic Count (x109/L) =

RBC (x1012/L) x Retics (%) x 10-2 (4)

Due to the above-described potential for counting errors and the potential for counting bias using the
Miller disc, it is recommended that such counting methods not be employed for calibration or linearity
verification of automated reticulocyte counting methods unless a minimum of 1,000 red cells has been
counted.

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Number 8 H44-A2

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Figure 3. Linearity

8.5 Testing for Carry-Over

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The effect of one sample upon the immediately succeeding sample result should be minimal, with any
carry-over being of no clinical significance in a properly operating instrument. Carry-over can exert a
negative dilution effect of diluent from a rinse cycle transported into the first sample analysis, a negative
effect of a low-sample analysis on a succeeding higher result, or a positive effect of an elevated sample on
a succeeding lower result. Reticulocyte instrument analysis is tested for carry-over by testing the effect of
an elevated sample on a succeeding low-sample result. To be most sensitive, this test should examine the
directly measured parameter containing the largest data set. In the case of flow cytometers, this is
represented by the RBC event (count) data. Carry-over is expressed as the percent effect of one sample
upon succeeding analysis.
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The status of sample carry-over should be verified at the time of initial installation, after service that
could affect hydraulic or pneumatic operation, after routine maintenance, and then periodically validated
during normal use.

There are two forms of carry-over that can affect data in subsequent analyses. The first is carry-over of
reagents, which are used to create the characteristic signature of the particles under analysis; the second is
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a distinct form of carry-over, i.e., particulate or cell carry-over.

The reagent carry-over is methodology- and instrument-specific. Clearly, instruments that use fluorescent
dyes must have test procedures to ensure that dye carry-over does not affect the measured intensity of the
mature RBC population in a subsequent unstained sample if unstained samples are required to control the
assay. In those cases where the assay is internally controlled, it is necessary to demonstrate that dye
carry-over does not affect other assay types run subsequent to reticulocyte analysis. Systems using
nonfluorescent technologies must demonstrate that reagent carry-over does not affect assays of other
types run on the same instrument.

In closed systems in which absolute counts are being reported, samples used for examination of carry-
over should be selected for their elevated and depressed RBC counts and not for reticulocyte count
values. It is suggested that the elevated RBC count sample be selected with the value above 6 x 1012/L
and the low RBC count sample be selected with the value below 2 x 10 12/L. If necessary, a low sample
may be created by dilution of red cells with autologous plasma, and an elevated sample can be made by
centrifugation of a sample and removal of a portion of the plasma.

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22 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. All rights reserved.
Volume 24 H44-A2

Related NCCLS Publications*

C24-A2 Statistical Quality Control for Quantitative Measurements: Principles and Definitions; Approved
Guideline—Second Edition (1999). This guideline provides definitions of analytical intervals; plans for
quality control procedures; and guidance for quality control applications.

C28-A2 How to Define and Determine Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory; Approved Guideline—
Second Edition (2000). This document provides guidance for determining reference values and reference
intervals for quantitative clinical laboratory tests.

EP6-A Evaluation of the Linearity of Quantitative Measurement Procedures: A Statistical Approach;

Approved Guideline (2003). This document provides guidance for characterizing the linearity of a method
during a method evaluation; for checking linearity as part of routine quality assurance; and for determining
and stating a manufacturer’s claim for linear range.

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GP5-A2 Clinical Laboratory Waste Management; Approved Guideline—Second Edition (2002). Based on U.S.
regulations, this document provides guidance on safe handling and disposal of chemical, infectious,
radioactive, and multihazardous wastes generated in the clinical laboratory.

H1-A5 Tubes and Additives for Venous Blood Specimen Collection; Approved Standard—Fifth Edition (2003).
This standard contains requirements for venous blood collection tubes and additives including heparin, EDTA,
sodium citrate, and heparin compounds used in blood collection devices.

H3-A5

H4-A4

H18-A2
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Procedures for the Collection of Diagnostic Blood Specimens by Venipuncture; Approved Standard—
Fifth Edition (2003). This document provides procedures for the collection of diagnostic specimens by
venipuncture, including line draws, blood culture collection, and venipuncture in children.

Procedures and Devices for the Collection of Diagnostic Blood Specimens by Skin Puncture; Approved
Standard—Fourth Edition (1999). A consolidation of H4-A3 and H14-A2, this standard provides detailed
descriptions and explanations of proper collection techniques, as well as hazards to patients from inappropriate
specimen collection by skin puncture procedures.

Procedures for the Handling and Processing of Blood Specimens; Approved Guideline—Second Edition
(1999). This guideline addresses multiple factors associated with handling and processing specimens, as well
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as factors that can introduce imprecision or systematic bias into results.

H20-A Reference Leukocyte Differential Count (Proportional) and Evaluation of Instrumental Methods;
Approved Standard (1992). This standard describes automated differential counters and establishes a
reference method (reference measurement procedure) based on the visual (or manual) differential count for
leukocyte differential counting, to which an automated or manual test method can be compared.
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*
Proposed- and tentative-level documents are being advanced through the NCCLS consensus process; therefore, readers should
refer to the most recent editions.
©
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. All rights reserved. 35
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