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    Neufert 4th Edition 180 240

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    dharavathdamodhar24
    This document provides general design notes and guidelines for student residences. It discusses that student residences are normally built in courtyard layouts or groups of 20-30 units. The size of rooms is often limited. Successful housing options include single rooms, doubles, and flat-sharing groups. The arrangement of common areas is important. Student flats are considered living spaces, not homes, and have minimum requirements for size, height, ventilation, and escape routes. Recommended sizes are 12 square meters for singles and 16 square meters for flats. Housing forms include flat-sharing with communal kitchens and bathrooms, or single rooms along a corridor with shared facilities. Developments like single rooms with private bathrooms or doubles with shared kitchen and

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Neufert 4th Edition 180 240

    Uploaded by

    dharavathdamodhar24
    122 views61 pages
    This document provides general design notes and guidelines for student residences. It discusses that student residences are normally built in courtyard layouts or groups of 20-30 units. The size of rooms is often limited. Successful housing options include single rooms, doubles, and flat-sharing groups. The arrangement of common areas is important. Student flats are considered living spaces, not homes, and have minimum requirements for size, height, ventilation, and escape routes. Recommended sizes are 12 square meters for singles and 16 square meters for flats. Housing forms include flat-sharing with communal kitchens and bathrooms, or single rooms along a corridor with shared facilities. Developments like single rooms with private bathrooms or doubles with shared kitchen and

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document provides general design notes and guidelines for student residences. It discusses that student residences are normally built in courtyard layouts or groups of 20-30 units. The size of rooms is often limited. Successful housing options include single rooms, doubles, and flat-sharing groups. The arrangement of common areas is important. Student flats are considered living spaces, not homes, and have minimum requirements for size, height, ventilation, and escape routes. Recommended sizes are 12 square meters for singles and 16 square meters for flats. Housing forms include flat-sharing with communal kitchens and bathrooms, or single rooms along a corridor with shared facilities. Developments like single rooms with private bathrooms or doubles with shared kitchen and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    122 views61 pages

    Neufert 4th Edition 180 240

    Uploaded by

    dharavathdamodhar24
    This document provides general design notes and guidelines for student residences. It discusses that student residences are normally built in courtyard layouts or groups of 20-30 units. The size of rooms is often limited. Successful housing options include single rooms, doubles, and flat-sharing groups. The arrangement of common areas is important. Student flats are considered living spaces, not homes, and have minimum requirements for size, height, ventilation, and escape routes. Recommended sizes are 12 square meters for singles and 16 square meters for flats. Housing forms include flat-sharing with communal kitchens and bathrooms, or single rooms along a corridor with shared facilities. Developments like single rooms with private bathrooms or doubles with shared kitchen and

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    STUDENT RESIDENCES

    General Design Notes

    Halls of residence are normally provided near colleges and


    universities for students and are normally built and operated in
    various architectural forms (20-30 units in courtyard layout or
    groups of open structures, large buildings with 80 or more units).
    They are used for the accommodation of students for the duration
    of their course. The size and equipping of the rooms is often
    very limited. Options such as single rooms, (double) flats and flat
    sharing groups have proved successful. The arrangement and
    design of the communal areas within and around the residences
    are decisive for their acceptance.

    Requirements
    Ground floor plan Student flats are 'living places' and not considered as residential
    homes in the sense of the building regulations. The general
    requirements of the building regulations essentially concern STUDENT
    RESIDENCES
    residential rooms with minimum requirements for floor area (8 m2),
    '!180
    ceiling height (2.40 m), orientation, ventilation and lighting (window
    area Ys of the room area), accessibility requirements (i.e. for disabled State guidelines
    for student
    people) and escape routes (two independent escape routes from residences
    Section A-A
    each floor, one of which is a legally essential stairway). The state
    guidelines for student residences set recommended dimensions
    0 Student residence in Halle/Saale Arch.: Gemot Schulz
    for living places (approx. 12 m2 for single rooms and approx. 16
    in: Hillebrand!+ Schulz, Cologne
    m2 for flats). In addition to this, a certain area will be required for
    communal use.

    Forms of living
    These can be categorised into flat sharing -> f) - 0 and
    individual rooms-> 0. e-
    When flats are shared, the communal area is of more importance,
    similar to a home. A group of rooms (4-8) with some functions
    transferred to the communal area (kitchen, bathroom) has a
    linear -> f) or central -> 8 type of layout. Single rooms located
    along a corridor with communal bathroom and kitchen form the
    1st floor plan classic (but anonymous) form of student residence. What has
    proved successful is the further development of the single room
    as flat-> e(room with shower room and perhaps kitchenette) and
    the double flat -> 0 - 0 (two rooms with communal kitchen and
    bath). This latter form of residence can be used very flexibly by
    singles and also by couples (with child).

    1-1.50-lt-1.50-t-t-1 .50-tt-1.50-t 1-1.50 -tt- 2.20 --tt-1.50 -t


    T
    ~

    Section A-A

    f) Student residence in Garchlng Arch.: Fink und Jocher, Munich


    t
    :5
    oi

    Communal kitchen
    1 1---3.10--++--- 3.10 - - j f-- 2.60 ---tt- 2.60 - t

    Bathroom G Flat 9 Double flat

    Single
    room 12m2

    Single Single
    room 12m2 room 12m2
    --t-2.60--+1.90-f-2.60--f+--2.60--+1.90-f-2.60--f-
    Shared flat with single rooms, communal bathrooms and central communal
    kitchen 0 Double flat with communal bathroom, kitchen and cupboard zone

    167
    ELDERLY PEOPLE'S ACCOMMODATION
    Private
    area
    Retirement Flats

    Accommodation for elderly people


    A retirement flat 4 8 - 0 is a self-contained flat which takes
    the needs of elderly people into account, so that they can live
    as independently as possible and not in an old people's home.
    Public 1
    Such housing is usually scattered around residential areas, with
    area 1

    i
    I
    a density of 2-10%. One-person flat 25-35 m2 , two-person
    I
    I flat 45-55 m2 with weather-protected balconies ~3m 2 , min. depth
    I
    L __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.40 m, balcony door without threshold.
    0 Relationship diagram Assisted flats for the elderly (~20 m2 per flat) are in a building,
    supplemented by communal rooms with tea kitchen. Convenient
    if sited in the vicinity of a care home for the elderly with facilities
    for dining, recreation, relaxation and therapy. Features a nursing
    support point with ward bath, therapeutic work room, central
    ELDERLY
    washing-up kitchen and cleaning room. One car parking space per
    PEOPLE'S AC- 5-8 occupants. Heating 2% above normal. Support of outpatient
    COMMODATION services for the elderly.
    Retirement flats
    Nursing and Home for the elderly with residential living and care facilities.
    care homes According to the law concerning such homes, there are stringent
    Examples
    regulations on planning, licensing and operation. The large
    ancillary areas mean that an economic size is about 120 places
    with the provision of care, function and therapy rooms. There is
    an integrated care department for short-term care. General fitting
    out: stair steps 16/30 em without underlay, colour-highlighted
    f) Functions of a centre for the elderly step edges and handrails on both sides, also in the corridors. Lifts
    for moving patients on stretchers or in folding chairs. Accessible
    building standard applies. Location: as near as possible to town or
    village infrastructure and public transport.
    Day centres for the elderly: function as meeting points and for
    outpatient care for independently living elderly people. Approx.
    1600 elderly citizens per day centre. With meeting room (can be
    divided) up to 120m2 , service and consulting room 20m 2 , rooms
    for movement and occupational therapies, changing rooms, group
    rooms, WCs, tea kitchen, bowling alley.

    8 One-person retirement flat, 40 m2

    f---3, 75---+--3.75----l -l--2.50-f-1 ..75+-2.51---l

    0 Two person retirement flat, 58 m2 0 Two-person retirement flat, 55.5 m2

    f) Retirement flats e Centre for the elderly in Frauensteinmatte, Zug Arch.: Graber Pulver

    168
    I [] D
    0
    D
    0
    0
    ELDERLY PEOPLE'S ACCOMMODATION
    Nursing and Care Homes
    DO
    g C2JC2]
    ~t
    Nursing and care homes for the elderly
    These provide nursing, support and care for chronically ill and
    other vulnerable elderly people. Activating therapy is intended to
    lO
    co exercise, maintain and rehabilitate failing powers via medical and
    1 care-related assistance. There is a clear separation of residential
    and operational areas --'; e.
    l--1.55--li--1.90--++-1.90--IH .55--j f-1.55-#--1.80--t+-1.80-H-1.5!H
    10 24 10 10 24 10
    Guideline dimensions: residential = 50% individual rooms = 18 m2
    0 One-bed care room f) Two-bed care room
    single rooms, 20 m2 double rooms --'1 0 -- 0. If the bedroom is
    separate= 7m 2 single, 12m2 double room. The entrance should
    if possible have a minimum size of 1.25 m x 1.25 m (suitable for
    wheelchairs) and the wet cell should be fitted with WC, washbasin
    and shower.

    I"'
    A residential group consists of approx. 8--1 0 elderly people with
    communal living room and tea kitchen, in which meals are also
    taken. One adapted bath is required for every two residential
    ELDERLY
    PEOPLE'S
    ACCOMMODA-

    I
    TION
    groups. Corridor zones and niches can be used for communication Retirement flats
    and group building. Nursing and
    care homes
    Examples
    lO
    Room requirements:
    <>i -- nurses' sitting and handover rooms (support points)
    H .63-1\-1.50-++------3.50---1
    11 24 ~± lliiiililiill.. -- we and cloakroom
    -- care department incl. bathroom with acid-resistant bath (also
    C) One-bed care room 8 Two-bed care room
    suitable for medical baths), washbasins, WC, bidet and shower
    -- cleaning room with bucket sink and sluice for human waste
    --washroom
    -- subsidiary room for equipment and wheelchairs
    -- centralised facilities can be situated in the ground floor and
    basement or distributed in the individual departments.

    The short-term care department takes in those temporarily in


    need of care while their relatives are on holiday, and also provides
    hospital aftercare, rehabilitation etc.

    Space should be provided for administration, consulting rooms,


    function and common rooms, cafeteria, occupational therapy,
    gymnastics, chiropody and hairdresser.

    0 Section -> Q

    ~I
    ffF------~------T------,----~=rlh=~~~;::+:=rlh=~~==ri
    ! Bathroom

    ''
    '''

    i=rr==,
    '

    L!lliving
    room Air space
    Entrance hall
    0
    0

    0 'Haus Gislngen' care home for the elderly, FeldkirchNorarlberg, first floor Arch.: Noldin & Noldin

    169
    ELDERLY PEOPLE'S ACCOMMODATION
    Examples

    ELDERLY
    PEOPLE'S AC-
    COMMODATION
    Retirement flats
    Assisted and
    care hones
    Examples

    0 'Haus Nofels' care home for the elderly, FeldkirchNorarlberg, ground and first floors Arch.: Rainer Koberl

    G) Single-bed room 16 m2
    Existing building- conversion to social wing
    ® Double-bed room 24 m2
    Delivery Disposal Existing building -conversion to bed wing
    ® Wheel chair room 18 m2
    @ Ward care bathroom
    ® Lounge/group room
    ® Meeting point
    0 Restaurant and event room
    @ Kitchen
    ® SeiVery
    @ Home manager/administration
    @ Ward sister
    @ Reception/kiosk
    @ Visitors' WC
    @ Aviary
    @ Hairdresser
    @

    Bed block - newbuild

    8 'Eibe Flaming' care home for the elderly, Dessau-Rosslau, ground floor Arch.: Kister Scheithauer Gross

    170
    HOTELS
    Basics
    Escape route
    Escape route
    The hotel, formerly a business offering accommodation and
    catering, often with exclusive flair, has today become a complex
    Catering and efficient (mass) service provider business with a wide
    spectrum of possibilities (conferences, wellness, holidays).
    Block Block with foot There are hotels in various price and comfort classes, which are
    classified according to five categories ---7 p. 172. A scheme of the
    basic room and route relationships within a hotel is shown in ---7 e.
    The essential areas are: hotel lobby and reception as the central,
    well-arranged and prestigious nerve centre between the various
    parts of the operation, catering area in connection with the
    hotel lobby (extent of the services depend on the hotel category),
    administration, a staff area, which is separately accessed and
    partly in direct connection with other areas of the hotel, guest
    room area with differentiated rooms and individual access areas HOTELS
    arranged under the aspects of category, orientation and noise Basics
    Access screening, service area with kitchens, store and associated Rooms
    Block (central lobby,
    Corner block Examples
    multi-storey if required) rooms. The percentages of hotels' surface areas required for the
    various functions are shown in ---7 0. Accommodation
    Regulations
    (BeVO)
    Building regulations, general preconditions for the permissibility of a project; type and see also:
    building law code, extent of the building use etc. -> p. 56 Catering
    zoning plans, etc. pp. 174 ff.
    MBO general construction requirements for buildings and building
    elements, general fire protection requirements
    DIN 4107 noise protection requirements, see-> p. 480
    Accommodation additional construction requirements for buildings and
    regulations elements for the accommodation of large numbers of people
    Solitary
    (constructional requirements on walls, columns, floors, doors,
    (central lobby)
    escape routes, legally essential corridors, alarm systems, safety
    Hotel rooms equipment etc.)
    Catering guidelines additional construction requirements for catering establishments
    (mostly related to fire protection)
    Public assembly additional construction requirements for buildings and elements
    places regulations in relation to the presence of crowds (escape routes, exits,
    corridors, windows, doors etc.)
    Workplace additional construction requirements for buildings and elements
    regulations and concerning health and safety at the workplace
    guidelines
    Other requirements e.g. requirements of the accident insurers, accident prevention
    regulations, health inspectors, trade supervisors
    Star Ensemble
    Laws, guidelines, provisions and regulations for the design of businesses
    0 Basic forms of hotels
    offering accommodation and catering (excerpt)

    1. guest rooms, bathrooms, corridors, room service 50--BO%


    Stores Stores
    2. public areas, lobby, reception etc. 4--7%
    Laundry Cool room
    Deliveries
    3. catering 4-8%
    4. events, ballroom, seminar rooms 4--12%

    Services ,_ Staffrooms 5. wellness/ fitness area 5-10%


    1-
    Kitchen 6. other areas, cosmetics, hairdresser 1-2%
    I Washing up 7. management, administration 1-2%
    Administration 8. service area, kitchen, staff rooms, stores 9-14%
    I Room
    I 9. building services 5-10%

    I Room
    I I Reception
    I Restaurant
    Breakfast
    Parking and garage areas and special areas (e.g. wellness and bathing area)
    are also to be taken into account (and can vary widely according to the range of
    I Room
    I I- Lobby
    services)

    I Room
    I Ballroom
    m2/room

    .
    Hotel type
    Bar Lounge Seminar 1. luxury 90-110
    I Room
    I rooms 2. first class 60-70

    I I 3. comfort 5Q-60

    Relaxation,Sport, 4. standard (holiday hotel, motel) 40-60


    Access road
    Sauna, (parking, garage) Shops 15-20
    5. tourist (low-budget)
    Swimming pool

    f) Room and access scheme of a hotel


    e Guideline values for (above) shares of hotel surface area taken by each
    function and (below) gross areas per room in various categories of hotel

    171
    1- 4.00 - - - 1 + - - 3.50 ---j HOTELS
    Bed
    Rooms
    Seating

    TV
    T
    0
    0
    oi
    Table Hotel rooms account for the largest share of a hotel by area. The
    quality of hotel rooms is an essential criterion for the evaluation of
    Luggage shelf

    Cupboard
    +
    0
    "l
    a hotel by a guest. Traditionally, the trend has been to standardise
    and schematise floor plans and arrangements ~ 0.
    Bath/WC
    I
    f--1.60 -!t- 2.20 --++- 2.20 -jj-1.1--l In light of the extended significance of the hotel room (living,
    Double room 1 B m2 Single room 15 m2 relaxation,work and sleeping room), architects normally attempt
    to answer the economic and technical requirements by reflecting
    0 3-star hotel rooms showing features and main dimensions (according to
    the demand for comfort through spatial division, while still meeting
    DEHOGA classification, single room slightly enlarged)
    concerns for individuality and identity 0- m.

    HOTELS
    Basics
    Rooms I I
    I I I
    Examples I I I
    I I I
    German I I I I I I
    Hotel and Inn :--so-i cso~ ~50ti-SO-i-1.50-i-
    Association f) Bathrooms between hotel rooms Bathrooms between hotel rooms
    (DEHOGA): Minimum distance between hotel beds
    German hotel
    classification

    Hotel room features, according to DEHOGA (excerpt)

    According to the classification system of the German Hotel and


    Inn Association (DEHOGA), there are five categories, essentially
    Lo determined by the room's size and features:
    0 1 Star (Tourist): single room 8m 2 , double room 12m2 (minimum
    area for 75% of the hotel rooms, without bathroom), bed, wardrobe,
    [Q
    seat, washbasin in the room, reception as a separate area
    2 Stars (Standard): as before, but single room 12 m2 , double
    room 16 m2 (minimum area for 75% of the hotel rooms, including
    e Hotel room with extra WC 0 Two-room apartment bathroom and corridor), bathroom in room (for 70% of hotel
    rooms), seat per bed, colour television (in 70% of the hotel rooms)
    3 Stars (Comfort): as before, but single room 14 m2 , double
    room 18 m2 (minimum area, see above), bathroom in room (for
    all rooms in the hotel), telephone, reception area with seating for
    group, independent reception
    4 Stars (First Class): as before, but single room 16 m2 , double
    room 22 m2 (minimum area, see above), minibar, armchair/couch
    with coffee table, lobby with seating and drinks service
    5 Stars (Luxury): as before, but single room 18m2 , double room
    26m 2 , (minimum size, see above), 2% of the hotel rooms as suites
    (at least two), each with an armchair/sofa per bed, additional
    washbasin in double rooms and suites, additional colour television
    e Hotel room accessible for a
    disabled person with space for
    8 Two-room apartment with small
    kitchen
    in suites, reception lobby.
    accompanying person --> p. 21

    ODD
    D
    D
    D
    D

    -1
    T
    e Hotel room with cupboard zone and
    balcony
    C) Diagonal room arrangement
    m Three-room apartment (suite) with cooking niche, two bathrooms and guest WC

    172
    HOTELS
    Examples

    Guest house in a village environment


    The 'Hof der Stille' guest house -7 0 is located in the buildings
    of a converted courtyard in an agricultural village in the Havelland
    near Berlin.

    The individual buildings of the former farm are arranged around


    an internal yard, which, in the place's new identity, serves the
    role of central access and orientation in the conversion. This also
    forms a spatial and visual focus point with the ambience of a
    cloister. The simple guest rooms fitted out in the former stables,
    the main house with dining room, lounge and seminar rooms, the
    flat belonging to the owner and the former barn containing sauna,
    fitness and relaxation area are all directed toward this centre.

    =
    o 10m The individual guest rooms have the character of apartments. HOTELS

    0 Guest house, Havel land, ground floor Arch.: Subsolar


    They are equipped within the least possible area with a wet
    cell and mini-kitchen arranged in the back of the apartment as
    Basics
    Rooms
    Examples
    an 'installation rail' along the boundary wall to the neighbouring
    property.

    Luxury hotel in an urban context


    The SIDE Hotel in Hamburg -7 f) - 8 is part of an urban block
    and has an (obtuse) corner -7 p. 171. Its shape results from an
    external angle (which fits the block structure) and a rearward
    block, which is four storeys higher than the angle and surmounts
    it. Between these, a 'Sky Lounge' on the eighth floor, a naturally
    lit 30 m high hotel lobby, forms the central architectural element.
    This mediates between the angles of the street alignments and is
    also the integrating and orienting core of the ensemble.

    On the standard floors -7 f), the hotel rooms (all of 5-star grade)
    are mostly arranged around the open space of the lobby, with
    bathrooms parallel to the corridor as a one-sided access gallery
    system, In the corners and also on the first and twelfth floors are the
    suites (partially built over the lobby). Restaurant and conference
    rooms are situated in the corner on the ground and first floors. The
    kitchens and administration are in the rear part of the ground floor
    Hotel rooms
    0= 10m
    and the large conference rooms (with daylight entering through
    a light well), spa, swimming pool and underground car park and
    f) SIDE Hotel, Hamburg, standard floor Arch.: Jan Stormer Architekten services areas are in the four basements.

    Basement
    garage

    e SIDE Hotel, Hamburg, ground floor e SIDE Hotel, Hamburg, A-A section

    173
    CATERING
    Restaurants

    To be able to eat in comfort, one person requires a table area


    around 60 em wide and 30-40 em deep -7 f) - 0. This provides
    sufficient distance between adjacent diners. Although an additional
    20 em space in the centre for dishes and large bowls is sometimes
    desirable, an overall width of 80-85 em is suitable for a dining
    table. If the food is served on plates, then 70 em is sufficient, and
    for fast food 60 em table depth.
    Distance between table and wall ;;;;75 em -7 0, because the chair
    alone requires a space of 50 em. If the space between table and
    15-20
    wall is also used for access, the distance should be ;;;;1 00 em.

    45-50 55-65 ao-a5 75


    1 ~60 Round tables need a little more space, a difference of up to 50 em.

    CATERING
    Restaurants
    Dining rooms
    Fast food outlets
    Restaurant
    kitchens
    Large kitchens
    Examples
    see also: Dining T
    rooms p. 152 1
    f----50-----i

    I ~
    ni@~·~~ I 9./10.

    f) Breakfast 8 informal dinner 0 Formal dinner

    0 Breakfast setting: 1 tea or coffee pot; 2 mllk jug; 3 jam or butter bowl; 4 sugar bowl; 5 dessert
    fork; 6 dessert knife; 7 coffee or tea spoon; 8 dessert plate; 9 napkin; 10 saucer; 11 coffee cup
    0 Informal dinner setting: 1 fork; 2 knife; 3 soup or dessert spoon; 4 spoon; 5 beer glass, 6 wine or
    dessert wine glass; 7 soup bowl; 8 dinner plate; 9 napkin
    () Formal dinner setting: 1 dessert fork; 2 fish fork; 3 fork, 4 soup or dessert spoon; 5 spoon;
    0 Space required for waiter and diner 6 knife; 7 fish knife; 8 dessert knife; 9 soup bowl; 10 dinner plate, 11 napkin; 12 beer glass;
    13 red or white wine glass; 14 11queur or dessert wine glass

    1-~85-l 1--1.25--j 1-----------2.50------; ~3.75-----i


    table length with
    0 DO ODD T DODD 000000 head of table
    mr
    wT II:ttl ~ ~~~ lr:t::ltUft !: J!II ~ o!f~%/!?\: ~ ~~~· ::: ;:~g~ 1~ : ~:~~~
    0 DO 'tJOo 1 D'Otftf DOD DOD

    f------2.80-601

    f--1.46---l >---1.96 ----4 t-------2.46-4 f----2.96-----i


    l
    r------3.96 _________,

    9 Tables/seating

    174
    CATERING

    -ii
    1-1.00-l-1.00-l-1.00-l-1.00---t--1.00-l
    Restaurants
    00 00
    1rmrmm1 lto
    DO 00
    DO 1.oo
    Before any restaurant or other catering establishment is built, the
    organisational processes must be determined with the operator.

    00
    Htii:::i
    00
    4 The following have to be decided: what food will be on the menu,
    what quality and quantity will be on offer? Which service system
    a
    will be used, whether Ia carte with fixed or changing daily menus,
    plate or table service, self-service or mixed? For design purposes,
    0 Closest seating layout f) In an alcove
    it is important to know which target clientele is aimed for. The site
    itself will help to determine the most suitable type of restaurant.
    Appoint specialists in: kitchen equipment, electrical, heating,
    0 ventilation and sanitary design.
    o[lo The main room in a restaurant is the dining room. Its furniture
    and fittings should be appropriate for the business. A number
    0 of additional tables or chairs should be available, so that table
    groupings are flexible. Provide special tables for regulars. Side
    rooms and conference rooms should always be flexibly furnished CATERING

    in order to permit variations. A food bar with fixed stools can be Restaurants
    Dining rooms
    arranged for customers in a hurry. Larger dining rooms should Fast food outlets
    be split into zones. Kitchen, side rooms, toilets and sanitary Restaurant
    kitchens
    installations should be grouped around the dining room, also in Large kitchens
    the basement-) e. Examples
    Columns in a dining room are best located in the centre of a group
    of tables or at the corners of the tables-) 8. The ceiling heights of
    ~50!- 85 -+--1,81l--+- 85 -t-1.35--+--85--+--1.80--+- 85-i
    l-----1.75--t-90-t--1.75---f45+--1.75--+-90-t-1.75---t dining areas with a floor area ~50 m2 = 2.50 m, > 50 m2 = 2.75 m
    and >100m 2 ~3.00 m; above or below galleries ~2.50 m.
    C) Parallel arrangement of tables
    Emergency exits 1.0 m wide per 150 people using them. Minimum
    clear width of aisles in restaurants 0.80 m, doors 0.90 m -) e.
    135>--1.4(1.--t60l Toilets in public houses, bars or restaurants: Stairs to toilets,
    wash, staff and storage rooms, usable width ~1.1 0 m. Clear walk-
    TT
    1.201.40
    through height ~2.10 m measured vertically. Window area ~1/10
    of the floor area of a restaurant.
    -1-1
    5030

    tT
    1.201.40
    il
    5030

    tT
    1.201.40
    11
    15~1.20-l-1.00--t--1.20-+50+-1.20-+-1.00-i-1.20--i
    1--1.40---t-BO-t-1.40--G()--1.40-+80+-1.40--i

    e Diagonal arrangement of tables

    t371-1.05-+55-i e Functional scheme of a small restaurant

    fT
    601.05
    Floor area of dining
    room
    Usable walking width Dining WCs, WCs, Urinals, Channel

    J5~
    places gents ladies no. (m)

    ~100m2 ~1.10m
    +T
    601.05
    ;;;250m2
    ;asoom2
    ~1.30m
    ~1.65m
    ;250
    ;250-200
    ~1000 m2 ~1.80m
    =200-400
    ~400 - decision for each case -
    E;2.10 m

    *+ll
    >100Dm2

    601.05 0 Usable width of stairs 4Ii) Toilet facilities

    Seat Kitchen Dining room Furnishing No. Walter Self~service


    pa-60+--1.30-+ 60+654 60+-1.30--+60-j occupancy floor area floor area places (m2/p!ace) (m2/place)
    (tables)
    1-1.05-1-85-l-1.05--t-+--1.05-l-85 -+-1.05 -i (m2fcover) (m 2/seat)
    20 Type per meal
    square 1.25 1.25
    e Closest table spacing
    exclusive
    restaurant
    restaurant
    1

    23
    0.7

    0.5-0.6
    1.8-2.0

    1.4-1.6
    rectangular. 4
    rectangular 6
    1.10
    1.00
    1.25
    1.05
    with rapid rectangular 8 1.10 1.10
    turnover, e.g.
    department
    store
    @) Total space required for dining

    ~
    rm~
    0.4-0.5 1.6-1.8 room: 1.4-1.6 m2/place
    standard 1.5

    ~-sr~!Jit
    restaurant
    Inn, guest 0.3-0.4 1.6-1.8
    house main aisles min. 2.00 m wide
    for storerooms, personnel rooms etc., add
    intennedlate aisles min. 0.90 m wide
    ()-85-1-1.30-+ 85-+ 65+- 85-< approx. 80%
    1--1.30--l-85-1-1.30---i 1-1.30-1 cover"' seat x seat turnover. side aisles min. 1.20 m wide
    20

    0 Tables in a cafe 8 Zuntz table (D Space requirements 41) Aisle widths

    175
    Table 4 4 4-5 5 CATERING
    2 places places 30 places places 30 places
    40 Dining Rooms, Service
    2.0-+1.0-j-1.90~1.65--j--1.04---2.15 1 1

    The space required varies very widely


    T 0 according to the character of a restaurant.

    f Apart from fast food outlets, the least space


    required is in cafes. The most is needed in
    restaurants and diners. Diagonal arrangement
    of the tables generally takes up less space than
    an aligned pattern, with a space saving of up
    to 35%. Alcoves are beneficial for use of space
    because the distance between seats and wall
    is no longer required. In larger restaurants,
    0 Table sizes In a restaurant: with predominantly plate service the table depth can be reduced to 70 em many groups of tables (a waiter's 'territory') are
    collected together to form units.
    Table 4 unsuitable 6 places unsuitable
    2 places places places 01.70
    Basically, the design of dining rooms based
    2.0-+1.0-j-1.90-+1.0-I----+1.0-j-1.90-+1.0-f--2.80---t-1.0-l----l on 'number of heads = m2 , formulas is to be
    avoided, as they are not applicable to rooms
    CATERING under 100 m2 and can lead to false results.
    Restaurants Fixing the dimensions of rooms should in any
    Dining rooms
    Fast food outlets
    case be done from concrete furniture layout
    Restaurant plans. The functional design of dining rooms
    kitchens involves determining the following:
    Large kitchens
    Examples 1. Entrances and traffic axes, which limit the
    usable area, according to number and
    required width.
    Q In a self-service restaurant 2. Service points (with the exception of variable
    forms of furniture): stations for 40 places
    Table 4 places 2 places 3 places 4 places 3-5 place:: each with at least one service point as
    2 places 100/60 060 060 060 060
    centrally placed as possible.
    1.85-+1.0+-1.75-+1.04--2.0--j-1.0-l-1.35+1.35-+1.0-f-1.60-j-1.60--j--1.0-l-1.25-l
    3. Table sizes and shapes according
    to the character of the business and
    the expected guest structure. A good
    procedure is to design a percentage
    structure of desirable table sizes with
    various combinations, starting from the
    intended total capacity. Table sizes and
    shapes result from the intended use. Areas
    of about 20 (12-24) places are designed
    C) Bistro-caf9-bar
    according to the character, type of
    business and intended visual organisation,
    to avoid the impression of a waiting roorn.
    Table 8-10
    6-8 places places places
    f----2.60--j--1.0+--2.90---t-1.0+---- 3.60-4.20----1

    Gastronorm Tilt com- Shelf Tilt com-


    compartment partment cupboard partment
    open or dirty laundry rubbish
    closed laundry

    f40t4ot4oHso
    m1n1mum1

    l·v
    mobile
    if required )'. I
    8 Banquet 0 Waiter station--> 0
    90 90 15 15
    -1.0 +55-l---2.40--t55t-1.0
    90
    t55t---s.5o--f55f 90 f--- 1.80 --1 f---1.80--l
    -1.0 -1.0

    1 - - - - > 5.40----l 1 - - - - - > 6.60-------j r-----;:; 5.40------j


    e Corporate and seminar rooms f) Events, meetings: without eating

    176
    55l-·l75t--2.30--f 75t-+-j45
    CATERING
    55
    Fast Food Outlets

    ~
    Flo DF]O
    IZJO D[JO The heavy traffic of people
    resulting from fast turnover
    Flo DPJO
    demands larger sales areas
    [JO DL]O
    to ensure smooth operation.
    1--;;; 5.35------1 Tables and chairs are kept as
    small as possible and tightly
    f-1.30+1.20-f1.30-H 15
    grouped --> 0 - The e.
    customer space, 1.50-2.15 m2
    Benches DO DO
    • per person, features groups of
    seats and the longest possible
    E2TI
    tid bar at which to eat --1 0 - e.
    DO If the business is favourably
    E2Til placed to catch street traffic,
    DO a built-in kiosk will be able to
    1--- ;;; 3.95 ----1 serve food on the pavement as
    well as indoors --1 f) - e. CATERING
    Restaurants
    Dining rooms
    Fast food
    ' ' outlets
    :d
    ' '
    Restaurant

    ~
    CJ.· : - b<Yi~
    kitchens
    Large kitchens
    CJO b 85 DCJII
    o oEEto DCJ k><>~ l
    Examples
    rd0.60rr1.60@
    :Ad;
    oo oLJo om .k>v~:·::~
    c-~~~-=D.c:__> 6.55---1
    \ ,~(:):
    : <01 :
    f) Seating arrangements, variants e Seating arrangements, variants G Seating arrangements~ variants

    f--~~~~~- ~15.0-~~~~~~-j Self-service restaurants have


    three times the utilisation of

    I places through shorter table


    stay time. Average eating
    time 20 minutes-> f)- e.

    I
    Two-place tables are good
    with an average size of
    70/50 em each, arranged in
    pairs with a slight separation
    -> 8 +e.if required, the
    0 Space required for a horseshoe-shaped bar for eating individual groups can easily
    be pushed together to seat 4
    DtE.·.·.·o
    ....
    o:-:·:·:o
    - 8 people-> e.
    Length of
    a table unit (horseshoe): ->
    0-0 ;o;10-12seats at a
    spacing of 62.5 em = 7.5 m.
    This length can be served
    by one waiter with prepared
    o.o
    . --+ r:::r::::::n food. Tills on the way out,
    'ODD subsidiary rooms like toilets,
    ODD staff -rooms, services are
    i§l§f§l situated in the basement.
    DOD
    60 60 1§!§1@
    60H1.25H1.3&t-+1.25+-4 60

    0 Space required for a horseshoe-shaped bar for eating, variant

    i Trays
    1 Trays
    2 Fruit
    2 Cold buffet
    3 Juice/milk 3 Drinks
    4 Salad bar
    4 Hot food
    5 Hot dishes
    6 Snacks
    DODD LIDO 5 Cheese and dessert
    l·:·:·:{·:·:·:f·::}:·:·:J•t·:·:·:J-:··:}:·:·:1 6lill
    7 Bread/cake
    8 Tea/coffee
    DODD bOD 7 Fridge
    Kiosk
    9 Cutlery
    a Drinks cupboard
    9 tee
    10 Drinks/glasses
    10 Wanning compartment

    t 11Till
    11 Street sales

    Eating area Arch. Prunier

    f) Example of a fast food restaurant, self-service e Fast food restaurant in Paris

    177
    meals and drinks servery
    dishwasher
    CATERING
    2a crockery returns
    3 drinks bar with mixer, Restaurant Kitchens
    toaster, food containers etc.
    4 oven for small pastry items
    5 food storage
    6 rotisserie
    6{1 cooker rings Snack bar ~ 0, corner pub, bistro, cafe, restaurant: capacity
    7a water boiler and steam machine
    8 pot and pan washer 55-60 seats (2-4 place turnover at lunchtime, 2 in evenings).
    11 stores/office; catering size Between lunch and evening meals: serving coffee, cakes and
    refrigerators and freezers instead
    of cold store snacks. Kitchen: supplied predominantly with pre-prepared items.
    19 staff toilets
    G1 bar counter Storeroom need not be particularly large if deliveries are daily.
    G3 customer toilets
    Cafe-restaurant ~ f) with tea room. Urban business in heavy
    0 Snackbar traffic location.
    Cafe: alcohol-free drinks, except bottled premium beer, liqueurs
    etc., patisserie and light food- cold and hot.
    waiters' walkway
    1a service counter and cash tills Tea room: alcohol-free drinks, patisserie, sandwiches. Capacity
    2 dishwasher approx. 150 seats, continuous operation 6.30 - 24.00. Kitchen:
    3 drinks bar with mixer, toaster,
    ice cream freezer etc. predominantly pre-prepared items, little storage.
    4 pastry preparation
    4a pastry oven Large hotel restaurant kitchen ~ 8 also for large catering
    CATERING 5 sandwich preparation
    6 reheatiilg equipment {e.g. soup) establishments with side rooms, external deliveries or production
    Restaurants 7 cooker rings for outside companies. Capacity 800-1000 people. Waiters'
    Dining rooms 8 pot and pan washer
    Fast food outlets 11 empties walkway: in the centre with special service in the garden or also
    15 linen store
    Restaurant 17 deliveries and (a) store bowling alley and direct access to the side rooms. Kitchen: cell
    kitchens 19 staff tollets and cloakroom
    Large kitchens G1 toilets
    system fronted by the backs of the large appliances.
    Examples G2 telephone cubicle Restaurant with buffet and vending machines ~ 8 for fast
    BS EN 203 f) Cafe-restaurant midday meals in canteens, department stores and motorway
    BS EN 631 services. Capacity 500 people/h. Kitchen: only warming of pre-
    BS 6173
    BS EN 12851 prepared foodstuffs, except for salads and soups.
    waiters' walkway
    BS EN ISO
    1a garden service counter Self-service restaurant ~ 0 suitable for department stores or
    22000
    2 dish~washing area attached to offices. Kitchen: no in-house production. Outside
    BIP 2130/2078 3 drinks counter
    DIN EN 631 3a drinks cellar delivery and preparation using deep frozen process.
    DIN 66075 4 pastry counter
    5 cold dishes
    6 hot dishes and sauces
    sn table with hot store
    8 pot and pan washer
    9 vegetable preparation
    10 meat preparation
    11a deliveries, and access to stores,
    offices, staff cloakrooms and
    toilets
    S service accessories and tills

    8 Large hotel restaurant kitchen

    Cold stores

    1 Peeling machine
    2 Drip tray
    serving aisles in U~shaped 3 Cleaning surface
    counters 4 Holding surface
    1d vending machines 5 Universal machine
    2 link between two counters with 6 Cutting board
    covered dishwashers, operated 7 Sink+ Worktable
    from both sides, each with two 8 Hand wash basin
    rinsing basins 9 Worktable
    4/5 cold meal preparation 10 Slicers
    4/5a cold servery (salads, ices, 11 Freezer
    desserts) 12 Bench scale
    an griddle, soup heater, water boiler 13 Stir/beat machine
    etc.
    6[7a hot servery (bain-marie,
    hotplates)
    (t Separate preparation of vegetables and meat

    C) Restaurant with buffet and 1. Work areas together


    vending machines without physical separation

    cookln~/frying
    1d self-service buffet with grill and production area
    chip fryer
    1e sauces, condiments, cutlery 1. Work areas, production and
    1f cash till manufacturing space, separately
    2 dishwasher
    2a crockery returns Cooking/frying
    3/4 food and drinks servery
    (service to street possible)
    IProduction I 1.-:P':-ro-'d';-u-c""tio-n'l
    5a cold meal preparation table
    6/7 heating units, used from both
    sides I Finishing I I Finishing I finishing area

    6/7a hot meal preparation table


    11a refrigerators, used from both I Servery servery
    sides

    E
    12 sales kiosk (serving inside and to
    street)
    f) American hotel kitchen system: Cl) French hotel kitchen system:
    deliveries boiling and roasting areas arranged boiling and roasting area arranged
    E entrance
    parallel to the servery perpendicular to the servery,
    Self-service restaurant separation of production and
    finishing zones

    178
    CATERING
    Restaurant Kitchens

    The trend away from conventional restaurants to those offering


    a wide range of food not only affects the planning and design
    of dining rooms, but also of kitchens. Small and medium-sized
    restaurant kitchens play a particular role here, and the following
    details are primarily based on this type of business.

    Gastronorm system
    The dimensions of containers, tables, shelves, devices, crockery
    and built-in units are all based on a 530 x 325 mm module -7
    Store ~Store
    p. 181 o.
    supply waste
    Function and organisation of the restaurant kitchen -7 0 - 0
    The capacity of the kitchen is primarily dependent on the number
    of customer seats, customer expectations (type, extent and quality
    of the meals offered), the proportion of products freshly prepared CATERING
    from raw (in contrast to ready-prepared food) and the rate of Arrangement
    Restaurants
    customer turnover all day or at mealtimes (consumer frequency). Dining rooms
    Fast food outlets
    Dishwasher

    .
    In fast food restaurants the rule of thumb for seat changes is Restaurant

    I Ser~;:_ 1- L___--+-
    ,__j about 1-3 times per hour, in conventional restaurants about 2.
    kitchens
    Large kitchens
    .,. In speciality and evening-based restaurants, the guests stay on Examples
    L ____ J average for 1.3-2 hours. BS EN 203
    Restaurant Cold Drinks Dirty BS EN 631
    Hot palisserie serving dishes Percentage of total kitchen space requirement -7 0 BS 6173
    -Goods flow BS EN 12851
    • • Waste flow Food and drinks Return Differentiated according to small, medium and large kitchens, floor BSEN ISO 22000
    - - Container circulation servery
    --Crockery circulation Waiter passage area values for individual functions are be based on -7 0. BIP 2130/2078
    DIN EN 631
    0 Restaurant kitchen: functions 8 Restaurant kitchen: organisation
    Aisle widths in storage, preparation and production areas differ
    DIN 66075

    according to whether they are purely traffic routes or also overlap


    the service area. Working aisle widths should be 0.90-1.20 m,
    Bistros, snack bars, small cafes - or speciality restaurants with side traffic routes with (temporary) overlapping use 1.50-1.80 m
    40-60 seats- are classified as small operations. Small to medium and main traffic routes (transport and two-way through traffic)
    units (70-1 00 places) require on the other hand carefully zoned and 2.10-3.30 m wide. For kitchen areas in small to medium
    fully equipped kitchen facilities. Large businesses (service areas, restaurants, aisle widths of 1.00-1.50 m should be sufficient.
    fast food restaurants, large hotel kitchens) achieve considerably
    higher place numbers, often with an integrated eating bar or self-
    service areas.
    Area Proportion(%)
    gooos ae 1very 1nc ua1ng 1nspec 1on ana was e s orage 10
    Seats 80 120 200 storage in freezer, cold and dry rooms 20
    goods inward 0.05-0.075 0.05-0.067 0.05-0.06 daily store
    empties 0.05-0.075 0.05-0.067 0.05-0.06 vegetable and salad preparation area 2
    waste/rubbish 0.05-0.075 0.03-0.050 0.03-0.04 cold dishes, desserts 8
    patisseries/cakes 8
    delivery/disposal 0.15-0.225 0.13-0.183 0.13-0.16
    meat preparation 2
    cold room meat 0.05-0.075 0.05-0.067 0.04-0.05 cooking area 8
    cold room fruit and vegetables 0.05-0.075 0.05-0.067 0.04-0.05 washing area 10
    cold room dairy products fridge 0.03-0.05 0.03-0.05 traffic area 17
    cold room cold service fridge fridge 0.02-0.03 staff rooms and office 15
    cool room drinks fridge fridge 0.05-0.07
    Total 100
    freezer room 0.05-0.075 0.05-0.067 0.06-0.08
    cooled goods delivery
    store dry goods
    0.15-0.225
    0.15-0.175
    0.183-0.25
    0.117-0.13
    0.24-0.32
    0.09-0.1
    e Basis for dimensions and space requirements

    store drinks 0.075-0.1 0.1-0.117 0.08-0.1


    store non-food 0.075-0.1 0.067-0.083 0.07-0.08
    cooled goods storage 0.3-0.375 0.283-0.33 0.24-0.28
    vegetable preparation 0.075-0.1 0.067-0.083 0.04-0.05
    meat preparation
    fish/poultry preparation
    0.075-0.1
    0
    0.05-0.067
    0.03-0.05
    0.04-0.05
    0.03-0.04 empties rft
    1 I deliv-
    enes w"t•J staff changing room

    hot kitchen 0.325-0.35 0.217-0.23 0.16-0.18 ..


    washroom
    cold kitchen 0 0.05-0.067 0.04-0.05 dry goods store
    r~~~ It~~:; office.\ toilets
    0 0.04-0.05
    patisserie
    pot washing
    0
    0.05-0.Q75 0.05-0.067 0.03-0.04
    dally store ~:~. I p~:~. pp~eap~ I restroom

    office kitchen manager 0 0 0.03-0.04 pot ~asher hot dishes I cold dishe~ cake shop

    kitchen facilities 0.525-0.625 0.47-0.567 0.41-0.5 dish+asher servery, waiter's walkwa~ coffee room
    dishwasher 0.1-0.125 0.1-0.117 0.09-0.1
    service/waiter office 0.075-0.1 0.083-0.1 0.07-0.08 :............. buffet---------------------- bar 'ervery ................................... j
    dishwasher/office 0.175-0.225 0.183-0.217 0.16-0.18
    -Total 1.3-1.675 1.25-1.55 1.18-1.44 Kitchen areas: classification and relationships of functional areas in clean and
    unclean zones (if earth-covered vegetables are prepared, this must take place in
    0 2
    Kitchen areas: space required (m /seat) a separate part of the unclean area!)

    179
    0 6
    CATERING

    m
    Restaurant Kitchens
    1
    2 Hot kitchens, corresponding to their main functions - cooking and
    4 3
    roasting - contain finishing zones and some or all of the following
    3 equipment: cooker (two to eight rings), increasingly mobile
    hotplates, extractor hood, water boiler, fast-cooking equipment,
    '
    ---------~
    automatic cooker, steamer, automatic steamer and pressure cooker,
    &
    1 cooker 6 cooker combination device, water bath (bain-marie), baking and roasting
    2 deep fat fryer 7 double-deck oven oven, roast and grill plates, frying pans, staged roasting oven, chip
    3 griddle 8 convectomat
    4 water boiler 9 hand basin pan, salamander, circulation machine (for frozen goods), microwave
    5 work surface 10 storage area 1. production in block
    oven, continuous process automatic roaster and baker. Large
    0 Basic organisation of the hot f) Kitchen for restaurant with automatic appliances are used only in very large kitchens. Storage
    kitchen --> f) -8 60-1 00 places
    and working surfaces should be located between appliances and at
    the end of the block. In addition to the fixed arrangement in the block,
    mobile appliances are increasingly being used, which can be adapted
    better to production changes and are easier to clean. -7 0- e.
    0 Cold kitchens should have a layout logically planned in parallel to
    the hot kitchen and be convenient for the (common) servery and
    Restaurants bread area. The regular equipment is a day refrigerator under/over
    Dining rooms
    Fast food outlets
    the cold table, various cutting and slicing machines (bread, cold
    Restaurant cuts, meat, cheese), mixing machine, scales, cutting boards, salad
    kitchens table with lower cold cabinet, toaster or salamander, microwave
    Large kitchens cooking: cooker, boiler (80 1),
    Examples work surface, eight-ring hob, two oven and sufficient working and storage space -7 0.
    ovens, bain-marie, hot cupboard
    frying: griddle, work surface, twin Servery for restaurant kitchens with counter or self-service, ideally
    BS EN 203
    BS EN 631 2. production in line
    deep fat fryer, frying pan, hot- situated between the preparation area and the dining room. There
    air oven with table
    BS 6173
    BS EN 12851
    BSEN ISO 22000
    e Kitchen for restaurant with
    60-100 places
    0 Restaurant kitchen for
    150-200 meals
    should be sufficient shelf space, a hot cabinet with heated plates
    and a cool zone for cold foods. Crockery shelves or upper fixings,
    BIP 213012078 cutlery container. In large businesses, also basket, plate and soup
    DIN EN 631
    DIN 66075
    bowl dispensers.
    Crockery return: the difference between washing crockery and
    pots is considerable. With waiter service, the plates are brought
    back to their own area of the servery -7 0 - 0. In addition to
    0 0 n one or two sinks with drainers, storage space and shelves for

    ~f-1
    ookinf 0 0 0 0
    apportioning pot washing, small kitchens naturally also require dishwashers
    I cold meals I in various sizes, feed types and operational types. Dishwashers
    frying
    under the worktop are usual, but also tunnel and rotary batch
    washers. Provide surfaces for the return (temporary storage,
    worktops, sorting, soaking) and space for the crockery -7 0- tD.
    Staff area: about 10-15% of the total space required in a kitchen
    e Functions and organisation of
    hot kitchen
    0 Organisation of cold kitchen
    facility should be allocated for offices and staff rooms. The kitchen
    staff will need changing rooms, washing facilities and toilets.
    For more than 1 0 employees, a rest/break room is necessary

    :" '~Rll Jr=ll ls?L (workplace regulations). It is important that changing and social
    rooms are near the kitchen, to avoid staff having to cross unclean
    room areas or corridors. For changing rooms, > 6 m2 floor area,
    4-6 air changes per hour and privacy. Provide each employee with
    0 Servery, waiter walkway
    a well-ventilated, lockable cupboard. In large operations, even
    differentiate street and working clothes. Guidelines for the toilets:
    kitchen
    kitchen per unit ryvc and washbasin) 5-6 m2 and for the shower areas
    cafeteria carousel (for more than five male or female employees) a washbasin and
    server
    shower, approx. 5.5 m2 per unit.

    e Self-service restaurant f) Self-service restaurant


    Ventilation and extraction: according to VDI guideline 2052,
    large kitchens should be equipped with mechanical air supply

    li&4t
    kitchen
    kitchen [2 LUJfillillJ--- and extraction. Extract the air at each cooker and run it through
    drinks ductwork into the open air. Supply fresh air (no recirculation). Take
    desserts
    ~~ ~+l ~+l ~ the heat production from the appliances into account (e.g. induction
    bar-counter servery {section system) ovens can reduce the unused heating of the surroundings).
    41!) Free-flow restaurant G Self-service restaurant

    ~
    ~
    sink, mixer taps with spray hose and swivelling nozzle;
    Do L IXIDO waste food cleared through hole in work surface into bin
    below; splash proof wall

    ~
    ,---, r-------, r=~-rr----....--.

    I' I'
    I I I '
    l __ .J ,_ 2 work surtace
    3 automatic rinsing
    1: returns, sorting table; 2: sink; 3: waste 4 automatic rinsing system
    1: re*urns, sorting table; 2: sink; 3: waste (Serene)
    cle~rance; 4: pre-wash; 5: dishwasher; clearance; 4: pre-wash; 5: dishwasher 5shelf
    6: dtscharge.table; 7: crockery area 6: discharge table; 7: crockery area 6 holding area dirty crockery

    Q) Basic solution: dishwashing area CD Basic solution: dishwashing ~ Basic solution: pot 0 Functions and components of the
    area washing area dishwashing area

    180
    m2/Person
    0.50
    CATERING
    0.45 a Main kitchen f Adjoining rooms Large Kitchens
    0.40 b Cold kitchen g Meat and fish
    a
    0.35 c Cake shop processing
    0.30 d Wash cabinet h Salad kitchen
    0.25
    0.20

    0.15
    =:::.; b,c,d
    "" e Vegetable
    preparation
    i Refrigerator
    j Stocks
    With communal catering for many people in offices, hospitals and
    factories, a large number of meals have to be supplied in a short
    period of time. Under the conventional system, 'cook and serve',
    the kitchen has to be designed to cope with this peak demand,
    0.10
    -""<8 and the working times of the staff are also directly linked to the
    Q,h
    serving cycle. In order to employ staff and kitchens more regularly
    0.05 - - i , k and effectively, 'cook and chill' has been developed ~ 8 - e.
    0 Under this system, the meals are prepared conventionally or
    0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
    purchased as convenience products, cooked in advance, quickly
    Pers.
    cooled and stored cool. The dishes are then completely cooked
    0 Space required for kitchen and utility rooms in restaurants and hotels. a-k ~ m2 (finished) just before serving. This results in a separation of the
    required per person in each room group
    production time and the serving time. The possibility of storing
    Food preparation and cooking (core temp. min 70'C) the prepared dishes enables the capacity of the kitchen to be
    increased considerably, with up to three times as many meals CATERING
    + being produced as in a conventional large kitchen. The extra Restaurants
    Portioning Dining rooms
    work involved in the production phase in cooking, cooling and Fast food outlets

    • Shock cooling to+ soc in max 90 min.


    rewarming has to be balanced against the advantages of better
    utilisation of the kitchen and service.
    Restaurant
    kitchens
    Large kitchens
    Examples
    t t t The meals are prepared in a kitchen, which has a shock cooler
    Storage and distribution in max 5 days at+ soc BS EN 203
    in addition to the conventional cooking equipment. One of the BS EN 631

    •
    Cold portioning
    most important factors involved with this system is the hygienic
    requirements in production (similar to industrial food production).
    BS 6173
    BS EN 12851
    BSEN ISO 22000
    at max+ 10oc The design must therefore implement an absolute separation of BIP 2130/2078
    DIN EN 631
    clean and unclean areas~ p. 179 0. DIN 66075
    t Unclean areas
    Reheating (core temp. min 70'C)
    These are the goods reception, storerooms, preparation rooms,
    In hot steamer In transport
    Jn hot steamer
    washing up area, waste disposal and cleaning agent store.
    on pallet trolley trolley to station
    Clean areas
    These are those for storage and preparation of pre-prepared

    Portioning
    • products, food production, shock cooling, portioning and packaging,
    plus finishing cold rooms for ready-to-serve meals and the service

    Serving
    • counters .

    When preparing the food, it is important to make sure that the


    Banquet Hospitals Student refectones
    Old people's homes Cafeterias core temperature is at least 70°C during cooking and that the
    Care homes Canteens subsequent cooling to +3°C takes place within 90 minutes.
    f) Cook chill portioning variants for various service requests
    Goods and The food is also to be stored at +3°C. The cold portioning should
    Delivery container return take place at a temperature of +12°C and the transport to the
    RF"'=='W i consumer locations at max. +3°C. The cool chain from goods
    Toilets and
    changing ~
    tt delivery to eating must never be interrupted. The statutory hygiene
    regulations are to be observed absolutely.
    rooms ~ 1
    1 r·--~ Exit to th

    i
    ~r==-~=-~~., satellite•
    1

    A recent innovation is the introduction of cook chill assembly


    r~::~-~ ru--~--:::g--~-~1 kitchens. These are only portioning kitchens, which put together
    individual parts of meals. All food is produced by an external
    1 room~
    '---+----~
    1
    I
    I't 1
    _j, supplier as cook chill products. This results in the saving of a
    t + __ -=--=:;==:_.~ I large part of the storage rooms and the whole of the cooking and
    i!l===,dj I I I I
    ____ . . , _____} I ~----....__) ----...-- ~- ...,. ___ J roasting kitchens.
    i 1 ~ . . lshock I P~rtio· Storage
    TPreparation l 1Port1onmglcoo 1e~-..i mng room +Soc
    The planning should always be left to experienced designers,
    t___ ~ ___ ..__j llh..?!Lt,B'C----+--- ~~!~
    because additional details are important concerning hygiene for
    the kitchen employees.
    Schematic plan of cook chill kitchen with the product routes
    Drawing: FDS Consulting H. Uelze

    GN1/4 r-~
    ~t '~ GN 1/61 '~
    GN2/1 ~ GN1/1 GN 1/3 ~----~ GN2/3
    GN1/2~ 'l<l
    65 325 325 325 ~----~ 325
    unpertorated perforated

    G Container sizes in the Gastronorm system (GN) 0 Transport and heating containers in Gastronorm sizes (GN)

    181
    CATERING
    Large Kitchens

    Container transport ---> 0 of unit containers in Gastronorm sizes --->


    p. 181 0. Automatic through-flow roasters and cookers---> 0- 9.
    Mainly used in industrial food production.

    Combi steamer ovens enable the most varied modes of cooking


    in one appliance (hot air steaming, roasting and reheating. The
    core temperature of the food can be used for computer control of
    the cooking process). Heated by electricity or gas. Water supply
    0 Container transport in the Contiport system needed. When cook and chill production takes place in the
    immediate vicinity of the cold portioning room or shock cooler, the
    cooler motor for the shock cooler should if possible be located in
    a side room (to prevent noise nuisance and heat production). The
    cold portioning is arranged between the shock cooling room and
    the cook chill storeroom. This is useful for the checking, portioning
    CATERING
    and assembly of the cooled foods.

    ~I
    Restaurants
    Dining rooms
    Fast food outlets In addition to the serving system with hot and cold counters---> 0,
    Restaurant
    kitchens
    0- 0, cook and chill production is also well suited for serving in
    Large kitchens front cooking systems.
    Examples

    BS EN 203 0 In hospitals and residential/nursing homes, the serving is done on


    BS EN 631 a portioning conveyor. The finishing of cook chill foods can then
    BS 6173
    be carried out on special tray trolleys by induction, conduction
    0~
    BS EN 12851
    BSEN ISO 22000
    BIP 2130/2078
    II nI I 0 ct)) 0 or convection. According to the system used, special crockery
    may be required and/or space for the docking station in the ward.
    DIN EN 631 f) Combi steamer oven: foods are cooked or finished on trays
    With all systems, it is possible to equip the trolley with cooling
    DIN 66075
    to ensure the unbroken cool chain for the cook chill system and
    also to keep cold foods like salads and desserts cool. Especially
    in large kitchens with long traffic routes, these systems can keep
    the food warm for a long time and avoid the core temperature
    dropping under the specified value.

    1 automatic crockery 6 rack trolley for 13 soup plate


    dispenser and tray salads dispenser
    unloader; dispensing 7 electronically controlled 14 automatic soup
    from heated cabinet serving trolley for dispenser
    below; punched card vegetables 15 dispenser for heat-
    reading device 8 electronically controlled retaining container lids
    2 meal distribution serving trolley for 16 automatic closing device
    conveyor
    3 electronically controlled
    serving trolley for
    meat
    9 illuminated display for
    special diets
    for soup plate covers
    17 control desk for diet
    assistant
    8 Automatic pass-through cooker e Automatic pass-through roaster

    potatoes 10 supplementary conveyor 18 automatic tray stacker


    4 illuminated display for for special diets 19 tray distribution
    desserts and salads 11 automatic sauce trolley
    5 rack trolley for dispenser G) Ventilation ceiling
    desserts 12 cutlery dispenser
    @ Shelves for casseroles and salamanders
    8 Food serving system @ Work surtace/cooker
    @ Floor unit with fridge/freezer, oven or cupboard

    60'---f-- 90 --+---

    ®
    snack-making
    device or
    work table

    I
    105
    ®
    1
    @ "'
    00

    e Food service, cafeteria Q Section through working area


    l
    182
    CATERING
    Examples of Large Kitchens

    Statfroom

    Reheating § Reheating ~
    CATERING
    :g 1'
    t
    Tray filling ~ Restaurants
    ~
    0
    Dining rooms
    J OJ
    1tt
    U!
    Fast food outlets
    Restaurant
    kitchens
    0 Functional scheme of a cook chill kitchen f) Large cook chill kitchen in Usbon (11 00 m') for approx. 30 000 meals Large kitchens
    Examples
    Designer: FDS Consulting H. Uelze

    BS EN 203
    Connection passage * unclean BS EN 631
    BS 6173
    Connection passage - BS EN 12851
    BSEN ISO 22000
    BIP 2130/2078
    DIN EN 631
    Dishwasher - clean DIN 66075
    and trolley station

    Tray portioning and


    crockery store
    +8°C

    C) Cook chill kitchen in a hospital Designer: FDS Consulting H. Uelze

    Tray
    return

    Table size Places

    area per place 0.9-1.2 0.9-1.0 0.75-{).9


    extra for passage 0.15 0.1 0,1
    servery 0.15 0.1 0.1
    walls, columns etc. 0.15 0.15 0.15
    ~ Total required/space 1.35--1.65 1.15--1.35 1.19-1.25

    ~ 0 Space (m2) required per place in canteens

    / /1 Entrance
    '\]guests
    0
    26. Bistro

    Open mixed-food kitchen with serving zone and kiosk for 0


    approx. 300 meals (300 m'), in Braunschweig
    Designer: FDS Consulting H. Uelze

    183
    Mattress YOUTH HOSTELS
    with duvet
    General design notes

    Traditionally, youth hostels have offered reasonably priced


    accommodation for young people, youth groups and school
    classes, but the range of services of a modern youth hostel also
    includes meetings, courses, seminars, education of young people
    and adults, leisure facilities, school trips, and walking for singles
    and families. In rural areas, there are children's hostels (up to age
    13) and youth hostels (13-17), and in towns there are youth guest
    houses offering tourist and cultural services. The tendency among
    youth hostels is towards the 3-star hotel standard --7 p. 172, with
    sizes of 120-160 beds.

    0 (fraditional) bedding In youth hostels Functional areas


    Bedrooms in hostels consist of 4-6 (maximum 8) rooms in groups
    with a leader room (one bed, one folding bed as day couch), and
    YOUTH in guest houses 2-4 bedrooms, leader/teacher accommodation
    HOSTELS 1-2 rooms with work area, family rooms with 4-6 beds; the trend
    MBO is to separate rooms for parents and children. Boys and girls are
    Guidelines
    German
    separated, mostly allocated rooms starting from the head of a
    Youth Hostel corridor with a number of dividing doors, which can be locked
    Association if required (for flexibility). Showers and washbasins connected to
    the rooms, separate WC (accessible for disabled people), lockable
    luggage store. Cleaning rooms on each floor and shoe store/
    cleaning room.
    Lounge and meeting rooms: One room per 20-25 beds. Multiple
    dining rooms, multi-purpose areas with individual corners,
    cafeteria, lecture room, dining room also suitable for events, same
    number of places as beds, entrance hall/reception and office for
    the warden. Outdoor camping area (door to sanitary facilities),
    sports and games, parking for buses and cars, garden for the
    warden. Inside, separated noise zones for table tennis, hobbies
    and workrooms.
    Utility area: kitchen serving individual portions or group meals,
    serving trolleys, no self-service counter, utility room, staff lounge.
    Living areas: flat for the warden, bedrooms for staff, 12-15 m2 •
    UK issues: Youth hostels, for financial reasons and because
    they are frequently located in sensitive surroundings, are often
    conversions of existing buildings. Consequently the UK Youth
    f) Youth hostel: functional scheme Hostels Association (YHA) is reluctant to impose definitive
    architectural guidelines. However, some are applied, especially
    regarding fire safety and space per bed.

    Access
    road

    Accommodation wing
    G) Porch @ Bread storage
    ® Entrance hall @ Personal residence
    @ Registration @ WC-Personal
    @) Cloakroom @Group room
    @Telephone @Dormitory
    @Office @Head
    (?) Dining room @Guest
    @Kitchen @J Bath
    @sink @Shower
    @Sideboard @ Cleaning products
    @Pantry @we
    8 Hitzacker youth hostel Arch.: C. Schonwald

    184
    HOLIDAY/WEEKEND HOMES
    General Design Notes

    Holiday homes are for temporary holiday accommodation, either


    for the user or for (paying) guests. They can be single buildings
    on their own plot or grouped in a holiday park and are subject to
    the LBO.
    Weekend homes, which make use of appropriate waivers under
    the LBO concerning the quality of residential rooms, thermal
    0 Log cabin with sleeping loft
    insulation, sound insulation and fire protection, may be erected
    f----2.15-j-2.15---j only on suitable sites and are restricted to certain sizes laid down
    in the States' Camping and Weekend Home Regulations (e.g.
    T0

    I f-------- 4.30-------j floor area max. 40 m2 (+ 10 m2 veranda), height max. 3.50 m).
    "l
    The features of rented holiday homes are often controlled by

    "'ui t sleeping loft


    T
    l
    0
    "l
    the German Tourism Association, which issues classifications.
    In general, weekend homes should have a living area, a proper
    kitchen (partitioned), an enclosed shower, with WC and washbasin,

    l
    ro
    0
    S3 HOLIDAY/
    <:<i and at least one enclosed sleeping area. WEEKEND
    ladder

    1
    HOMES
    LBO
    States'
    Camping and
    Weekend Home
    f---4.30----j
    Regulations
    f) Ground floor --> 0 0 First floor--> 0 German Tourism
    Association

    Architect: Prof. Cosse Architect: Konstantinidis

    Q 2
    Weekend home for four people with 25 m living area Arch. H. Lowell 0 Holiday home in Belgium 0 Holiday cabin in Greece

    Architects: lmmich/Erdenich

    f) Weekend home e Balcony-->0 C) Section-->0 (!) Elevation --> 0

    Architect: Hagen Architect: Solvsten Architect: Jensen

    Ground floor of a holiday home First floor--> CD Weekend home Holiday home on Bornholm
    in Nordseeland

    185
    ~2.50--f 1-2.50---1
    MOTELS
    General Design Notes

    Motels offer reasonably priced accommodation for travellers.


    They are located at the edge of towns in places easily reachable
    by motorway or arterial roads, near tourist attractions and holiday
    regions. It is beneficial to have restaurants, petrol stations and
    1---4.00 -+--4.00 -+-4.00--+-- 4.00 -+--4.00 ----l services for motorists in the immediate vicinity. In contrast to city
    0 Room units, lit one side, with furnishing variants Arch.: Polivnick hotels, motels are mostly single-storey, widely spread facilities
    ~ 0. The access road normally leads to the registration (short-
    term parking), then to a car park or carport as near to the room
    as possible. (Departure also via registration with check-out and
    return of key.)

    Room sizes 4 x 4 m - 5 x 5 m, with bathroom and sometimes


    kitchenette ~ 0 - 0. Furnishing is cost-saving and simple (most
    of the guests stay only one night). Community rooms for guests,
    MOTELS with desks and reading tables, radio, television; play area should be
    situated away from the guest rooms so as not to disturb sleepers.

    f---- 5.50 --+- 5,50 - - e l - - 5.50 --+- 5.50 - - j


    f) Room units, exposed two sides Arch.: Roberto

    restaurant

    r-1.40-1
    l--3.40-iJ-3.40--t--- 6.00 -------l--3.40-lt--

    0 Group of six room units with covered parking places Arch.: Duncan

    ::J

    Q Motel facility with joint car park for each building and restaurant as separate
    business Arch.: Fried

    accommodation
    units

    Q Stepped arrangement
    Arch.: Thompson
    e Stepped arrangement
    Arch.: Hornbostel
    Cl) Layout plan for--> 0 with restaurant Arch.: Hornbostel

    '

    r------------------
    ! _.J

    L-~~--------~-- .. ··------·- _J

    9 Stepped arrangement of room units with registration and manager's flat C) Four room units as block 4Ii) Two room units with optional
    Arch.: Williams Arch.: Tibbals, Crumley, Musson additional room

    186
    CAMPING
    General Design Notes

    ~~
    1.20-1.80

    1.40 - 1.80 -' Camping sites -t 0 offer the cheapest legal accommodation - in
    ~ tents -t 0- 0, or caravans -t 8- 0 or motorhomes -t 0. The
    spectrum ranges from natural camping sites in holiday areas,

    I[ID
    "' c::::::::::::x:
    I c::::::=:JO
    T
    0
    "':
    :L: I~>
    CJmJ
    T
    0

    "'C\i
    1
    mostly in attractive countryside (e.g. on the coast) to motorhome
    parks, as a cheap alternative to hotels and motels, in reachable
    locations near towns (they are mainly for motorhomes).
    f - - 2.20-----j l---2.50---j 1---------6.00
    The requirements for camping sites are laid down in the states'
    0 Small tent with flysheet f) Large tent with inner lining, two Camping and Weekend Parks Regulations. Camping sites
    flysheets and awning
    generally need to have an access road from a public road, with
    access control (barrier), reception and assignment of places,
    T an area for waiting vehicles, visitor's car parks and internal
    0
    access with roads adequate for fire service vehicles (width
    ~ min. 3.0 m).
    CAMPING
    1 Camping sites and motorhome parks should be separated. A MBO
    States'
    place should be provided for each caravan or motorhome. These Camping and
    places are min. 75 m2 (65 m2 if car parking spaces are provided Weekend Parks
    Regulations
    separately) and are grouped into sections of 20 places by fire
    f - - - - 6.70 -----j
    roads (5 m wide). It may be necessary to provide firebreak strips
    Large house tent with high side-walls, inner linings, awning, windows next to the boundaries.

    Motorhome
    parking

    G Caravan with cooking, seating, Q Folding caravan with cooking, Tent places Internal access road
    (for fire services)
    sleeping and luggage seating, sleeping and luggage
    compartments compartments f) Example of a camping site with tent area and places for caravans

    Swivel
    we Seating
    =
    T~
    Sofa/bed
    Communal facilities
    Camping sites have the following communal facilities:
    C\i
    - drinking water taps (one tap for every 20 places supplied

    1 =
    from the public water main), electricity sockets (parking
    places for motorhomes and larger caravans should ideally
    have water supply, drains and electricity supply), fire
    hydrants and fire extinguishers (one fire extinguisher per
    Swivel
    40 places)
    - sanitary facilities with: toilet blocks (guideline: 1 block per

    I~
    Sofa/bed
    100 places with: 4 WCs/2 urinals/1 washbasin (gents'), 6 WC/
    1 washbasin (ladies'), 1 we for the disabled), washing facilities
    (guideline for each 100 places: 3 showers, 5 washbasins for
    gents and ladies, 1 shower and washroom for the disabled), sink

    I for washing crockery and clothes, emptying facility for waste


    water and toilets, sufficient and appropriately distributed
    waste bins
    - telephone line with emergency call function, kiosk,
    supermarket, snack bar or restaurant, leisure facilities (play
    e Motorhome with seating, swivelling chairs, sofa/bed and WC area, sports grounds, barbecue site, open area).

    187
    CHILDREN'S DAYCARE
    Access and Building Forms

    The design of facilities for children should consider their needs


    and size. There are no regulations or guidelines for the construc-
    tion of children's daycare buildings. The regulations of the relevant
    indirect assignment I_ _ _ state and the LBO are used as guidelines. Accessibility building
    1
    5 -m design standards are recommended.
    I'()
    I i/Wi@'lOl··
    ••
    1n~o 1111
    1""'0 "'D Children's daycare centre
    I ~
    This term includes creches, kindergartens, after-school care etc.
    The daycare centre is organised so that a mixture of children with
    ali-day and part-time arrangements can be looked after.

    ~
    terrace
    common room
    dining
    kitchen Creche, nursery
    role-play Cares for small children from babies to three years old. The group
    building
    bonding size is generally approx. 10 children.
    group room
    washroom/We
    Kindergarten
    Typical plan of a kindergarten Looks after children from min. three years old until they go to
    group Arch.: Franken/Kreft school. It may be possible for them to eat lunch and sleep. The
    CHILDREN'S
    DAYCARE
    0 Functional arrangement of group group size is generally 20 children.
    room, cloakroom and sanitary
    Access and facilities Children's after-school care
    building forms For the care of school-age children until 14 years old. Lunch after
    Rooms
    Outdoor areas
    school and assistance with homework are offered. These estab-
    LBO
    lishments are often combined with kindergartens and the group
    size is generally 20 children.

    Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    Height (em) 75 85 94 101 108.5 115 121.5 127 131.5 137 143 148
    ~ ~ .. ·············::·::: ....... . :::::~
    Eye level (em) 64 74 83 91 96 103 108 113 117 122 127 131
    Reach (em) 30 36 42 48 52 57 61 64 66 69 72 75
    8 Children's daycare centres 0 In two blocks
    9 Guideline sizes of children (Gralle, Port -> refs)
    access types: in a single block

    Bag compartment

    Tf~+ 0

    J! "'

    IJ
    Shoe compartment

    e Hallaccess f) Courtyard access e Cloakroom cupboard for six


    children
    Cl) Cupboard for storing children's
    mattresses (size: 140/70 and
    120/60 em)

    0 Building form: grouped pavilions f:D Building form: rows of pavilions 0} Building form: stepped (D Building form: compact

    188
    CHILDREN'S DAYCARE
    Rooms, Outdoor Areas

    Group room Outdoor areas


    Most time in the children's daycare centre is spent here. Required Outside playgrounds should be designed to be as varied as poss-
    floor area approx. 2.5 m2 per child. Create zones as varied as ible. The design of external works for children's centres is regu-
    possible and design a second floor level and a stage (play-stage lated by several standards. The stipulated minimum area outside
    half-open, with a snug cave). Play decks up to a height of 1.50 m per child is variable between the German states.
    must have a handrail at least 70 em high; play decks more than
    1.50 m high must have handrails min. 1.00 m high. The group Hilly landscape Modelling the terrain by heaping and excavating
    room should have as short a distance as possible to the WC the ground surface. The coarse shape is produced by a hydraulic
    area. Ideally, provide direct access to the open air and align to excavator, and the fine modelling by hand. The hills can incorpor-
    the south. ate plants, shrubs, hedges, flowers and clover of various heights.

    Rest or sleeping rooms Compost heap as the core of an organic garden. Semi-shaded
    These are not always considered necessary, as mattresses are of- location for organic waste from the centre.
    ten laid out in the group room for the midday sleep (cupboard to
    store the mattresses -7 p. 188 0). Trees for climbing, to provide shade, deliver fruit and be edu-
    cational. Also worth considering are vegetable/herb gardens,
    Kitchen sandpits, bird tables, dry stone walls, meadows etc.
    The status of the kitchen in the children's centre can vary accord- CHILDREN'S
    ing to the paedagogical concept, for example a central kitchen for Pond should have min. 6 m2 water surface and a depth of 80 em DAYCARE
    all groups or as a series of kitchens, one in each group room. Dif- to avoid oxygen deficiency. For safety reasons, either a coarse net Access and
    should be spread over the water or builder's steel mesh installed building forms
    ferent floor heights are recommended so that adults and children Rooms
    can cook together. 10 em under the water surface. Outdoor areas

    BS EN 1176
    Dining room ASTM F1487
    The group room is normally used for eating. An extended corridor DIN EN 1176
    DIN EN 1177
    or the entrance hall are also suitable as communicative places to DIN 18034
    eat.
    LBO

    Stairs
    The risers of stairs in children's centres should not be more than
    16 em, and the treads between 30 and 32 em.

    Height recommendation Washing facilities we, seat height

    nursery for every 10 children

    potty room 1, 45-60 em 1, 20-25 em

    kindergarten approx. for every 5 children

    potty room 1, 45-60 em 1, 25-30 em

    after-school approx. for every 10 children

    girls 1-2. 1
    boys 1-2 1
    65-70 em 30-35 em

    Q Height guidelines for washbasins and WCs

    f) Pond with clay lining for outside area in children's daycare centre

    189
    PLAYGROUNDS
    Playground Equipment

    Playgrounds must be varied in ·design, changing and changeable.


    0 Tractor m Playhouse
    They must meet the needs of children. Some of the requirements
    for children's playgrounds are: traffic safety, no pollution by emis-
    sions, sufficient sunshine, groundwater level not too high,

    Play equipment in playgrounds is often made of timber (e.g. larch,


    robinia) and the surface of the wood can be additionally protected
    with beeswax treatment. Standing water and damp should be
    avoided on all wooden surfaces, so galvanised steel is often set
    f) Trailer-->0 0 House group
    into the ground at the base of verticals.

    ~
    .
    1.10
    T Playgrounds should be orientation points within residential dis-
    tricts and connected to housing with simple networks of paths.

    -------~
    Do not banish playgrounds to the periphery, but design in combi-
    nation with other communication systems.

    8 Horse and cart


    Guideline values for the design of playgrounds are built up from
    individual data: age group, usable area per resident, play area
    PLAYGROUNDS

    ~f
    Playground
    size, distance from home:
    equipment
    BS EN 1176 Age (years) m2/resident Accessibility, max. distance (min.)
    ASTM F1487 from home (m)
    DIN EN 1176
    DIN EN 1177
    DIN 18034
    -~-< 0-6
    6-12
    0.6
    0.5
    up to 200 and in sight
    up to 400
    2
    5
    t) Rocking horse «<) Swings 12-18 0.9 up to 1000 15

    Playgrounds for children are to be provided, as private facilities


    within the building plot, with the construction of houses or flats: for
    small children up to 6, for children from 6 to 12, plus leisure areas
    for adults. This is a requirement for three flats or more. The uniform
    basis for the provision of all public playgrounds is: 5 m2 playing
    area per residential unit, minimum area of playground: 40m 2 • Out-
    8 Pig 4D Slide door play areas must be fenced at least 1 m high (thick hedges,
    fence or similar) to prevent access to roads, car parking, railway

    ~ ~
    lines, deep watercourses, cliffs and similar dangers.

    ~
    e Snail 49 Cablerun
    @
    Legends:
    CD open octagonal house
    Lilliput castle

    rllJI'
    @ seesaw chickens
    @water toy

    flTil""
    @ bicycle stands
    @ table tennis tables
    (J)

    ~ ~
    bench with pergola
    ® trampoline-like web walk
    ® castle with moving pans
    @ Robinson Crusoe's island
    @ water source
    f) Swing for small child 4D Vertical bars @ revolving cross
    @paved area
    @ amphitheatre

    ~~0
    ~
    e Snack table f) Seesaw

    ~~:0
    G Sandpit (squared timber)

    ~l4o
    -~.00
    4Ii) Sand pit (round timber) e Slide and climbing house 4D 'Karnacksweg• playground

    190
    ~60+1.20-i SCHOOLS
    -ti:!J
    DDT General Classrooms

    uu uut
    D Dj_
    tIO
    :.=;;q
    /\1!(1')
    Downstand
    beam
    Design parameters
    The basis for the planned development of schools are the school
    building guidelines of each German state (including model room
    uu uu layouts), in conjunction with relevant national building standards
    0 Minimum dimensions for table f) Room heights of classrooms
    and health and safety regulations.
    arrangement in regular classrooms General classroom area
    (Saxony --> refs) This includes standard and replacement classrooms, course rooms,
    rooms for languages and social studies, language laboratories,
    teaching equipment and map rooms, and other subsidiary rooms.

    00000

    0000000
    0 0
    0 0
    Q Q Q
    D D D
    0
    0 0
    0
    0 0

    ~ ~
    ~
    I1
    0
    The subjects taught in the general classroom area are: languages,
    general studies, mathematics, religion, social studies and politics,
    as well as optional subjects and remedial teaching.
    Group rooms
    In primary and special schools it should be arranged that these are
    each accessible from two classrooms. Multi-purpose rooms can
    D DD be assigned to other areas.
    oo oo oo Number of floors
    g0 ~
    0
    Q This should lie between three and four. Schools for pupils who
    SCHOOLS
    General
    are physically disabled or have learning difficulties should have classrooms
    1-2 storeys. Specialist
    classrooms
    C) LTR (=listen, talk, record)
    0 Max. depth of classrooms with Room dimensions Information and
    laboratory, SB =speaker's one-sided daylight communal area
    booth, RR =recording room
    The maximum number of pupils in a class is 32. Sanitary facilities
    According to the school building guidelines, the design of classrooms Break and
    should normally be based on tables with two workplaces --7 0. If circulation areas
    Arrangement of
    the windows are all on one side, the max. room depth is 7.20 m. If classrooms
    possible, have windows on both sides to permit furniture to be free- Clusters
    Model room
    ly positioned. The distance between the blackboard and the pupil programme
    workplaces at the back should not exceed 9.00 m -0 G. Guideline Examples
    values: area: 21.8G--2.00 m2/pupil. Air volume: 25.00-6.00 m3/pupil. BS 4163
    oooooo The ceiling height of classrooms (min. 3 m) may not be reduced by BS EN 14434
    c::cr::rJ DIN 18024
    0000 more than 0.30 m by individual construction elements --7 f).
    DIN 58125
    Language laboratory --7 0 - 0 GUV 16.3
    Located within the general classroom area or near the media
    centre/library. Guideline: approx. 30 language laboratory places

    0 LT (= listen and talk) laboratory e Workplace with monitor


    per 1000 pupils. Size: LT (listen and talk) and LTR (listen, talk,
    record) laboratory size, total approx. 80 m2 , language laboratory
    cabins approx. 1 x 2 m, number of places per laboratory 24-30 m2 ,
    J.;.sot i.e. 40-60 m2 plus subsidiary areas. LTR laboratory --7 0: 23 work-
    I 30o
    places as cabins, approx. 65 m 2 (approx. 2.8 m 2/place) including
    subsidiary rooms approx. 95m 2 .
    LT laboratory -0 0: 33 workplaces as desks, approx. 65 m2 (ap-
    prox. 2.0 m 2/place) including subsidiary rooms approx. 95 m2 •
    Side rooms: studio, recording room, archive for teacher and pupil
    tapes. Language laboratories are also possible in inner areas of
    the building with artificial light and air conditioning.
    Computer room
    Should if possible face north and not be on the ground floor (Saxony
    -0 refs). The IT workplaces are designed according to the guidelines
    f) Seating arrangement for 80 pupils ii;1 0 years old,
    for computer workplaces. The upper edge of the monitor should
    for film, slides and overhead projection
    be below eye level so that the pupil's head is tilted at 15-20° --7 e.

    e Building form: grouping with


    central access
    C) Building form: grouped
    pavilions
    CI!) Compact building form: with
    central courtyard access
    CD Compact building form: with
    light wells

    191
    t-1.oof-- 1.60-+ f-1.00+-1.60-+ SCHOOLS

    c=J1~
    Specialist Classrooms

    ~ c=J1
    u uutu uu1 Science teaching area

    ct
    This includes teaching, teaching/practical, practical, preparation

    ~ n nn 1 and meeting rooms, photo work and photo lab rooms. Teaching
    rooms for biology, physics and chemistry approx. 2.50 m2/place.

    uu-+-~
    For lectures and demonstrations approx. 4.50 m2/place.
    u C Demonstration and practical room for natural sciences, chem-
    istry and biology, and physics, chemistry and biology approx.
    0 Minimum dimensions for table
    8 Minimum dimensions for table
    70-80 m2 ~ E). Teaching room for lecturing and demonstrations
    layouts in practical rooms, in layouts In practical rooms, back-
    rows to-back in the subjects physics, biology and perhaps chemistry approx. 60
    m2 , with permanently installed, ascending auditorium seating. A
    second entrance and exit may be necessary. This room may be in
    00000 000000000 an internal location with artificial lighting. Practical room for pupils,

    n ommm~ collaborating groups etc. in biology and physics or also interdisci-


    plinary practical area, space sub-divided by means of partitioning,

    mmmo~
    area per room or section approx. 80m 2 •
    tJ Preparation, meeting and materials room for subject combinations
    or single subjects: together approx. 30-40 m2 or approx. 70 m2 ,
    according to the size of the science area. This room may be in an
    SCHOOLS classroom with preparation and room for practicals,
    General
    48 places 80m2 library 60m2 40 places 80m2 internal location with artificial lighting.
    classrooms
    Specialist
    C) Rooms and areas for science teaching Music and art teaching
    classrooms Rooms for drawing should have uniform natural light, if possible
    Information and
    communal area
    from the north. Music rooms should have an appropriate layout

    ft ~~·~:~~rtt~t-~
    Sanitary facilities and sound insulation to avoid disturbing other facilities.
    Break and
    circulation areas Technical teaching
    Arrangement of
    classrooms
    Workrooms should be arranged so that teaching in other rooms
    Clusters is not disturbed by the noise. The working area should be sub-
    Model room divided into the various media (wood, paper, metal, plastic) and
    programme
    Examples I ideally be located on the ground floor.
    Photo laboratory
    The photo laboratory is a dark room for positive work (one enlarge-
    ment table for 2-3 pupils, combined with wet working areas), for
    ®
    negative work (film development) and a film storage room. If possible
    it should be north-facing with constant room temperature. Space re-
    quirement: 6-14 pupils per work group, min. 3-4m2 per work place.

    0 c:=:::J c:=:::J
    oc:=:::J®=
    o==
    0==
    r-] crafts/natural science

    0:0 0:0
    ffi. ffi
    EB ~
    ~ ~ rn·~ 'f~ ffi.EB ffiffi
    chemistry rooms ·
    -12 places

    8
    ... 95m2

    Rooms and areas for technology


    -40m2 -30 places -100m2

    ooooo oooooooooo

    <D for pract1cals ® classroom @ extra practical roorr


    @ for practicals & teaching

    G
    ® preparation and library

    Science area, approx. 400 places, approx. 1400 m 2


    @ library

    :o:uu::o:
    o o
    paper and clay work
    o a·~~--~

    ~25 places

    f) Areas for technology

    art room
    music room
    0 0 0 0 0
    0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0
    °
    ~~~off~o~~:fttr=-1
    0 0
    0 0 0
    0 0 0 room
    ancillary

    o
    0
    ao
    o0 o 0 0
    0 0 0 0 0 0
    0 0
    oO 0 0 0 0 0 0
    oooo
    teaching materials

    0 -30 places ... aom2 -35m2 -35 .glaces -90m


    Areas for technology/business studies, office technology, technical drawing,
    subjects altogether approx. 350 places, approx. m2 1600 e Areas for music and art

    192
    1 multi-purpose room
    2 audio booths SCHOOLS
    3 office
    4 central catalogue Information and Communal Area
    5 newspapers,
    magazines
    6 group area
    7 individual places
    8 typing booths Library, media centre and central facilities
    9 information, Information centre for teaching, further education and leisure. The
    lending desk
    10 lecture room users are pupils, teachers and external participants. Library de-
    11 audiovis. studio
    12 racks notes a conventional school and lending library including lending,
    13 free access reading and work spaces and the appropriate shelves for books
    14 photocopier
    15 cloakroom, lockers and magazines. Media centre describes the extension of the li-
    brary to cover recording and reproduction technology (hardware)
    0 Example of school library/media centre for radio, film, television, cassettes, tapes, CD, DVD, i.e. so-called
    audio-visual material and a corresponding stock of software.

    Guideline space requirement


    Total for library and media centre 0.35-0.55 m2/pupil.

    Details: Book issue and return, per work space approx. 5 m2 in-
    cluding catalogue areas approx. 20-40 m2 •
    Advisors (librarian, media teacher, media technician etc.), per em-
    ployee approx. 10-20 m2 • Compact book storage per 1000 vol-
    umes at approx. 20-30 volumes per running m of shelf, approx.
    SCHOOLS
    4 m2 self-service shelves incl. movement areas; reading places
    General
    and catalogue per 1 000 volumes of non-fiction and reference classrooms
    works approx. 20-40 m2 ; general working zone per 1000 reference Specialist
    classrooms
    volumes approx. 25m 2 for approx. 5% of pupils/teachers but min. Information and
    30 work spaces each 2 m 2, approx. 60 m 2, per carrel approx. 2.5- communal area
    Sanitary facilities
    3.0 m2 • Group work room, 8-10 people, approx. 20m 2 --> 0- f). Break and
    circulation areas
    f) Example of school library/media centre Kitchen and dining room Arrangement of
    classrooms
    For a dining room with more than 400 places, the places of as- Clusters

    . ....
    sembly regulations should be complied with. Model room
    programme

    D0
    ·-----------1 The size and equipment depends on the catering system, food
    service and return of plates. For young pupils meals may be
    served at table (portions possibly served by the teacher) otherwise
    Examples

    self-service (from conveyor, counter, cafeteria line, free-flow cafe-


    00
    oro Main kitchen
    teria, turntable etc.). Serving capacity: from 5-15 meals/minute or
    250-1 000 meals/hour with varied personnel requirement.
    0~0
    0"0 Space required for serving system approx. 40--60 m2 . Dining room
    size depends on number of pupils and sittings, per seat min. 1.20-
    00 1.40 m2 . Larger areas should be partitioned into smaller rooms. At
    00 entrance, provide one washbasin per 40 seats--> 0- 0.
    <J Preparation

    t>
    ....
    r-----------~ --
    ~
    0.
    Day store Vegetable
    preparation ·-~-·
    I Meat
    preparation
    ~~
    ~~

    "' v
    DDDCJDDDCJ!J
    II "' :
    oo r:=::H:::::J oc:::J c:::Jc:::::J
    0 I 0
    QDDDCJDDD ~ c::::JO[::::H:::::JCJCJC::::H::::::J
    0 -2500m2

    .... -... - - -
    <lo -... - - .... - -
    ..... - -...- -... - ....- 0

    8 Organisation of space and functions in a school kitchen G Servery, plates return and eating area

    193
    SCHOOLS
    f-min.-f Sanitary Facilities I Break and Circulation Areas
    1.00

    .
    0 Doors
    (1~-----"'" f) Corridors~ min. escape route width
    Circulation and escape routes
    Horizontal and vertical access routes are normally also emergency
    escape routes. Escape routes must have a clear width of min.
    1.00 m/150 people but min. width of corridors in classroom areas
    f - ;':;28 tread t - f is 2.00 m, or 1.25 m with up to 180 people. Stairs in classroom ar-

    == t Handrail eas must be 1 .25 m wide, other escape routes 1 .00 m wide. Max.
    length of escape routes: 25 m measured in a straight line from the

    ~
    ~17
    stairwell door to the farthest work place, or 30 m in an indirect line
    to the centre of the room. Capacity of stairs dependent on number
    of users and average occupancy, e.g. stair width: 0.80 m for each
    1111111111111 100 people (min. 1.25 m, but not wider than 2.50 m).
    Handrail
    e Pitch of stairs Stairs as escape route (according to
    school building guidelines)
    Doors -7 0
    These may open inward or outward. Outward opening doors
    should not endanger pupils and project max. 20 em into the es-
    cape route. -7 e.
    SCHOOLS
    General
    ~
    9 Lesson-time WC facilities,
    Doors from rooms with more than 40 pupils or increased fire risk
    (chemistry, work rooms) must open in the direction of the escape
    route.
    classrooms
    e.g. tor approx. 1 00 boys,
    Specialist
    classrooms approx. 15 m2
    Information and Stairs, ramps -7 0 - G
    communal area The pitch of stairs is to be based on length of pace: 2 riser +
    Sanitary tread= 59-65 em. Ramps ;:;;;6% gradient.
    facilities
    Break and
    circulation Cloakrooms
    areas
    Arrangement of
    e.g. for approx. 100 girls, f) Break-time WC facilities, e.g. single-row Cloakrooms are to be provided outside classrooms.
    classrooms
    approx. 15 m2 facilities tor approx. 250 girls, approx. 40 m ; 2

    Clusters for approx. 250 boys, approx. 40 m2


    Model room Break areas
    programme The space guideline for enclosed break areas is 0.4-0.5 m 2/pupil.
    Examples They are to be designed so that they can be used for school
    DIN 58125 events. Dining and multi-purpose rooms may be used as break
    areas. If the connection between school building and sports hall
    e Teacher WC facilities,
    e.g. for approx.
    is roofed over, this can be designed as a break area or covered
    sports area (Saxony -7 refs).
    30 teachers, approx. 15 m2
    Communal area
    A communal area should be provided in each larger school for
    events and celebrations. This can be achieved through the tem-
    C) e.g. for approx. Break-time WC facilities e.g. two-row
    porary connection of several rooms and circulation areas. Wheth-
    20 women teachers, facilities tor approx. 500 girls, approx. 65 m2 ;
    approx. 10 m2 for approx. 500 boys, approx. 40 m2 er the building of a school hall is necessary is regulated by the
    relevant state school building guidelines.
    No. users we Urinals
    Sanitary facilities -7 0 - 0
    40 boys 1 2 The necessary WCs, urinals and washbasins are provided accord-
    ing to the total number of pupils (divided between boys and girls)
    20 girls 1 - according to the school building guidelines -7 $. One washbasin
    15 teachers 1 1 is provided for every boys' WC or for every two girls' WCs. Toilets
    should be as directly lit and ventilated as possible. The accesses
    10 women teachers 1 - for girls and boys are to be separate.

    G) Guideline for number of sanitary facilities (Saxony--. refs)

    Context Form Separation Location Use Notes


    boys/girls
    class we toilets with lobby no near a classroom during lesson possibly for preschool and school kindergarten, poss. 2 WCs
    and lobby
    lesson we toilets yes accessible from several classes each classroom without we should be max. 40 m distance
    corridor or hall during lesson (incl. stairs) from lesson we
    breakWC toilets yes accessible from for classes during WCs at ground level, not in centre of building, accessible from
    schoolyard or hall the break break areas

    teacher We toilets ladies/gents for teachers or during the break possibly linked to staff cloakroom
    administration

    @) Recommended WC facilities

    194
    SCHOOLS
    oQoQcO cO cO Do Iteaching I
    Arrangement of Classrooms, Clusters

    Cj
    cOaOaO aD oO
    cQoOnQ aQ cO
    classroom
    aOaOnO aD aD
    cOoQ aQnQ nQ

    cloakroom
    I
    corridor

    0 Classroom lit and ventilated on both sides through cloakroom and corridor,
    corridor opening up every two classrooms into teaching equipment room
    Arch.: Yorke, Rosenberg, Mardall

    classroom
    outside
    class space

    oQ ~o c(} O\l
    cO oQ <i1 o\l
    oa 0 1 l
    l-J handicrafts room
    -
    ao oQ <i1 aQ
    cO a[) tiJ aG
    aO oO cO aG
    cO a[) a\} aG
    1
    corridor
    I ITI SCHOOLS
    General
    classrooms
    0 Cluster, bundling of several classrooms, single-sided daylighting of individual
    rooms
    Specialist
    classrooms
    f) Design proposal: combination of classroom, open-air classroom and hobby Information and
    room Arch.: Neutra communal area
    Sanitary facilities
    o[] oo oo o[] Break and
    circulation areas
    lJ[]oQaQaO
    Arrangement of
    o[] 0 0 nO oO classroom classrooms

    o[] ao ao oO Do
    Clusters
    Model room
    o[] oO nO '{) programme
    Examples
    f) Multi-storey building: two classrooms to each staircase,
    daylight from two sides Arch.: Schuster

    corridor

    e Saw-tooth plan Arch.: Carbonara


    gr,::;;:,ll;:j;:jl
    'Im''!TI?'afl
    ===
    00 00 PC

    ~ra111fffil
    o==
    DO 00 00

    /
    classroom

    corridor

    Classrooms with additional daylight through high-level window, without view


    in from the back. Corridor opens up at each classroom into cloakroom and
    Q Four classrooms per storey with daylight from both
    sides, side extension for group teaching Arch.: Haefeli, Moser, Steiger
    storeroom Arch.: Carbonara

    --- covered access

    Hexagonal classroom without corridor, accessed


    I I
    1.----------------- _J

    Hexagonal classrooms with enclosed triangular hobby rooms


    Arch.: BrechbOhlen through cloakroom and lobby Arch.: Gottwald, Weber

    195
    SCHOOLS
    Model Room Programme for Primary Schools

    1 cohort L conorts
    4 classes 8 classes
    120 pupils 240 pupils

    Places m2/room No. m2 No. m2

    General teaching rooms 326-490 592-748


    classrooms 24-32 50-66 4 200-264 8 400-528
    group rooms 12-18 36-50 2 72-100
    multi-purpose rooms 32 72 1 90 1 72
    side rooms 18-36 1 18 1 24
    teaching equipment room 18-36 1 18 1 24

    Specialist classrooms 96
    work room 16 72 1 72
    side room 24 1 24
    music room 32 72
    SCHOOLS
    General School library/media centre 60 72
    classrooms
    Specialist
    classrooms Administration 36 102
    Information and
    communal area head teacher's room 12-18 60
    Sanitary facilities secretariat 18--24 36
    Break and
    circulation areas teachers' room 24-50 12
    Arrangement of sick room 18 1 18
    classrooms
    Clusters parents' meeting room 12 1 1
    Model room caretaker's room 12 1 12
    programme
    Examples
    Communal areas 92 92
    kitchen servery 24 1 24 1 24
    dining/multi-purpose room 1 50 1 50
    side room 18-24 1 18 1 18

    Utility areas 24 66
    caretaker's workshop 18 1 18
    room for cleaning materials 12 1 12
    storeroom 1 24 1 36

    Caretaker's flat 1 80

    Sports hall 1 600

    Open-air sports facilities

    break areas with gymnastic and 600 1200


    play equipment
    school garden 150 300
    playing field 1 pitch 1 pitch
    100m track 4 tracks
    long jump facility 3 tracks
    gymnastics lawn 400 400

    Subtotals
    general classrooms 326-390 592-748
    specialist classrooms 96
    school library/media centre 60 72
    administration 36 102
    utility areas 24 66

    Total 446-510 928-1084

    m 2/pupil 4.0 4.2

    0 Model room programme, primary school, school building regulations (Saxony_, refs)

    196
    SCHOOLS
    Examples

    CD Break hall @Music room


    ®Classroom (!)
    Woodwork,
    housekeeping
    @Group room
    @Services
    @store
    @ Multi-purpose
    ®Caretaker roam

    CD Break hall
    ®Break yard
    @Sports hall SCHOOLS
    @) Physics classroom General
    classrooms
    ® Drawing/crafts Specialist
    @ Class/course rooms classrooms
    Information and
    0 Markt lndersdorf grammar school, first floor C) School for individual promotion of learning, Alzenau, primary and secondary communal area
    Sanitary facilities
    Arch.: Allmann Sattler Wappner Architekten school, ground floor Arch.: (se) arch Stefanie Eberding und Stephan Eberding
    Break and
    circulation areas
    Arrangement of
    classrooms
    Clusters
    Model room
    programme
    Examples
    ®

    ®
    CD Forum
    ®Stage
    C) Volta school house, Basel, fourth floor--> 0

    --'>0-0
    CD Entrance hall
    ®Sport hall
    @ Yard light well
    @Classroom
    with group
    @Crafts ®
    @ Religion/remedial
    teaching/
    languages

    Montessori school, Aachen, one-stage school, ground floor


    Arch.: Prof. Ernst Kasper, Prof. Klaus Klever 0 Volta school house, Basel, ground floor Arch.: Miller & Maranta

    197
    UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
    Lecture Theatres

    Central university facilities include: great hall, event hall, adminis-


    tration, deanery and student union. Also prominent are libraries, can-
    teens, sports facilities, car parks and student residences (~ p. 167}.
    Basic space requirements for all subjects
    Lecture theatre for basic and special lectures, seminar and tutorial
    rooms (partially with PC workplaces) for detailed instruction of the
    course material, specialised libraries, rooms for scientific assis-
    tants, conference and examination rooms.
    Space requirements for specific subjects:
    Humanities: lecture theatre with seating raked (rising) at a low pitch
    ~ 8. No particular requirements for blackboards or projection.
    Technical and artistic subjects: e.g. architecture, art, music: draw-
    ing, studio, workshop, practice and meeting rooms of all types.
    Technical and natural science subjects: e.g. physics, mechan-
    ical engineering, electrical engineering: drawing rooms, labora-
    tories, workshops.
    UNIVERSITIES Natural science and medical theory subjects: e.g. chemistry,
    AND COLLEGES biology, anatomy, physiology, health care, pathology: laboratories
    Lecture theatres with associated practical rooms, scientific workshops, animal keep-
    Examples of
    lecture theatres
    ing and experiment rooms. Medical demonstration ('anatomy') the-
    Faculty extension
    Seating atres with steeply raked seating ~ G. Natural science lecture the-
    Projection
    Seminar and
    0 Scheme of university facilities atres with experiment benches and steeply raked seating ~ C).
    service rooms
    Laboratories ceiling line

    see also: Student 1


    sloping ceiling I
    residences,
    p. 167

    f) Geometrical determination of the listener curve


    0 Longitudinal section through a lecture theatre

    e Normal lecture theatre design (humanities)

    e Steeply raked lecture theatre (natural sciences)

    student seats
    during operations

    0 Lecture theatre for demonstrations on a bench (medicine)


    f) Steps in life drawing class with seated area of 0.65 m 2 per student (technical
    artistic subjects)

    198
    I UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES

    I.
    f\ \
    I
    I
    I ,I]
    .l
    Larger lecture theatres for central lectures are preferably accom-
    modated in auditorium buildings, and smaller lecture theatres for
    specialist lectures in institute or seminar buildings. Access to the
    Lecture Theatres

    lecture theatre is best separated from the research facilities, with


    the shortest possible route from outside to the back of the lecture
    theatre (in the case of raked seating, entrances behind the up-
    I II I permost row, or in larger lecture theatres also at the side at middle
    height -> 8). Lecturers enter the lecture theatre at the front, from
    the preparation room, and experimental apparatus can be rolled
    into the theatre. Common lecture theatre sizes are 100, 150, 200,
    300, 400, 600, 800 seats. Lecture theatres with up to 200 seats,
    ceiling height approx. 3.5 m can be integrated into an institute
    ~ ~ building; larger theatres should ideally have their own building.
    90 90
    1-t----11.40-----j-----j
    Experiment benches should be easily changeable, on wheels and
    0 Rectangular lecture theatre with 200 seats
    suitable for laboratory work. Media connections are required.

    UNIVERSITIES
    AND COLLEGES
    Lecture theatres
    Examples of
    lecture theatres
    Seating
    Projection
    Seminar and
    service rooms

    -
    Laboratories

    f) Floor plans for light and sound booths

    G) movable blackboard
    ® service duct in floor
    @ experiment bench
    @ point of reference

    f) Trapezoidal lecture theatre with 400 seats

    0 Longitudinal section -> 0


    light and
    sound lock

    /
    /
    /
    /
    /
    I
    I
    I
    I
    I
    I
    I

    ~oject8 roorn:Y
    x,~-----j-1
    30

    0 Lecture theatre with 800 seats () Plan of podium area

    199
    UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
    CD Large lecture theatre
    ® Seminar room Examples of Lecture Theatres
    @ Server room
    @)Side room
    ®Airspace
    @we
    ([) Small lecture theatre

    tl 0 Section -; 0
    0 Bremerhaven University, third floor Arch.: Kister Scheithauer Gross

    UNIVERSITIES
    AND COLLEGES
    Lecture theatres
    Examples of
    lecture theatres
    Seating
    Projection
    Seminar and
    service rooms
    Laboratories

    Lecture theatres, Griifin Donho!! Building, first floor, Frankfurt an der Oder
    University Arch.: Yamaguchi und Essig Architekten BOA

    f) Council building, Freiburg University, ground floor entrance hall and two-storey
    Auditorium Maximum Arch.: O.E. Schweizer

    <D main lecture


    theatre
    ®projector
    ® lecture hall
    @ senate room
    ®cloakroom

    0 Student building in DOsseldorf

    G) lecture theatre
    ® projection room
    @cloakroom

    0 Auditorium of the Technical University of Delft Arch.: Broek + Bakema f) Lecture theatre of the ETH Honggerberg, Zurich

    200
    UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES

    [:i:[:i
    Level
    Lecture theatre seating
    Seating and Projection

    Combined units with tip-up or slewing seat, backrest and desk (with
    shelf or hook for case or bag), mostly fixed mounting ~ 0 - 0.
    l - - 8 5 - l - 85--+- 85----1 Arrangement is according to subject, number of students and type
    of tuition: from light (slide shows, electro-acoustic facilities) to heavy.
    Some lecture theatres (surgery, internal medicine, physics) have
    raked (rising) rows of seating ~ 0. The space requirement per
    student depends on type of seating, desk depth and floor pitch.
    Per student (including all walking areas in larger lecture theatres in
    f) Seating arrangement with tip-up a cramped situation), the space requirement is 1.10 m2 , in smaller
    seats and desks lecture theatres and in a normal situation 0.80-0.95 m2 •
    1--85 -l-105----j Projection, boards, acoustics, lighting:
    On 15 em steps Projection screens and black-/whiteboards can be designed as
    segmented surfaces, or fixed to a straight back wall. Wall boards
    in many sections, mostly vertically sliding, manual or mechanical,
    can be dropped down below the projection area. Wheeled boards
    or screens are also possible.
    Speech should reach the listener as uniformly as possible, with no
    disturbing echo. Suspended ceilings will aid reflection and absorp-
    UNIVERSITIES
    tion. Rear walls should be clad with sound-absorbing material, oth- AND COLLEGES
    Sloping floor up to 12% incline er walls flat. Light intensity in windowless lecture theatres: 600 lx. Lecture theatres
    0 Lecture theatre seating Arrangement with fixed desks and Examples of
    lecture theatres
    rotating seats (required space)
    Seating
    Projection

    T ~
    Seminar and
    service rooms
    Connection for Laboratories
    access point
    Motion detector
    1 BS EN 12665
    DIN 5035
    Loudspeaker
    -Emergency
    call-listen-in
    -Announcements
    Wall panel
    AMX
    Hinged door, behind
    trips/ switches

    1----'9"'0'------j

    8 Lecture theatre seating /desk 8 Desk ventilation I air flow


    ventilation

    Media column Integrated into 4li) Front view, mobile (wheeled) media
    lecture theatre, exact height table
    according to room height

    I I Front row Rearmost row of seats

    i• ---- ----
    1
    ProJector
    -L -- I
    P< -- -- -- 35J40o
    0.5 h -- - ---
    II -- ::::1\l
    --- - - -
    -" 1.5 b f- max.
    I

    1
    60°
    - -
    4.
    or Projec tion screen
    -- -- --
    0 Layout of projectors, plan
    ---~-l--
    G Projection wall width dependent on length of lecture theatre, plan

    T
    J_ T ~-----------a----------r

    Spectator
    - - - Projection wall
    in the
    last row

    +-----3.5 h -----+
    Layout of projectors, section, showing distribution of the angle of inclined view
    to places above and below the projectors @) Projection wall width dependent on length of lecture theatre, section

    201
    Prof. office
    2
    UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
    18m
    Seminar and Service Rooms

    The design of lecture theatres and seminar rooms has to comply


    with the places of assembly regulations. It should also be ensured
    that wheelchair users have sufficient space in lecture theatres in
    line with standards.
    Service rooms for lecture theatres
    Every lecture theatre should have a directly accessible side room.

    Trrr)
    Prof. office Director
    Laboratory
    200m2

    Archive ~ 1
    This has no fixed function and can be used as a storage room.
    Sufficient preparation area should be provided next to all lecture
    theatres featuring experiments, positioned at the same level and
    18m2 26m2 30m
    2
    "'ffil with a short route to the podium. Guideline for the min. size: for
    0 Plan of a university building; seminar rooms are used by many departments rectangular plan lecture theatre, approx. 0.2-0.25 m2/seat; trap-
    ezoidal plan 0.15-0.18 m2/seat; natural science and pre-clinical
    Corridor Corridor Seminar rooms

    lofficellll I I ~~~;ri·j Project rooms I subjects 0.2-0.3 m2/seat.


    Areas for storage and staff rooms are necessary for the proper
    1.80 2.00 operation of a lecture theatre building: a room for technical staff

    UNIVERSITIES
    AND COLLEGES
    t
    5.oo-+i-+1.-
    2 20
    1-------------38.00

    f) Section ~
    +l-+
    0:
    1
    - - - 1 6 . o o _ _ _ _'_s._oo_+--
    __

    column-free pre-stressed concrete floor boards supported on


    the external walls
    8_.o_o~--l
    ~
    to maintain the facilities; for cleaning staff; storeroom for replace-
    ment parts, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, black-/whiteboard,
    clothing etc. Min. size per room 15 m2 ; space required for all side
    rooms min. 50-60 m2 .
    Lecture theatres
    Examples of Computer room

    n
    lecture theatres
    Seating The size of the computer room is related to the number and size
    Projection of the computer desks, which depends on the size of the displays.
    Seminar and
    service rooms
    General tuition rooms
    Laboratories
    Seminar rooms, usual sizes: 20, 40, 50, 60 seats; mobile double
    0 0

    u
    Places of tables, width 1.20 m, depth 0.60 m, space required per student
    Assembly
    Regulations 1.90-2.00 m.
    Variable arrangement of the tables for tutorial and group work. If
    see also:
    Libraries, there is free ventilation from only one external wall, the depth of
    pp. 247 If. the room should not exceed 2.5 x clear ceiling height.

    0 Dimensions of a computer room


    Offices for scientific personnel -7 0
    professor 20-24 m2

    OD
    scientific assistant 15 m2

    00
    [=::J
    0

    00 00 Heightof
    r
    the window
    0
    o
    o
    00 00 00

    o
    assistant 20 m2
    secretary 15 m2 (double occupation 20 m2)
    Cloakroom and WC facilities

    r
    =a 0 0
    00 00 00 Rough estimate for both together: 0.15-0.16 m2/seat
    0 0
    00 00 00 0 0 Faculty and open-access libraries (-7 Libraries pp. 247 ff.)
    Storage for 30 000-200 000 vols on open-access shelves.
    00 00 00 00 00 00

    Book storage space -7 C)


    -+----maximum 2.5 a 4
    e Dimensions of seminar rooms with natural ventilation
    Bookcases with 6-7 shelves, 2 m high (reaching height)
    Distance between bookcases 1.50-1.60 m
    Space required 1.0-1.2 m2/200 vols

    Do r ~ ~
    ~
    c:::o
    c::=:J
    DO
    D D
    0
    g Reading places -7 0
    Width 0.9-1.0 m/depth 0.8 m
    ca.18-20 m 2 2
    c\ris m 0 2 :----,
    ~m 2 """u

    ill Space required 2.4-2.5 m2 per place


    Prof. ca.20m
    sci[j~ant
    ~s[jjD Entrance control, with storage for cases/bags; catalogue, copier
    room

    Q Basic equipment for service rooms

    uuu
    0
    I I I I 0 c:=:J
    000000 0
    c:=:J
    ~
    0
    000000 0 0
    Q)
    '0
    Q)
    '0
    ·u;
    0 c:=:J f---1.80--J
    ·u; 0 0 0 0 00 Books 0

    ===::1 c:=:J
    c:::::::J I

    nnu
    Books
    So
    0
    '0 00 0 0 0 0
    T "
    0
    '0
    c
    0
    0 0

    ~ ~ ~ 0 c:=:J 0 0
    000000 0 0 Reading places
    0 00 0 0 0 ~ l 0
    0
    c:=:J
    0
    I I I I Bookshelves 0 c:=:J
    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    (lt Arrangement of reading places and bookshelves


    0 Arrangement of reading places and bookshelves

    202
    UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
    Laboratories

    1- 80 -t-- 1.40 --+ 80 --j


    Laboratories differ according to use and subject. According to
    use:
    Tuition-related practical laboratories with a large number of
    workstations collected together and mostly with simple basic
    equipment -7 e.
    1-80 + 1.25 -; 1-80 --j
    Research-related laboratories, mostly in smaller rooms with
    special equipment and additional practical spaces like weighing
    0 Minimum passage width at workstations
    and measurement rooms, centrifuge and autoclave rooms, rinsing
    kitchens, air-conditioned and cold storage rooms with constant
    1 - - 3.60------i temperature, photographic/dark rooms etc. -7 e.
    writing area=.c====~===='f"'-

    0~~ 00~
    According to subject:
    Chemistry and biology laboratories have permanently installed
    laboratory benches. Rooms have a high rate of air exchange and

    ~o 0~ 0 ~ 0
    1
    frequently additional fume cupboards with air extraction -7 p. 204
    -7 0 for work producing gas and smoke. Fume cupboards are
    often installed in their own rooms ('stink rooms'). UNIVERSITIES
    AND COLLEGES
    f80t-1.60 -!801 Physics laboratories mostly have mobile benches and sophisti-

    -.-
    Lecture theatres
    corridor cated electrical equipment in cable ducts in the wall or suspended
    -,-- -,-- -,-- -,- -,- from the ceiling. Low rate of air exchange -7 p. 204. There are
    Examples of
    lecture theatres
    Seating
    Function and ancillary rooms special laboratories for specific requirements, e.g. isotope lab- Projection
    f) Research laboratory oratories for work on radioactive substances in various safety Seminar and
    service rooms
    classes. Laboratories

    1-- 3.60 ---t80t-1.60 -!801 Clean room laboratories are used for work requiring especially
    dust-free filtered air, e.g. in microelectronics or for particularly
    dangerous substances, whose release into the surrounding rooms
    0 should be prevented by special air circulation and filtering (micro-
    biology, gene technology) -7 0.
    "'
    'E
    "'c.
    0
    .0

    aX

    __
    8
    ._-
    Teaching and practical laboratory
    24 seats

    -
    Lab safety level 3 @emergency telephone, telephone
    CD warning sign @two-way intercom, electric door-opener
    G) fume cupboards ® workstation for ® hand-held fire @ ventilation and
    ® double-door safety lobby, self-closing @Windows: gas-tight, non-combustible,
    doors leaded ® workbenches chemist extinguisher environmental
    ® outdoor clothing @pass-door: fireproof ®reserves ®corridor @ vertical energy control system
    @ protective clothing
    Lab safety level 4 @ dry work places ® materials cupboards supply
    ® floor trough (pas. disinfectant mat) In @three-chamber safety lobby. Doors ® weighing tables ®eye douche @ overhead pipes
    front of shower
    ® hand wash basin with disinfectant
    dispenser ®~~~:~~~:~~~~~~r lL-1i~~~tem can be
    9
    8 Section, BASF plastics laboratory Arch.: Suter u. Suter
    0 workbench (clean bench) with separate upgraded*). Collect a nO disinfect
    special filter waste water
    0 gas-tight, enclosed workbench,

    I
    extractor
    autoclave (In lab or building) ~d~ft~~~eaf~;e~~fll¥n~~~ extraction,
    fiat panel radiator (7.5 em from wall)
    control and monitoring cupboard:
    electricity box, emergency mains off-
    switch, error board
    @ pressure difference display readable from
    inside and out with acoustic alarm
    ®autoclave with lockable doors on
    both sides, disinfect condensation
    @flood lock
    @autoclavable container for used

    *)
    protective clothing
    Only required if upgrading to L-4 lab.
    :J • "il'®
    rEJ 0
    @
    '@ I I I I CI:J
    -e-®
    IT

    lab exchange area


    :J c
    c_
    ~ t
    t§j C_
    @ [coU I
    ~\].,..:1~~~, ~t
    .....
    entrance
    door

    e Clean room laboratory, example 0 Plan->0

    203
    UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
    Laboratories

    Cold laboratories are used for tasks requiring extreme tempera-


    ture conditions, photographic work and as darkrooms. Work-
    rooms without equipment installed also belong in the close lab-
    oratory area:
    l-3.125 --f--3.125 --+-3.125 --t---3.125 ----l Study cubicles; social/rest rooms for laboratory staff; central
    0 Room dimensions derive from size of bench (workstation). Services and rooms for general storage, chemical stores and issue, with par-
    cupboards are in the corridor wall. Weighing room is separate. ticular safety measures; isotope stores with decay containers etc.
    Animal laboratories are a special case, with rooms for keeping the
    animals, which have special equipment appropriate to the species
    and require their own air circulation.
    Laboratory workstations
    The determining design unit for the laboratory workstation is the
    laboratory bench, permanently installed or mobile, whose dimen-
    sions together with the associated work and passage areas de-
    fine the laboratory axis, which forms the basic spatial unit ~ 0
    -e.
    Standard dimensions for the normal working bench:
    UNIVERSITIES 120 em width in practical laboratories, several times that in re-
    AND COLLEGES
    search laboratories, 80 em depth work surface including socket
    Lecture theatres
    Examples of strip~ 9- ().
    lecture theatres f) Uniform laboratories with measurement and weighing rooms in front, University Benches and fume cupboards are mostly in the form of a building
    Seating Clinic, Frankfurt am Main Arch.: Schlempp + Schwethelm
    Projection block system: element widths 120 em, fume cupboards 120 and
    Seminar and 180cm~o.
    service rooms
    Laboratories
    The socket strip is an independent element with all electricity sup-
    escape balcony ply systems. Benches and low-level cupboards are placed in front
    escape balcony ofit~e-o.
    bench

    ~/ ru ··m· ~ ;)
    '!'Window wlndo ench
    Steel tubing supports the construction of laboratory benches,
    desks desks aisle

    ~
    0

    Pnl lR ~
    whose work surfaces are of artificial stone panels without joints,
    seldom tiled, and chemically resistant plastic panels. Low-level
    cupboards are of wood or plastic-coated chipboard. Supply ser-
    vices are fed from above out of the ceiling cavity or from below
    through the floor structure.
    *!!deep extractors :§ c-'¥ )<
    ~~rhch
    ~
    racks ltiil wet~tor
    Q)

    l!!j l::!!:J
    !~ ~
    (sc~r) og~.g_
    ~E.§_
    ;x Ventilation
    Of low- or high-pressure systems, the latter are particularly rec-
    8 Laboratory equipment in main
    scientific laboratory (Bayer AG
    e Arrangement of equipment in
    accessible service ducts (BAS F)
    ommended for multi-storied institute buildings with large-scale air
    requirements, in order to reduce the ducts' cross-section. Cool-
    dye plant) ing and humidification as required. Ventilation equipment has the
    highest demand for space of all services installations.
    All laboratories in which work with chemicals takes place must
    have artificial ventilation and extraction.
    energy conduit+ adjoining bench with low cupboard
    r--------, ,- .--------,
    Air changes per hour: chemistry laboratories 8 times
    biology laboratories 4 times
    0 ODD -- r- = 0 ODQ physics laboratories 3-4 times
    (in the extraction area)
    T Electrical installation

    I i
    ······ti~ed·~~~;;~~~d······················~c;································~~~b~~;;;·~~·~~;t~~~-·
    Each building will need its own transformer station if the numbers
    of connections are high or if special electricity supplies are speci-
    fied. Electrical service rooms must be enclosed in fire-resistant
    r---- 1.20 -----; f- t - 60 -j f------1.20 _____, walls and may not be crossed by other pipework or cables.
    e Chemistry laboratory bench

    CJ 0 DDO
    energy conduit+ adjoining workbench
    r-

    aooooooooo
    1
    oooooooo

    aoaooooooooooo
    §
    =·=·~=;=.~~:::::::::r·:·:·=·~2o,:::·~~·=.::;=·=·=·=·=·=·:·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·:·=·:·=·:·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=
    l I I
    :·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:•!•!•!·:-:-:·!·!•!•!•!•!•!•!•!•!•!•!·!·!·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:
    1 - 1.20 -----; f - - - - 1.80 ----1 ~60 -j
    e Physics laboratory bench Q Fume cupboards

    204
    _Q UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
    Laboratories
    i:
    .,.
    8
    .0
    ~
    0. Possible arrangements of service shafts, columns and
    ~ vertical circulation core {VCC)
    L. :~ Services concentrated in:
    stairs - joint shafts on face side of building, internal vee --7 0
    - external joint shafts, external vee --7 8 - central joint shafts,
    vee as leading element --7 e
    - services distributed among single-shaft installations, internal
    L serv. serv. vee --7 o
    0 Services shafts on the f) Services shafts on the - internal installation, coupled with vee --7 e
    face side, internal vee face side, external vee - external shafts, central VCC, cruciform plan --7 0
    p: :cj Vertical services system --7 0
    Many vertical supply lines, internally or on the fac;:ade, run the
    t . . :1 media in individual shafts to the laboratories. Decentrally routed
    air supply and extraction ducts to the fume cupboards, separate
    ventilators on the roof.
    Advantage: maximum individual supply; short horizontal connec-
    tions to laboratory bench.
    serv. Disadvantage: limited floor layout flexibility; greater space require- UNIVERSITIES
    AND COLLEGES
    serv. ment on working and services floors.
    Lecture theatres
    Examples of
    Horizontal services system --7 Cl!>: lecture theatres
    Vertical main services for all media concentrated in joint shafts Seating
    Projection
    Services shafts central, Q Single-shaft services,
    and distributed horizontally from there into the services floors with
    Seminar and
    vee as leading element internal vee upper or lower connection to laboratory benches. service rooms
    Advantages: less space required in the services shafts, greater Laboratories

    flexibility of floor layout, simpler maintenance, central ventilation


    equipment, better adaptability. High density of installation requires
    large amount of space. Vertical joint shafts are simpler, more
    accessible and allow revisions.
    Conduits should be insulated against condensation, heat, cold
    and noise transmission --7 0- e.

    I I
    I I I
    I
    I
    I I I

    L escape I ! ~ I I
    balcony I

    e Internal installation, coupled with VCC 0 External services shafts, central VCC
    I

    Average
    I I

    exhaust air
    0 0 0 0
    Single shaft
    0 0 0 0 0 0
    I Stairs
    0 0 0 0 0 0

    0 0 0 0

    Ground plan
    Q Horizontal conduits and ducts: laboratory floor. Plan -> 0
    Vertical services system: single shafts for installation of building,
    horizontal direct connection to laboratory benches, fume cupboards etc.;
    cw cold water St steam E emptying
    HW hot water Co condensate RE reserve limited flexibility of floor layout
    c circulation A air LW lab water
    ow distilled water G gas SAE secondary air
    cws cooling water supply SM special medium extraction
    CWR cooling water return SWW sanitary waste water
    I 1st pressure level RWP rainwater pipe
    II 2nd pressure level

    f=--------5.90-------c.,l
    25
    2 05----+ +--1.95---l~
    r +-------- · ~~~8w~

    n Ill. . Averane

    -------
    -------
    ---------
    ---------
    --------
    --------- Stairs

    =::i::::::i:::::
    Ground plan
    0400
    (!) Horizontal services system: horizontal conduits and ducts in ceiling space, good
    e Plan of joint shaft -> 0 flexibility of floor layout

    205
    UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
    Laboratories

    Structure and fittings grid


    Good structural grids to achieve mostly column-free rooms have
    ([) control lobby @ autoradiography @tissue culture
    ®dark room @cold room @ sterile containers the following dimensions:

    ~ u::~h-up o ~
    7.20 x 7.20 m, 7.20 x 8.40 m, 8.40 x 8.40 m, normal storey height
    4.0 m, clear room height ~3.0 m.

    ~·~ The structural grid is a multiple of the typical planning grid of


    120 x 120 em (decimetric system). Reinforced concrete frame
    construction, as pre-cast elements or cast in situ, is preferred on

    I.
    0
    o-l

    Part of the floor plan of cancer research centre, Heidelberg


    account of the flexibility of plan.

    Following programme and layout requirements, with installation at


    high and low level, plus natural and artificial lighting and ventilation
    rooms, results in areas with different potential uses and techni-
    Arch.: Heinie, Wischer u. Partner cal qualities. Laboratories therefore have large internal zones and
    are arranged as three-block facilities ---7 0 - 0. The length of the
    building is influenced by the maximum reasonable length of the
    UNIVERSITIES
    AND COLLEGES ...
    r-------- ------,
    horizontal runs of wet services .
    Lecture theatres
    Examples of Columns are placed on a grid offset from the structural grid to
    lecture theatres
    Seating increase the flexibility of servicing. Separation of areas is via a
    Projection room-enclosing system consisting of partitions and suspended
    Seminar and
    service rooms ceilings. Movable partitions should be easily operated and have
    Laboratories chemical-resistant surfaces. Ceilings should permit disassembly
    and have sound insulation. Floor coverings should be resistant to
    water and chemicals, without joints and with low electrical con-
    ductivity. Normally, plastic roll flooring material or tiles with welded
    joints should be used.

    Windows in the doors or next to them are important to provide a


    view into laboratories.

    Isotope laboratories should have flat, non-porous ceiling and


    wall surfaces, rounded corners, be surrounded by lead and
    concrete, monitored waste water, and shower cubicles be-
    tween laboratory and exit. Concrete containers for active resi-
    f) Analytical physics laboratory building (BASF Ludwigshafen) dues or waste and concrete safes with lead doors etc. must be
    provided.

    0
    Weighing tables are part of every laboratory, and are normally in-
    ~~ stalled in their own weighing room. The tables should be at the

    'ii~Jl'::II!W,il'~lt,ie§I::'W!i!,llllli: t:
    wall side of vibration-free walls.

    Services floors for plant are normally placed in the basement or


    on the top storey.

    ~
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lg
    ci
    f3.12f3.12j f3.t2+3.12-{

    e Typical floor plan of an adaptable multi-purpose Institute Arch.: W. Haake

    f3o-f--a7'-f301 Ho+ts2'ft4o-j

    8
    horizontal services duct

    Cross-section of laboratory with well-placed central corridor


    0 Main pipe duct (accessible): cross-section varies according to number
    of pipes

    206
    Public, controlled area
    MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES
    General
    Entrance Cafe, bar
    Orientation Restaurant Visitors'
    Cloakroom Shop entrance A museum is a public collection of objects testifying to human
    Pay desk Conference rooms cultural development. It collects, documents, receives, researches,
    we
    interprets and communicates these through display.

    The following museum types can be categorised according to the


    Exhibition area Library origin and nature of the items in the collection:
    Permanent exhibitio s Lecture hall
    Temporary exhibition~
    Art gallery: Collection of works of fine art (including craftworks
    Delivery of
    works of art and graphics).

    Cultural history museum: Collection of devices, weapons, clothing,


    Private area written documents etc. which show the cultural development of a
    geographically restricted area (ethnological museum, open-air
    museum, local history museum).
    Administration Catalogues
    Director Copy room
    Ethnology museum: Works from the cultural heritage of traditional
    peoples and lost cultures.

    Ll-Lib_m_ry----~~ LI_Ar-ch-ive----~ Science museum: Collection of educational and display material


    connected with scientific and technical themes.

    MUSEUMS AND
    Lighting
    ART GALLERIES
    There should be no direct daylight falling on museum objects as

    D
    General
    Restoration this could cause damage. Therefore display rooms should be Display rooms
    and conservation
    workshops Delivery of provided with flexible lighting systems: no permanently built-in
    see also:
    works of art lights, no fixed wall and ceiling lights. Lighting,
    pp. 501 ff.
    Guidelines for lighting:

    Very sensitive display objects 50-80 lx


    0 Functional scheme Sensitive display objects: 100-150ix
    Less sensitive display objects: 150-300 lx
    ''
    North'-
    /
    /

    /South UV radiation must not be exceed 25 W/m 2 •


    /

    It must be possible to completely darken all display rooms. In


    public rooms where no items are displayed, e.g. entrance area,
    Exhibition cafe, library, a greater amount of daylight is desirable.
    Exhibition

    The lighting calculations for museums are highly theoretical:


    f) Indirect lighting filtered through 8 Lighting of display from rooflight the quality of lighting is decisive. American tests can be more
    suspended glass ceiling facing north informative.

    Room climate in the store and the display areas


    The ideal temperatures in the store and the display areas are
    _._.._ 15-18°C in the winter and 20-22°C in the summer. Except as
    Exhibition short peaks, in the summer 26°C should not be exceeded. Stores
    should not therefore be located in uninsulated attics, for example.
    Exhibition

    Because the reproduction of insects is very limited under 15°C,


    above all for science and ethnography collections a temperature
    e Indirect lighting filtered through
    suspended glass ceiling
    e Side lighting from north of 12-13°C is optimal.

    Screen Photo and film material is relatively chemically unstable and the
    material should therefore be stored cool and dry at temperatures
    under 16°C (ideally at approx. 5°C).

    The relative humidity in the store and the display areas depends
    on the displayed and stored materials: the optimal values are
    for wood 55-60%, canvas 50-55%, paper 45-50% and metals,
    max. 40%. It is important to avoid short-term variations in relative
    humidity: the variation within one hour should not exceed 2.5%,
    or not more than 5% in one day. Seasonal variations should not
    ;------ 1 0 . 0 0 - - i f-----10.00_______, be more than +5% in summer or -5% in winter. The changing flow
    0 Well-lit display room according to
    0 Uniformly lit gallery with light of visitors in museums leads to continuous variation in the climatic
    parameters.
    Boston tests according to S. Hurst Seager

    207
    MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES
    Display Rooms

    The decisive factor in the layout of display rooms is the


    relationship between the collection and the way it is to be
    displayed (display concept). There are the following basic types
    of layout --7 0 - 0:
    0 Open plan f) Main and side rooms (core and
    Open plan --7 0: large and visually autonomous items on display,
    satellites)
    free circulation, function rooms in basement.

    Core and satellite rooms --7 f): main room for orientation in the
    museum or the exhibition, side rooms for autonomous displays
    (themes/collections)

    Linear chaining --7 0: linear sequences of rooms, controlled


    circulation, clear orientation, separate entrance and exit.

    Labyrinth --7 0: free circulation, guided route and direction are


    variable, entrance and exit can be separate.

    0 Linear chaining G Labyrinth Complex --7 0: combined groups of rooms with typical features
    of --7 0 - 0, complex organisation of collection and display
    concept.
    MUSEUMS
    AND ART
    GALLERIES
    General
    D Round tour (loop) --7 0: similar to linear chaining-.
    circulation leads back to entrance.
    0, controlled
    Display rooms
    Display concept Spatial arrangement

    oriented on display items open plan -> 0


    systematically oriented main and side rooms (core and satellites)-> f)
    thematically oriented linear chaining ----t 0, round tour~ 0
    complex oriented labyrinth-> 0. complex-> e
    The size and height of the display and store rooms depend on the
    dimensions of the works and the extent of the collection, but the
    minimum height is 4 m clear.
    9 Complex e Round tour (loop)

    2.20-2.50
    Picture/ 1.00---t 1.20-1.40
    I
    I Through
    I ~ldthage
    Distance: 1 (;!!/
    T
    0
    according to
    _ siz:_ o~i~u~ ~ __ _
    I
    ~~:
    Jii
    0

    '"
    1-,
    oo
    1.20-1.40
    !1.
    ~
    "'"'
    .-:I
    a/A
    ll_
    90- - l ---------
    m_in. passage
    Width 'tf
    I
    I
    I
    H.OO--j f-1.oo--l View to the centr~ I
    f) Light and shadow in display cabinets e Distance and light G Pictures on the wall: viewing and traffic ~ Space in front of display cabinet

    ~30-35-j

    ----~Picture _ _ _ __
    Words on picture~
    or board \ I
    max. distance
    to observer \ I
    1.10mreadable \ I

    rjJ!J Book

    15'-20'--\+ r
    E 6' 27' 33' 42' \I ~
    E'J-------2.oo------+so+so+so+so--!H=E•tg27'
    'fitg 0.1 10.5 I 0.6 10.75
    12.00 11.50 11.00 1 50 'E'
    I
    f-1.00--1 J; 1
    CD Field of view: height, size and distance 4l) Ensure labels/commentaries readable

    208
    THEATRES
    Historical Review

    The design of theatres requires an understanding of complex


    functional interactions, of which much is explained by the history
    of theatres. This is an architectural challenge, which has been
    interpreted by various societies for more than 2500 years. Each
    theatre building today stands in a great tradition, even if it is
    marked by efforts to escape from this. A few examples should
    throw light on the historical development of this type of building -'>
    0 Theatre of Dionysos, Athens, f) Theatre of Marcellus, Rome,
    o- 0 -" p. 21 o -" o- e.
    452-330 BCE: plan 11 ,500 seats, 11 acE: plan
    Ancient theatres
    Theatre of Dionysos, the start of European theatre building
    A, Band C:
    parts ofthe
    -'> 0. Greek theatres were located next to towns and
    stage embedded in the landscape. Theatre of Marcellus, Rome. The
    1 first gate
    2 hell first theatre in Rome built completely of stone -'> f). Rows of
    3 Garden of
    Gethsemane 12 seating and the back wall of the stage were connected and of
    4 Mount of
    Ol!ves the same height.

    \ Middle ages
    Medieval stage theatre. Temporary stage and buildings -'> 8.
    crosses Interior space of the Swan Theatre, according to a drawing
    20 Christ's cross
    21 Holy by van de Witt 1596. Only a curtain separated the front and
    Sepulchre THEATRES
    "---'-'--'--' 22 heaven
    back stages and the upper stage served for balcony or siege
    scenes -'> 0. Historical review
    C) Plan of medieval stage facilities 0 Swan Theatre, London Typology
    Auditorium
    Renaissance Stage
    A: changing room
    Subsidiary rooms
    B: higher backstage section, slope
    up to 1:9
    The early Italian Renaissance theatres were temporary wooden Workshops and
    C: frontstagesectlon,ralsod installations in existing halls -'> 0. Vasari, for example, developed staff rooms
    1.10m above floor level 0 Rehearsal and
    E: orchestra a wooden, reusable system for the theatre installation in the Salone public rooms
    F: seatlngareaforgovernorsand
    highest dignitaries
    dei Cinquecento in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. Teatro Olimpico, Modernisation
    G: seatsfornoblo.s'wivcs Vicenza -'> e. The first permanent theatre of the Renaissance,
    G-H seats for first rank nobility
    which resumed the ancient tradition of theatre building. Semi-
    H--Jseats forsocondranknobility
    J: from hera upwards, nobility of circular and rising rows of seating for the audience and a stage
    lesser standing
    K: seats for tho commonars
    house with fa<;:ade. Next to this were the loggia courtyards with
    L: proscenium spectator boxes arranged in a horseshoe. The Teatro Farnese,
    M: wall of the hous~:~ or hall onto
    whlchthetheatrewasbuilt Parma -'> Cl) + 0 was the first building with movable scenery
    P: final back-drop of perspective
    stageset,atleast60mfromM
    system in a deep stage space.
    so actors can pass behind

    0 Theatre layout, Sebastiana Serllo, 1545

    0 Teatro Olimpico, Vicenza, 1585, section and plan Arch.: Andrea Palladia and
    Vicenzo Scamozzi
    e Section ofTeatro Farnese, Parma, 1618-1628 Arch.: Giovanni Battista Aleotti

    f) Teatro 'San Carlo', Naples, 1737 Arch.: Antonio Medrano and Angelos Carasale Cl) Teatro Farnese, Parma, 1618-1628 Arch.: Giovanni Battista Aleotti

    209
    THEATRES
    Typology

    Baroque
    The theatre with boxes and a 'peephole' single-room stage steadily
    became more prevalent. Teatro 'San Carlo', Naples, p. 209 ---7 0,
    and Teatro alia Scala, Milan ---7 0 + 8 are considered the models
    Q Section, Teatro alia Scala, Milan, 1779 Arch.: Piermarini for the building of opera theatres in the 18th and 19th centuries,
    but also the new 'Met', in New York 1966.

    19th and 20th centuries


    Festival Opera House, Bayreuth ---7 8 - 0. Richard Wagner
    introduced this form of theatre (auditorium in a classical semi-
    circle and rising) and set a counterpoint to the Grand Opera in
    Paris. Totaltheater Project (Gropius/Piscator), cf. 'The Stage in the
    Bauhaus', Dessau 1924. Note: audience space can be rotated,
    stage with paternoster system, surrounding projection on walls and
    ceilings ---7 9 - 0. Playhouse on Lehniner Platz, Berlin, first large
    new building of a flexible theatre space (rebuilding of the Mendelsohn
    building, 'Universurn', of 1928) ---7 p. 213 ---7 f!)- f). Opera Bastille,
    f) Teatro alia Scala, Milan, 1779 Arch.: Piermarinl Paris, the largest theatre yet, with 10 side stages on two levels.

    Tendencies in current theatre building


    There are two tendencies today:
    THEATRES 1. Preservation, restoration and modernisation of existing theatres
    Historical review from the 19th to mid-20th century ---7 p. 218
    Typology
    Auditorium 2. New buildings with 'experimental' open-space character, e.g.
    Stage Playhouse on Lehniner Platz ---7 p. 213. A similar direction is
    Subsidiary rooms
    Workshops and demonstrated by the many projects to rebuild existing spaces
    staff rooms into workshop theatres with a size of 80-160 seats.
    Rehearsal and
    public rooms
    Modernisation
    Different types of theatre building
    1. Opera house:
    This belongs to the tradition of 18-19th century Italian opera
    buildings ---7 0 - f). It is characterised by a clear spatial and
    architectural separation between auditorium and stage, by high
    C) Section, Festival Opera House, Bayreuth, 1876 R. Wagner and Arch.
    numbers of seats (1 000 to nearly 4000) and the corresponding
    0. Bruckwald
    system of boxes or tiers, which is necessary for so many theatre-
    goers, e.g. Scala, Milan, 3600 seats; Deutsche Oper, Berlin,
    1986 seats; Metropolitan Opera, New York, 3788 seats; Opera
    Bastille, Paris, 2700 seats. The counterpoint to the form of opera
    house as tiered/box theatre is the Festival Opera House, Bayreuth
    ---7 8-0. This is designed as a theatre with stalls according to the
    Greek and Roman pattern, but has only 1645 seats.

    2. Playhouse:
    This is in the tradition of the German reform theatre of the 19th
    century. It is characterised by the stalls layout (that is, the audience sit
    on a large, rising and curved floor) and by a pronounced apron stage
    (area in front of the proscenium), which can be used for the play as
    well. The playhouse also, however, follows the tradition of the English
    theatre ---7 p. 209 0. i.e. theatre in the round. The open and variable
    8 Festival Opera House, Bayreuth, 1876 R. Wagner and Arch. 0. Bruckwald
    layout became more intensive with the spatial experimentation of
    theatres in the 1970s. Variations in layout are shown, for example, by
    the Playhouse on Lehniner Platz, Berlin ---7 p. 213.

    3. Multi-purpose theatre:
    This mixed form of opera, theatre and ballet is a speciality in
    German-speaking regions. The space is mostly characterised by
    the predominant influence of the opera. The frequent changes of
    scenery are enabled by the appropriate subsidiary rooms (store,
    scenery store, workshops). Example: Heilbronn City Theatre,
    Arch.: Biste u. Gerling 1982 ---7 p. 217 0.

    4. Musical theatre:
    Actually no separate type of building, but rather a theatre built,
    usually, for a particular musical by an impresario. A specific
    challenge for the designer is the adaptation of the building to the
    0 Waiter Gropius: Design for the 0 -'> 9 Stage rotated concept of the musical without neglecting the needs of later uses
    'Totaltheater', 1927 for other productions.

    210
    THEATRES
    Auditorium

    In addition to the local building regulations, decisive for the design of


    f--;;; 90 ----1 better 96--1 00 theatres are the Places of Assembly Regulations of the relevant state.
    <0 T This is based on the Model Places of Assembly Regulations, which
    i 5;

    1
    50 can vary in detail from those of a particular state! This legislation
    applies from 200 spectators. It should be noted that it is not the actual
    ~
    -" number of seating or standing places that counts: it is assumed that
    there are two spectators per m 2 in the place of assembly (for rows of
    0 Seating must be fixed according to f) Staggered folding seats offer
    seats; two spectators per running m for standing places).
    Places of Assembly Regulations. freedom for elbows Auditorium and stage/acting area
    Minimum dimensions are not Size of auditorium: the number of people in the audience gives
    adequate for theatres!
    the required floor area. For seated spectators, assume E":0.5 m 2/
    door spectator. This number results from:
    ................................................. .....................................r- 1.o -\ ................ ..
    seat width x row spacing
    1.2
    ----Tr-I'T'ITTaisle_______ _ E":0.45 m 2 /seat
    add E":0.5 x E":0.9 =0.05 /seat
    25 seat~:il l±l IJ
    E":0.50 -7 0

    ----~-tl-ftr--------
    m
    25 seats
    Length of the rows of seats per aisle: 10 places -7 0 +
    25 places per aisle if an exit door of 1.2 m width is available at the
    e,

    ---- ___ jill__rj__~---------- side per 3 or 4 rows -7 0


    Exits, escape routes 1.2 m wide per 200 people -7 0- e.
    1.0 3- 4 rows aisle THEATRES
    ~ ..~
    ..~
    ...~,m~m~m~~~.~ ~m~mNm,,m,m,,mo,m,~,
    1% of the seats (at least two) must be accessible for wheelchair users,
    :::::::::::::::::::::.·::.·:::::::.·:::::::::.·::::. ..","
    Historical review
    if possible in connection with a seat for an accompanying person.
    8 Row width 20 places 8 Row width 25 places, door needed
    Auditorium volume
    Typology
    Auditorium
    1----- 2.0 - - - l Stage
    This is determined by acoustic requirements (reverberation) -7 Subsidiary rooms
    p. 221 as follows: playhouse approx. 4-5 m3/spectator; opera house Workshops and
    staff rooms
    approx. 6-8 m3/spectator. Air volumes must not be less for technical
    ---t ---1Jilllit··-- ventilation reasons, in order to avoid too rapid air changes (draughts).
    Rehearsal and
    public rooms
    Modernisation

    ----1t0-s::~~U__U__U __ U_____ _
    Proportions of the auditorium
    These are derived from the psychological awareness and angle of
    aisle view of the spectator, or the requirement for a good view from all
    seats. Options are:
    ---- -----~----~---~----~-
    ::: :. . : ;: -------
    10 seats . · . :_ •, 1. Good view, without moving head, but light eye movements of
    J ____ -- ----
    :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. 1---- 2.4 ---l
    approx. 30°.
    2. Good view with slight head movements and light eye
    0 Row width max. 10
    places, side 0 Boxes may have ~20 loose chairs, movements of approx. 60° 0.
    aisle at left and right or fixed seating if necessary; per
    person ~0.65 m2 floor area
    3. Max. awareness angle without head movement approx. 110°,
    i.e. all actions in the field are 'in view'. Outside this field, there
    1. 2. I0-Jine (proscenium line) is uncertainty, because 'something' is out of view.
    last middle
    row 4. Full head and shoulder movement allows an angle of view of360°.
    proscenium width Proportions of the classic auditorium
    at 24m~ 13m
    at 32m~ 17m Opera, multi-purpose theatre, and traditional playhouse -7 0: distance
    of the furthest row from the start of the stage should not exceed:
    - playhouse, max. 24 m (max. distance for the recognition of facial
    expressions); opera, 32 m (large movements are still recognisable).
    Auditorium width is determined by the spectators at the side being
    able to see the stage adequately -7 G. The comfortable proportions
    24(32)m stage and sometimes good acoustics of the classic theatres of the 18th and
    auditorium
    19th centuries are based on particular rules of proportion -7 0 - GD.
    0 Proportions of traditional auditorium plan

    --. II I 0-llne CA=4R CA = CB =radius of the semicircle AB


    ::: 1111 -width of auditorium j e:~d~~enium account is taken of the
    AB = tangents CE =CD=2CA
    E = mid-point of the arc BE'
    A -last row --._BI fact 1hat the hatched D =mid-point ofthe arc AD'
    8/C - proscenium width~ --J~'777.'777777l' section cannot be seen
    BCDE- acting area of stage /I by the side seats

    fi ·--·--·-...
    A. : .
    p

    ·-- P =point to
    determine
    width of
    D

    --·__..-·..-C. auditorium
    .--· ~ 2 x proscenium width ----4
    .--·-- ~ 1 x proscenium -l
    I width Design of auditorium's contour, Design of the auditorium's curve,
    depth of stage acting area
    Teatro alia Scala, Milan.
    e Auditorium width
    Grand Th68.tre, Bordeaux
    Arch.: Victor Louis 1778 Arch.: Piermarini

    211
    0-llne,
    1proscenium line THEATRES
    . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.row . Seating
    I
    . lines of sight,
    I I I
    super-elevation
    I I

    .lo ~:~T
    1
    as """"• ' T -1.10 :..-- The elevation (gradient) of the seating in the auditorium is
    :::}:.•.z.:J,I)):::.•::,IJ~ _L--- ~uper-el~vation
    . 1
    pont T -1.10 [ ----
    of derived from the sight lines. The sight line construction applies
    I forestage height :•:.'.:.:::::::::::. - - - eye lev~l- ~~~ ~~!'g1hi~~ery for all places in the auditorium (stalls, but also tiers) --7 0. It can
    i ~~~·d.~o~.90m f~~,s~~~~g {or6_cm'perrow); be assumed that the spectators sit sensibly and so only every
    j · · · ~~~~~edn\ OJ~~ not second row requires full sight super-elevation (12 em). Specialised
    0pron stage above this, steps
    I = 4-Sm --t--- 1.5 -1---o.a +o.a-+o.a -10.9--+-------. mathematical literature addresses problems of view in the theatre,
    including, for example, the distribution of people's heights.
    0 Elevation of seating (gradient) Rows of spectators should be positioned in arcs, not only for
    better alignment toward the stage, but also to achieve a better
    perception of each other (security effect) --7 8. The stepped side
    ----------------!Ideal logarithmic rise
    :..._. ___________ _ _______ ....- aisle must rise 10-19 em and the tread must not be less than
    26 em. The floor between the seats must be on the same level as
    ~0'-'0»>T~0'-'0»>T0'-'00'-'0~rn Modification as broken the adjacent aisle at the side.
    :·:·: straight line

    Overall layout of the auditorium


    f) Gradient curve and its modification Firstly, determine the height of the proscenium. In stalls theatres,
    the relationship should be:

    middle seats proscenium height 1


    proscenium width 1.6
    THEATRES
    Historical review side seats
    Typology
    This derives from the golden section and the physiological field of
    Auditorium 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.row awareness, respectively --7 0. After determining the proscenium
    Stage
    Subsidiary rooms 0 Offsetting of the seats In a row is achieved through variable seat widths (0.5()-{).53-0.56)
    height, the ramp height, the pitch of the stalls and the volume of
    the room, this gives the room height. The ceiling is to be adapted
    Workshops and
    staff rooms l!!li!!l!llll!!l for acoustic requirements. It should be the case that the noise
    Rehearsal and II ! I f ! ! i l ! ! i i ! ! l l
    public rooms reflected from the stage and apron is distributed evenly over the
    llll!!l!!l!i !!!Ill
    Modernisation room --7 0.
    g;,"«;llllllll!!l!l!l.':':':'l
    For tiers, it is important that there is also a sufficiently deep view
    feeling of integration {mutual perception)
    of the stage from the uppermost level --7 8- This may render it
    necessary to make the proscenium higher.

    Proportions of an experimental space --7 p. 213


    These are neutral or open theatre spaces, which permit different
    arrangements of spectators and stage areas. This variable
    arrangement is achieved through:
    G Contact relationship between the audience and the stage and with each other A. Mobile stage platforms and mobile stands for the audience on
    a fixed floor.
    overall perception width ~
    .._..______ ___. - - 3D visual field for B. Mobile sections of floor, which consist of moveable podiums .
    both eyes This solution is technically more elaborate and is therefore
    used only in larger spaces for min. 150-450 or more people.
    The simpler option A is particularly suitable for smaller theatres
    and for unused spaces, which normally do not have extensive
    space underneath. Size: up to max. 199 places, because the
    regulations apply from 200.
    199 seats x 0.5 m2 =100 m2 (2/3) + 30 m2 (1 /3) stage area =130 m2 ,

    9 Field of perception and proportions of the proscenium arch

    circle 2

    T stalls
    Air volumes
    min. 2m
    ............................................................. .......:.::-·
    .. .......... :·:-:·:·:·
    Actors
    Actors 4-5 m 1>
    Opera 6-8mb.
    ···············::~;;~;~~·~:-~;~ ..Y::t·:·.-:·:-.. . . . . .:-:-:-:-:-::::::-~::·:-:.--·- per spectator
    (stage)

    e Tiered theatre and view of stage


    Acoustics must be adapted through appropriate measures like ceiling shape or
    acoustic 1Sails' -----7 p. 220

    212
    extendable
    THEATRES
    Stage
    Tr--r-.----.----.----,
    2.20
    lr----L----~--~L_--~
    A. extendable stand; on Size of stage
    rollers or air cushions·
    volume The Places of Assembly Regulations, which apply to all venues

    ~· .,,:..,.,.,' .:.:::·~·~· ~ .. t.~'"'"J"'*"


    with audiences of more than 200, differentiate two types of stage:
    large stage and open stage (single-room theatre).

    Large stage
    flat floor extended folded
    Large stages are defined as having a stage area of more than
    B. travelling folding podium,
    height adjustable 200 m2 behind the stage opening and with an upper stage of
    0 Experimental theatre space
    2.5 m height above the stage opening or an apron. The essential
    requirement is the fire-resistant separation of stage and auditorium.
    This necessitates an iron protection curtain between the stage and
    the auditorium in case of danger.

    Open stage
    Open stages are divided into those with more or less than 200 m2
    and those with or without sprinkler systems. The special feature of
    open stages is the regulations about curtains and scenery. These
    affect above all the operation and not the design of the open stage.

    Spaces for experimental forms of theatre (black box theatres)


    tables and chairs all can abolish the separation of stage and audience in various ways
    directed play with round, dance band at
    1fa orchestra pit the back:, dancing floor In through differentiated design of the floor topography (mobile THEATRES
    (234 seats) the centre (178 seats)
    sections of floor or podiums) and the free distribution of audience Historical review
    f) Space variants, at the MOnster City area and stage. Example: Playhouse on the Lehniner Platz, Berlin
    Typology
    Auditorium
    Theatre, Kleines Haus
    ~e-o. Stage
    Subsidiary rooms
    Workshops and
    Section of the room for single-room {black box) theatres staff rooms
    Rehearsal and
    Single rooms can make do without the technical ceiling ~ 0, but public rooms
    manual lifting devices can be provided (battens, which are lifted Modernisation
    into the ceiling with manual hoists). In large theatres, a smaller,
    more variable space is often included for experimental theatre.
    Examples: Podium Ulm, Arch:. Schafer, approx. 150-200 places,
    1969 ~ 0 + f); Kleines Haus MOnster, Arch:. v. Hansen, Rane,
    completely Ruhnau, 1971, 180-380 places, central field of the floor can be
    for lectures and
    free room
    (for exhibitions,
    varied with mobile podiums~ f)- e.
    conferences the dances, etc.)
    whole room iS reduced
    to one level; small podium
    for the directors and speakers

    .-....? f) Arch.: v. Hausen, Rawe,


    Ruhnau

    e Ulm Theatre, section through podium Arch.: Fr. Schafer e Playhouse on the Lehniner Platz, Berlin, 1982 Arch.: J. Sawade

    0 Playhouse on the Lehniner Platz, six variants for arrangement of possible open
    f) Podium Ulm, six variants for arrangement of performance areas stages

    213
    THEATRES
    Stage

    Scenery stage
    The classical stage system of the 18th and 19th centuries had only
    the main stage; the scenes were changed, in little space and with
    uncanny speed, using sliding painted scenery. A small rear stage
    had the function of providing room for deeper stage perspectives
    ~o.

    Full stage
    In order to be able to quickly change more elaborate and
    sculptural scenery structures, stages were supplemented by
    wings and under-stages of about the same size. Complete
    +I Pullout:
    scenery
    l Moving:
    carriage
    sets of scenery were mounted on wagons, lifting platforms or
    turntables and could be prepared with little effort during the
    performance~ e.
    t Pull
    (bar/point)
    ......._. Carriage

    For design purposes, the technical constraints must be established


    Lift/lower
    ;) Turning: - ~f- early, e.g. whether a turntable on a wagon is sufficient or whether a
    stages
    (revolving stage)
    turntable with single lifting elements or even a two-level turntable
    ;~ Turntable o&!'_:'~~
    Tilting:
    sloping should be used.
    stages

    0 Backdrop theatre: change of scene f) 'Peephole' single-room stage. Large Proportions of the stage
    THEATRES by pushing the painted scenery wing and rear stage areas enable the The proportions of the stage are developed from the sight lines in
    Historical review quick changing of scenery structures
    the auditorium. The stage is the area for acting and also a handling
    Typology
    Auditorium and working area. The conventional layout of a traditional full
    Stage
    Subsidiary rooms
    stage~ e-e.
    :-:·J·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:·:·:·
    Workshops and
    staff rooms
    Rehearsal and
    . . :tj Roller platform t: The mobile scenery surface is formed by platforms of adjustable
    height or through lifting platforms. The variability of form is
    [::.·::::::::.·::::.·:.·:.:l.~~B:~.:..~..:.~~-:::.:::.....:}1
    public rooms
    Modernisation Upper stage fL::::::::::::.·:.·:: achieved by splitting the surface into separate flats. Basic
    · Li hting e uipment : with galleries ·::;: module 1 x 2 m.
    Foyer ., :1'! l: Adjustable for pridge :.~_-:.
    Public or proscenium Section of stage
    :-:·:·:·:-~:~-~::-~.:-:·:·:-:-:-:-:::·:·:·:·:·~.':.':
    ......:::::]-:_;- ! I
    1
    • Main stage
    Understage
    ....................::::
    :::::::::::::::::::::::.
    The size of the stage space is determined by the number of
    scenery sets to be kept ready, which can be moved into the
    ·: ::::.·:::·t'.·:.·:::.·:::::.·:'...:'·:::::::::
    Orchestra pit 1 0-line level of the "iron curtain" stage quickly by lifting or pushing. At least one rear space and
    one wing are usual. The height of the stage space is determined
    0 System section of theatre
    by the (iron) safety curtain, which must be able to close the fire
    compartment between auditorium and stage within 30 s in case
    of fire. It is a complete closure joined at the ends to a fire wall
    (F90) and no cables or scenery are permitted in the space for the
    ® multi-section orchestra safety curtain.
    lifting podium
    ® back-drop lifting stage
    (J) proscenium towers Stage direction room
    @stairs Control of lighting and sound on stage, with sound mixing desk, light
    ® stage manager's lift controls, computer connections and projection equipment~ f).

    G) lifting podia, two-storey


    @ lifting podia, single-storey

    ® scenery transporting
    @ steel safety curtain
    @ border curtain- side stage
    @ border curtain -rear stage ® side-stage trolley with
    (13 divisible main curtain compensating podia
    @) rear-stage trolley with
    turntable and compensating
    podia
    e Typical plan of opera house 0 Typical section of opera house--> 8

    214
    doors for the general public, 1-5. allow THEATRES
    space to compensate for height differences
    3J 4 Subsidiary Rooms
    doors uniformly
    distributed for
    2 variable room use
    E
    Experimental (black box) theatre
    Open stages require subsidiary areas for scenery and storage
    room height places for platforms and stands. The subsidiary areas should be of
    connecting doors the same size as the stage. The space required for storage can be
    D A-E, height of the
    secondary area as calculated from the folded platforms and stands. Subsidiary areas
    for the room itself
    plus storage area amount to about 30% of the total area--> 0.
    secondary/storage areas Considerably less scenery is used with open stages than with
    normal stages, the reasons for which are:
    0 Subsidiary areas/storage space for open stages
    - the stage is viewed from many sides.
    - regulations limit the use of scenery for safety reasons.
    Large stages
    Storage areas are required for:
    Scenery, backdrops, furniture, props, costumes, hats, shoes, make-
    up, wigs, lighting, etc. Scenery and costume stores require a great
    amount of space.
    Scenery store:
    traditional storage of back-drops
    - on edge in boxes, manual transport, modern back-drop storage Specially for heavy items. Location: at stage level and immediately
    large proportion of area required, - loading of containers by hand from next to the stage. At access points and on traffic routes (particularly
    height: 9-12m secondary stage, or specific storage areas
    - in boxes, manual transport, large - transport of container to external store at fire exits and lifts), the height of the scenery, normally proscenium THEATRES
    proportion of area required for moving - computer-controlled storage of
    containers in multi-storey shelving height+ 2 m, must be taken into account. Historical review
    f) Storage near the stage 0 Storage in containers A rough estimate for the size of the scenery and costume store
    Typology
    Auditorium
    can be made from the number of productions in the repertoire and Stage
    Subsidiary
    the frequency with which they are played. For theatres the number rooms
    of productions might be 15-20 and for multi-purpose theatres and Workshops and
    staff rooms
    opera up to 50 per season. About 20-25% of the stage area is Rehearsal and
    required for storage per production, i.e. for theatres about 3 times public rooms
    the stage area, for the opera at least 10 times. Practice shows Modernisation

    that, as time passes, the store always turns out to be too small,
    T and theatres, and particularly operas, have to make arrangements
    outside the building.
    The high cost of transport has forced the introduction of the
    most modern transportation and storage technology: container
    systems with computer-controlled warehouse technology (per
    performance about 2-4 containers - in special cases for operas
    about 12 containers).
    Examples:
    Deutsche Oper Berlin: the stores are in direct connection with
    the stage --> 0
    Nationaltheater Mannheim: storage outside the building in
    containers.
    The storage area required for costumes is determined by the number
    of productions in the repertoire and the size of the ensemble, e.g.
    for opera: the chorus and ballet in addition to the singers. Space
    .l required for costumes: 1-12 em/costume or 1-15 costumes per
    running m of rail --> 0- 0.

    0 Deutsche Oper Berlin, plan

    Main stage Bacl<sta:J Scenery store

    wr ,-se-m~'> <
    Store

    Workshop
    Wing
    room

    .__.___ __,LAJ L-J.


    Painter's worksh;-1 Joinery ~veries
    Access points from the subsidiary areas to the stage. Height and location of doors Two-level hanging and storage of
    0 Single-level -> 0
    and lift must be determined from max. backdrop height and fire protection measures costumes in fixed clothing storage

    215
    90 -----------------------;
    1---- 25 ---t-3+-6+-10+6+-12 --t--17--+3+--a-;
    THEATRES
    Workshops and Staff Rooms

    Workshops for production of scenery


    The area required for scenery workshops is 4-5 times the main
    stage area for medium-sized theatres (theatres and multi-purpose
    theatres); in large opera houses or double theatres (opera
    and theatre), 10 times. Workshops, in or outside the building,
    paint store; 30m2 should always be accommodated on one level. The Workplace
    2 paint mixing; 30m2
    3 sculpture store; 78m2 Regulations and their technical rules and the work protection
    4 sculptors; 130m2
    5 spraying room; 78m2 and accident prevention rules of insurers have to be taken into
    6 loading ramp account in the design. In some cases, the company and collective
    7 construction room; 144m2
    8 metalworking shop; 204m2
    9 supervisor; 12m2
    agreements with the employees can also have an effect.
    10 we Scenery workshops are categorised as follows:
    11 wood store; 174m2
    12 supervisor; 12m2 a) Painting room:
    ~6+-19 13 steel store; 96m2
    1---- 25 ---1 The floor area must be designed to accommodate two large
    50
    backdrops or 'cycloramas' (Rundhorizonte - curved backdrops)
    0 Workshop building, ground floor Arch.+ Techn.: Biste u. Gerling rolled out on the floor for painting. The average size of a cyclorama
    is 10 x36 m.lt must be possible to sub-divide the room with a thick
    1---- 3.0 --+- 3.0 ---1 curtain for spraying work. Also required are underfloor heating to
    dry the painted backdrops; wooden floors for spreading out the
    canvases; a gallery from which to check the work lying on the
    floor. The painting room is located next to the sewing room (with
    a size about 14 of the painting room) joining the pieces of material.
    THEATRES b) Carpenter's shop:
    Historical review Divided into bench and machine rooms, it has wooden floors and
    Typology
    Auditorium an adjoining timber store for 3-10 productions.
    Stage c) Upholstery: approx. 1/10 area of painting room.
    Subsidiary rooms
    Workshops and d) Metalwork: as carpenter's shop, screeded floor.
    staff rooms Soloist dressing room Soloist dressing room e) Sculpture workshop.
    Rehearsal and S;3.8-5 m2/person ~5 m2/person
    public rooms
    f) Workshops should be grouped round an assembly room, which
    Modernisation serves to test-assemble the scenery and has the same floor area
    1-- 3.0 --+- 3.0 --j as the stage. The height should be proscenium plus 2 m, diameter
    f-- 3.0 ----+- 3.0 --;
    9-10m.
    0 DODO g) Changing, washing, and rest (canteen) rooms are to be provided
    0
    0
    c::o for technical staff, and offices for the technical management.
    Further workshops for sound, lighting, props and costumes, size
    DODO
    0
    c::o as required (production intensity, personal equipment).
    Personnel rooms
    Artistic staff, stage manager, administration. Historically, personnel
    rooms were situated on both sides of the stage: left, ladies, right,
    Chorus dressing room Dressing and tuning-up room for gentlemen, although this was operationally impractical. Today,
    ~2.75 m2/person orchestra players i=:';2 m2/person these rooms are located on one side, opposite the technical side
    on several floors. This includes make-up, frequently also the
    f--- 3.0 --!-- 3.0 ---1 costume workshop, administration and stage manager.
    1---- 3.0 ----j
    Dressing rooms: ---7 f) - 0 typical floor plans.
    DO
    D
    DO Visitors Sanitary facilities
    DO for 30-40 female visitors 1 we, 1 washbasin
    D
    DO
    for 40-50 male visitors 1 we, 2 urinals, 1 washbasin
    for 1DOD visitors 1 wheelchair we, accessible
    Theatre and opera performers incl.
    chorus, ballet and extras
    e Dressing room for additional chorus
    and/or extras ~1.65 m2/person
    f) Changing and rest room for
    technical staff
    for 10 female performers
    for 15 male performers
    1WC
    1 we, 2 urinals
    for room for 1 soloist 1 washbasin
    for dressing rooms for 2 soloists 1 washbasin, 1 shower
    for the soloist dressing rooms 1) together 2 baths
    for every 4 ballet, chorus memberorextra1l 2 washbasins, 1 shower
    for the bailet 1l 2-4 foot washbasins
    0
    0 Staff of workshops etc.
    0 for 15women 1WC
    for20 men 1 we' 2 urinals
    0 for 4 people 1l 1 washbasin
    for 5 people 1l 1 shower
    for 10 people 1l 1 bath

    The composition of the visitors is assumed to be 3/5 women and 2/5 men.
    1> The facilities are to be provided separately for women and men.
    Dressing room for ballet Make-up room and work room for
    group S;4 m2/person make-up artist Cil) Guidelines for sanitary facilities in theatres

    216
    I I":J----~~k.~~/71------- I I
    THEATRES
    I a.Q) I I Rehearsal and Public Rooms
    ~! !~~ i
    c~;:;"""'-max.
    ~~
    ;:1 15: 0
    ~~ ·~e!" playing !:@
    5:1
    :
    ~§:/area~'~
    @~ I : \] Rehearsal rooms
    ~~l .I C1+~ Every theatre needs at least one rehearsal stage to back up the main
    All -; 1.0
    _J ~ i ·-
    r"AII
    stage. For example, a small theatre: the main stage has the scenery
    of the current play and the rehearsals take place on the rehearsal
    forestage/orchestra pit
    I stage. The dimensions should correspond to the main stage. Typical
    production space,
    --oT-· storage area - - - - floor plan of the rehearsal stage of a traditional theatre -7 0. Multi-
    co; Above: lighting/sound
    purpose theatres and opera houses also require: orchestra rehearsal
    B recording studio ca. 1.4m2jsinger, minimum 50m2
    ca. 7 m3fslnger room -7 e, chorus rehearsal room -7 e, soloist rehearsal room and
    0 Large rehearsal stage, typical plan f) Chorus rehearsal room, typical plan ballet room.
    Experimental theatres
    These also require, in reduced form, staff and rehearsal rooms,
    workshops and stores, if in continual operation.
    Technical rooms
    ca. 2.Q-2.4m2Jmusician
    ca. 8.0-10m3fmusician Rooms for transformer, medium- and low-voltage switchgear,
    emergency power supply batteries, air conditioning and ventilation
    plant, water supply (rainwater system), according to local conditions
    and specialist design work.

    ~
    Public rooms
    The classical Italian opera had only narrow entrances and stairs,
    F-------------------------CI with no actual foyer. This makes the generous public rooms at the
    Grand Opera in Paris particularly impressive. The Vienna theatre
    THEATRES
    Historical review
    C) Orchestra rehearsal room, typical plan fire in 1881 led to extensive changes: the audience is now required Typology
    to have enclosed emergency stairs for each tier. This requirement Auditorium
    Stage
    continues in principle today (Public Assembly Regulations). Subsidiary rooms
    Workshops and
    In the traditional theatre, the foyers are split into: actual foyer staff rooms
    (lobby), restaurant (buffet), smoker's foyer. Area of the foyers Rehearsal and
    public rooms
    0.8-2.0 m2/spectator (more realistic is 0.6-0.8 m2/spectator). The Modernisation
    function of the foyer has changed today: it must include provision
    see also:
    for exhibitions, performances and regular plays there.
    Location of
    Cloakrooms building -> p. 223

    Per 100 visitors: 4 running m of rail. Sometimes lockers are also 8-0
    provided: one locker for every four visitors. The foyer is also a
    waiting and queuing room, and has the usual extent of associated
    WCs: one WC/1 00 people. 1fa gents, 2fa ladies; min. one gents' and
    one ladies' WC. Total number of sanitary facilities: -7 p. 216 G).
    1 entrance foyer Entrance hall (lobby) with day and evening cash desks, which
    2 cloakroom foyer
    3 tickets
    should be opposite each other.
    4 ticket office
    5 steps to External access, emergency exits
    underground garage
    6 steps
    According to local conditions -7 p. 211 0 - 0 and Public
    7 visitors' we Assembly Regulations.
    8 studio foyer
    9 studio
    10 canteen
    11 kitchen
    12 kitchen store
    13 orchestra pit 18 conductor
    14 substage 19 director 23 changing rooms
    16 rehearsal room 20 tuning room 24 battery room 26 medium·voltage
    16 extras 21 stores 25 low-voltage switch room
    17 choir 22 electrical shop switch room 27 transformer cells

    e Entrance floor of Heilbronn City Theatre Arch.: Blste u. Gerling

    Evacuation plan, Trier City Theatre (626 seata) Arch.: G. Graubner and
    H. Schneider; stage technician: A. Zotzmann 1964
    e Evacuation plan, LOnen City Theatre (765 seats) Arch.: G. Graubner;
    stage technician: W. Ehle 1958

    217
    THEATRES
    Modernisation and Extension

    Saxony State Theatre, Radebeul


    The home base of a renowned travelling theatre that covers
    the entire spectrum of a multi-purpose stage company (music,
    dance, theatre) consisted before rebuilding of a conglomeration
    of extensions and reconstructions at various times of a former
    hotel hall. The intention was to relieve the resulting functional
    and organisational problems and improve the external
    appearance.

    The entrance for the audience was extended with a new two-
    storey foyer area of steel and glass, in which the cloakrooms,
    lobby and a snack bar could be integrated.

    An extension of the storeroom and wings was possible only on


    one side because of the plot boundaries and the topographical
    situation, but the mostfunctional possible connection of workshops,
    rehearsal rooms and props was still the intention. Another feature
    was the improvement of fire protection and workplace safety.

    The existing stage equipment was only renewed and slightly


    extended. No elaborate solutions like lifting platforms or turntables
    THEATRES
    were planned, in order that plays developed here can also be
    Historical review
    Typology
    presented on simple stages on tour.
    Auditorium
    Stage The extension of the existing building with new elements will still
    Subsidiary rooms
    Workshops and be possible after completion.
    staff rooms
    Rehearsal and
    public rooms
    Modernisation

    G) New foyer @stage


    ®Main foyer @wtng
    @ Theatre courtyard @ Stage make-up
    @ Cloakrooms, WCs @ Scenery store
    ® Auditorium @Store
    @Canteen @ Changing/orchestra practice
    (J) Changing rooms @ Small rehearsal room, ballet hall
    0 Saxony State Theatre Radebeul, ground floor with new @ Orchestra pit @ External restaurant
    building hatched

    f) Saxony State Theatre Radebeul, sections Arch.: meyer+ bassin, Dresden

    218
    Staff
    entrance
    Deliveries CONCERT HALLS
    ........ Origins, Variants

    Acoustic multi-purpose rooms


    Churches were the first form of
    concert hall, with strong rever-
    beration. The echo increases the
    holiness of the place, but domes
    and vaults are problematic for
    sermons and orchestral music.
    The first theatres and opera hous-
    es were stages and auditoriums
    installed into existing halls.
    There was good understanding
    of speech due to the open view
    and short distance to the stage,
    but insufficient reverberation due
    to decoration with soft materials
    and surfaces with little reflection
    of sound.
    In a tiered theatre, the stalls are
    surrounded on three sides by
    tiers, generally leading to short
    reverberation times, as empty CoNCERT
    HALLS
    wall surfaces are obstructed by
    Origins
    boxes and galleries and are full Variants
    of people. This is advantageous Requirements
    Organs
    for the understanding of speech Orchestra
    but music sounds rather dull and Acoustics
    toneless.
    Concert halls
    --Direct functional relationship
    ·········Indirect functional relationship
    .........
    Visitor entrance
    Today four types of concert hall
    are common (possibly modified):
    Q Functional scheme of a concert building with one hall (Skoda --> refs) block, arena, fan and horseshoe
    -> 0 - 0. The selection of hall
    Concert houses type depends on the urban plan-
    Intended for musical performances, but other uses are also possible (congresses, lectures etc.), ning situation, intended space and
    can also if required be supplemented by chamber music hall, rehearsal hall, tuning and warming up acoustic requirements.
    rooms and stores. Hall sizes of 1500 and 2000 (in isolated cases 2800) seats in the audience have
    become usual, for chamber music 400 to 700 seats.

    Block form Arena Horseshoe form Circle/arc form


    Rectangular plan Polygonal ground plan Horseshoe-shaped plan Fan-shaped plan
    Pattern: redoubt, ballroom and dance hall Pattern: amphitheatre Pattern: box theatre Good view, good direct sound transfer
    View is not optimal due to flat stalls Orchestra area is completely surrounded Good view, good direct sound transfer Acoustic disadvantages due to fan-shaped
    Polyfunctionally usable with level seating by audience Sufficient short reflections, few complex opening of hall
    Primary structure according to conditions, Optimal viewing conditions, communicative reflections Optimal acoustics are possible,
    similar to the golden section enables a very effect Little space and good sound transparency but expensive to create
    good sound Good direct sound transfer
    Optimal acoustics are possible,
    but expensive to create

    Block form: Lucerne Concert Hall,


    1995-98 Arch.: Jean Nouvel
    Arena form: Philharmonie Berlin,
    1960-63 Arch.: Hans Scharoun
    e Horseshoe fonm: Carnegie Hall, New
    York, 188&-91 Arch.: W.B. Tuthill
    Fan shape: Brucknerhaus Linz,
    1969-73 Arch.: Heikki Siren

    219
    CONCERT HALLS

    fiJ ~iJ
    uo
    GO -o
    Q)
    Technical Requirements, Organ, Orchestra
    . P~. 0..

    D
    ® ® © There is little stage equipment: elements of floor structure in
    IBl-CD the area for the orchestra, adjustable wall and ceiling fixtures,
    80/UO transport aids, loudspeakers and lighting equipment.
    Lifts to extend/reduce the stage
    Large concert halls have special compartmentalised systems
    in the orchestra area to make various orchestra configurations
    @ ® possible, enlarge the stage area or maximise the number of seats
    in the hall by placing seating units on lifts. There is also transport
    of items between basement and stage, electrical spindle drive
    with limited lift and low raising speed.

    Key
    Mobile seating units
    GO great organ The lifting platforms can be lowered to allow a smaller stage and
    so swell organ the positioning of additional seating, which can be in the form of
    co choir organ
    ChO chair organ mobile units.
    ®-@ uo upper organ
    p positive Orchestra stage
    0 Sizes and forms of organs Ped pedal organ Modular system with flexible stage options for music groups.
    Transport and storage is on storage wagons in the store room.
    Type Size Registers Height(m) Width(m) Depth (m) The floor covering matches the concert platform.
    A chest 3-7 0.6-0.8 1.1J.-1.2 0.7-1.2
    B positive 8-12 2.5-3 1.6-2.5 0.6-1.6 Choir platforms
    CONCERT c small organ 12.20 4-6 3-3.5 1.2-1.8 Additional to the choir seats, when extra space is required, large
    HALLS D II manuals 20-30 6-7 5.5-6.5 1.2-2
    Origins E
    seating platforms are rolled onto the stage and mounted in front
    II manuals 25-35 6.5-9 4.5-7 1.5-2.5
    Variants F-G Ill manuals 30-60 7.5-10 7-9 2-3 of the fixed choir seating; the seating in both types is identical.
    Requirements
    Organs
    H-1 IV-V manuals 60-100 9-13 8-12 2-4 Access is via detachable balcony elements in the choir seating
    Orchestra area or up temporary stairs on the choir platform.
    Acoustics f) Organ types and sizes (housing)
    Mixing desk
    see also:
    Religious Register number~ room volume in m 2/300 + number seats/50 Area consisting of three rows in the auditorium stalls; can be
    buildings quickly adapted for the most varied performance and conference
    pp. 285 ff.
    Formula to determine the number of registers (according to Walcker) conditions.
    A motorised platform under the stalls can be occupied in various
    b - · - - ---1 a~ Width including filing ways: mobile seating unit, mobile mixing desk, or empty (e.g. if
    b ~ Deep including bank
    c ~ Height without music stand
    guest musicians bring their own mixing desk).
    Cyclorama scaffold
    Motorised tubular scaffold, used to fix curtains and banners,
    portable stage lighting and other production elements at the
    rear of the stage, and can if required be partially or completely
    dismantled.
    Organ built into the concert hall

    2 Manuals 3 Manuals 4 Manuals


    00%
    A \!Pill]~ 17
    There is no fixed standard for the layout, with organs being
    designed musically and architecturally for each individual space;
    z_J<!)\lJ CD~<ib
    a 180 200 220 it is an important visual eye-catcher. The location of the organ
    b 150 160 170
    c should be at the back of the stage, with a location in front of the
    /]~
    110 120 130

    Free-standing console and its


    c:Q back wall being ideal, free-standing and not in a niche.
    c::r:::J OJ c::::::LJ The size depends on the volume of the hall, acoustics, position in the
    dimensions
    e German seating arrangement
    room, number of seats, musical requirements (solo or accompanist
    instrument). The better the acoustics and the location of the organ,
    the smaller can it be -+ 0- 0.
    To the depth of the organ housing should be added: 1-2 m for
    the organist and min. 0.5 m for tuning access behind the organ,
    min. 1.5 m free space necessary above the organ -t 0 - 0.
    In concert halls, a second organ platform is necessary (electric,
    mobile); this is placed near the orchestra, so the organist becomes
    part of the orchestra. The dimensions depend on the size of the
    organ-+ 0 + 4!). Necessary cable connections should be provided.
    f) American seating arrangement Orchestra sizes and layouts
    1. Conductor 1D. Bassoon The various orchestra seating layouts, formerly German and today
    2.1stviolins 11. Trumpets mostly American, are important for the sound in the hall -t 0- f).
    3. 2nd violins 12. Horns
    4. Violas 13. Trombones The following sizes of orchestra are usual today in Europe and
    5. Cellos 14. Tubas North America: large symphony orchestra with 60-150 musicians
    6. Basses 15. Harps
    and chamber orchestra with 25-40 musicians; this determines
    7. Flutes 16. Percussion
    8. Oboes 17. Kettle-drums the additional space requirement on the stage (e.g. Gewandhaus
    0 Organ with IV manuals (section) 9. Clarinets Leipzig, approx. 180m 2).

    220
    AP.··.. CONCERT HALLS
    .......... .':.;:.:::···l·························································.. ·························· .. ·························· Acoustics

    ,: ~:~: :r,: :;~:> \


    The most important objective in designing a concert hall is a
    superb sound. Acoustics result from the interaction of various
    elements: size, volume and proportions of the concert space,
    number and arrangement of the seats, materials used, surfaces
    and finishes.
    The sound properties of various instruments and the human
    (singing) voice have to be taken into account, alone and together,
    and also differences in pitch range and character (volume,
    frequency distribution and time structure of a sound). The various
    A d . ····/~. layouts of the orchestra are of significance for the sound in the
    hall: the positioning of various groups of instruments (particularly

    ;~·~:.::.:'::-::·..1 the string section).


    For the effect of the instruments in the hall, the relationship of the
    sound travelling directly to the listener to the early reflection from
    0 Sound waves and sources of reflected sound in an auditorium. A= sound source the sides plays a decisive role ---> 0.
    A1 = source of first order reflected sound etc. (Kuttruff -> refs)
    Optimal reverberation is important for the quality of hearing:
    excessive reverberation reduces clarity, and too little reverberation
    makes music sound dull. It is dependent on air changes/person
    (older concert halls 4-5m 3 /seat, newer over 6-15m 3/seat).
    The acoustics are influenced by hall size, shape and (surface) material CONCERT
    HALLS
    used; these can be adapted for different acoustic requirements
    Origins
    through the selection of various materials. The following variants are Variants
    possible and usual: Requirements
    Organs
    Acoustic reflector Orchestra
    Acoustics
    Installed over the stage, this is an adjustable, wide, heavy, sound-
    reflecting surface consisting of two or three independent sections;
    each section must be 2-3 m above the stage and adjustable up
    to 2 m under the ceiling. The height and position of reflectors is
    determined by the type of concert: smaller concerts, light chamber
    music and concerts with string instruments require a lower height
    for the reflectors.
    Sound-absorbing curtains and banners
    These influence the length and strength of the reverberation
    (lowered by widening the curtains). If not required, the curtains
    are retracted into curtain niches (and must then be without effect).
    Acoustic regulation spaces (promenades)
    Volume V (m 3) Additional volume can be gained for works with long reverberation
    (those for organ, large orchestras and large choirs, as well as with
    f) Relationship of reverberation, hall volume and music type (Hall -> refs)
    acoustic amplification) through the extension of the auditorium.
    Access passages and foyer areas can be used for this. They can
    be opened into the hall with movable panels using central control.

    The reflection characteristics of Frequency (Hz) 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
    various materials are of great im- acoustic board, suspended hard 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4
    portance for the acoustic design. acoustic board, suspended in frame 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5
    Hard surfaces are preferable acoustic rough plaster 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7
    to achieve long reverberation. normal plaster on laths 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.05
    The seats should also be pro- plasterboard 16 mm on squared timber 0.3 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.1
    vided with surfaces of hard mat-
    plywood 8 mm on squared timber 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
    erial. Upholstering of seats can
    artificial stone, untreated surface 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3
    achieve uniformity of reverbera-
    painted concrete 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.1 0.1
    tion, even with different numbers
    fair-faced concrete 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03
    in the audience.
    brick 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07
    heavy carpet on concrete 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.4 0.6 0.6
    heavy carpet with felt underlay 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
    stage flooring, wood 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.1
    window glass 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.07 0.04
    wall hanging, medium velour 0.07 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6
    upholstered seats, occupied 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9
    upholstered seats, unoccupied 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6
    Degree of sound absorption (alpha)
    wooden or metal seats, unoccupied 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.05
    of various surfaces (Hall -> refs)

    221
    CINEMAS
    Projection

    Before embarking on the design of a cinema, ask the advice of a


    cinema equipment company.
    Picture projection: Fire-separation materials are no longer
    required in the projection room due to the use of safety film. One
    projectionist operates a number of projectors, so the projection
    room is no longer considered as continuously occupied by staff.
    It has 1 m spacing from the projector at the back and on the
    max. outer edge of seating block
    operator side, 2.80 m height, ventilation and extraction, and sound
    = outside edge of picture insulation to the auditorium. The projection rooms of several
    last row of seats auditoriums can be combined together.
    Film widths are 16 mm, 35 mm and 70 mm. The centre of the
    projection beam should not deviate more than so horizontally and
    vertically from the centre of the screen or it should be redirected
    by a deflection mirror -'> 0.
    Conventionally, two projectors are operated with cross-blending.
    Automated operation with one projector plus horizontal film tray
    showing 4000 m reels without pause has become established
    worldwide, in many projection rooms remotely run from projection
    and control points. The film gives automatic signals for all
    projection functions like lens changing, hall lighting, stage lighting,
    plan view curtain and picture covering.
    CINEMAS
    Projection
    Auditorium
    0 Optimal auditorium Picture sizes: These depend on the distance of the projector
    from the screen and having a height-side relationship of 1:2.34
    Multiplex cinemas
    Drive-in cinemas (Cinemascope) or 1:1.66 (wide screen) with a narrow auditorium
    width. The angle from the centre of the back row of seating to the
    outer edge of the picture should not exceed, for Cinemascope,
    38° = distance of the back row : screen = 3:2 -7 f) - e.
    Screen: Distance of the screen from the wall with BTX (-'> p. 223)
    is min. 120 em; according to cinema size and system this can be
    reduced to 50 em on the setting up of the sound system.
    The screen is perforated (sound-permeable). Retracting blinds
    or curtains restrict the screen at the sides with the same picture
    height. Large screens are curved in a radius centred on the back
    row of seats. The lower edge of the screen should be min. 1.20 m
    I I wide screen 1:1.85
    'Kinoton' format 1:2 above the floor -'> 0.
    70mm
    Cinemascope 1:2.34
    I I Auditorium: This should receive no incoming light except for
    emergency lighting. The walls and ceilings should be of non-
    Picture formats with same picture height reflecting material in relatively dark colours. The audience should
    sit within the outer edge of the screen. The viewing angle from the
    first row of seats to the centre of the picture should not exceed 30°.

    1JJJ
    1
    8 Picture formats with same picture width
    Ur e
    31.5 83 125 250 500 1K

    Permissible reverberation time depending on frequency


    2K 4K 8K 16K frequency

    60
    2.0

    i
    ro
    IL
    50

    40
    \
    ~ 1.0
    6 '\. !
    ~ !./
    ...E 0.5
    X
    N 30
    /
    "
    >
    0
    " .,"
    0 _......v
    ""
    -g 20 0.4
    !':
    ~
    ""' '-...... -e" o:s
    10
    .............. ">~
    0.2 ...........
    / v
    F::::::
    ,.,.,.""
    64 126 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 0.1 /
    frequency 30 m3 300 m3 3000 m3
    e Permissible disturbance level e Reverberation time relative to auditorium volume

    222
    1---- 2.0 ------1
    CINEMAS
    Auditorium

    Up to a 10% floor gradient is permissible, or else steps with max.


    16 em risers and aisles of 1.20 m width~ 0. Up to 10 seats may
    be arranged on each side of each aisle ~ e.
    :T~ Acoustics
    f--1 f--1 Adjacent auditoriums should be separated by walls of approx.
    ;:;;4o ;:;;4o
    1-1.2 m row spacing 1 - - 2.4 ------1
    85 dB 18-20 000 Hz ~ p. 222 0. The ceiling should feature
    sound-directing surfaces with low acoustic delay difference
    0 Spacing and rows of seats. Cinema Boxes may have ~20 loose chairs;
    time.
    seats are normally larger than the "'0.65 m2 floor area for each person
    minimum dimensions stipulated by
    The reverberation time can increase with growing auditorium
    the Public Assembly Regulations.
    volume and reduces from 0.8 to 0.2 s from low to high frequencies.
    90 1.2 ~ p. 222. The rear wall behind the last row of seats should have
    t---1 f--------1 an insulated surface to prevent echo .

    . mtw~1 :m~~·m:·"··" Loudspeakers are distributed in the auditorium so that the


    difference in volume between the front and back rows does not
    exceed 4 dB.
    Sound reproduction
    In addition to mono optical sound reproduction, the Dolby
    ;r a~ ~~viation: stereo optical system with four channels will be required in the
    A : 6 C
    0 0 future, using three loudspeaker combinations behind the screen
    !!!·E·o:;: .. m
    ...;:;:;: ...;:;:;:.r----=ro:>:J!l E!ll!!D
    ...:;:;, "" " " ' " ' " " " ' ''"""!'"'"''''"'' CINEMAS
    f--1 f--------1 2.00 corridor and additional speakers at the sides and back. For 70 mm
    90 1.2 film, 6 channel magnetic sound, there are additional speaker Projection
    Auditorium
    Seating -A: for auditorium "'200 people; B: "'200 people; C: 50 seats, if there
    combinations behind the screen. With BTX, behind the screen Multiplex cinemas
    there is a sound-absorbing wall (following the Lucas film system), Drive-in cinemas
    is a door at the side for every four rows
    in which the loudspeaker combinations are installed. Model Public
    Assembly

    ~lmfn"'.'"'"'
    Cash desks Regulations
    Predominantly electronic booking and reservation systems: 1 cash
    desk per 300-400 seats, requiring approx. 5 m2 •
    Types of cinema
    'Programme cinemas': As a counter-trend to multiplex

    .... cinemas ~ p. 224, city centres have seen the establishment of


    3.50 .

    ~t----~~~~~:rr:r·
    'programme cinemas', which mostly show specialist films. Sizes
    of 50-200 seats are usual, normally in combination with eating/
    drinking facilities~ 0.

    f)
    Ill ~Ill wall

    Access roads and through roads 9 Distance of the building from the
    Circarama/Panorama cinemas: Round or spherical screens
    increase the impression of being directly involved in the action.
    Because special film techniques are required for these (a
    plot boundaries depending on
    number of visitors number of cameras have to film the same view simultaneously),
    there are only a few films available, and this type of cinema
    is therefore restricted to adventure parks and planetariums ~
    e-e.

    I
    Auditorium

    I
    I !D
    "'II
    !D
    VII

    I
    I
    12'

    e Auditorium for panoramic films Circarama. Picture surface spherical


    (360'), on which a consolidated
    Zazie 'programme cinema' with 0 Auditorium for flat films picture from 11 simultaneously
    running projectors can be shown.
    cafe and bar, Halle (Saale)
    Arch.: Complizen.com Example: Brussels Expo

    223
    CINEMAS
    \ I
    \ I Multiplex Cinemas

    .II
    0 Access to cinema auditoriums
    With a number of screens of various sizes in one building, multiplex
    cinemas are often combined with shopping centres, car parks etc,
    which require extensive parking space ~ p. 225. The auditoriums
    are reached via a common entrance and sometimes stacked. On
    account of the large numbers of visitors, good orientation and
    clear signing to the individual screens is important. The location of
    the screens in relation to the entrance foyer should be according
    to their size (large screens nearest to the foyer), or the largest
    screen in a central location/on the direct route from the foyer. The
    sizes of the single auditoriums depend on the requirements of the
    operator, as also the spacing of the rows, foyer design etc.
    The cash desk zone should be near the entrance, the number of
    desks dependent on the number of seats: approx. 5 m2 floor areal
    cash desk; for 2500 seats, approx. 6-8 cash desks.
    f) Schematic arrangement of cinema The entrance foyer should be of generous proportions, clearly laid
    auditoriums on one level
    out and at a prominent location in the building; it includes the main
    entrance, food/drink counters and access to the screens. Before
    the access points to the individual screens on different floors,
    Screen -wall distance there are normally additional foyers with bar counters, WCs etc.
    The main foyer should be of adequate size for events (premieres,
    CINEMAS Screen
    presentations etc.).
    Projection
    Auditorium Because eating and drinking are normally a significant part of the
    Multiplex
    cinemas
    cinema concept, counters should be provided in central locations
    Drive~in cinemas with the necessary storage and service facilities.
    Model Public Atsle wtdth mm 90 em
    Assembly Cinema auditorium
    Regulations
    The screen should fill the entire wall; there should be no exits in
    this wall or the side walls near to it. Cross-passages should be
    Row of seats ·. Row of seats
    provided as a connection between the doors or at a side entrance
    to reach the side aisles ~ p. 235.
    Projection room
    ·~seatrowstepB 1.20mr- .'
    Minimum room size: 6.50 x 2.80 x 2.80 m 0/IJ x D x H). Projection
    window size approx. 150/250 x 50 em (one or two projectors) Film
    can be supplemented by video projectors, and space should also
    Steps ·.. fCross-passage step B = 1.80 m Steps
    ~ ·..!' : ,....,.....,-,- be provided for horizontal film tray equipment and control desk.
    The platform under the projectors should be vibration-free. A
    noise level of approx. 75 dB must be damped to 30 dB by the
    projection window. The working temperature should not exceed
    22oc in order to protect film copies and equipment.
    Subsidiary rooms
    These are to be provided as required: offices for the manager,
    secretary and employees, archive, IT room, staff rooms (changing
    rooms, ladies' and gents' WCs, staff rest room).
    Projector
    For the foyer and food/drink area: catering stores, counter stores,
    Hall proportions: 1.1.3 -1.4:0.5 (W x D x H) Screen distance A= 1.20- 1.50 m cool room, room for empties, rubbish room, cleaning equipment
    Curtain storage space 8: each side approx. 1O% of the screen width
    Distance C (head front row- screen): approx. 75% of the clear room height room, stores for cleaning firm and decoration.
    Width of curtain pocket: approx. 40 em
    Screen curvature: circular arc (centre projector), from about 500 seats
    Top of screen: about 0,30 m below ceiling, bottom of screen: about 0.80 m above FFL
    Height of screen: results from the values given above
    Width of screen: screen height x 2.35 (largest format: Cinemascope)
    Clear ceiling height above the back row: min. 2.30 m

    C) Generalised ground floor plan of a larger auditorium with technical dimensions

    e Wide screen projection equipment e Projection room

    224
    CINEMAS
    Multiplex Cinemas, Examples

    The town-planning situation plays a significant role in the number


    of cinema screens that can be combined into a unit. Possible forms
    are layered stacking (screens stacked as a cube, access and service
    functions connected in free form at the side)--> 8- 0, or a horizontal
    row of screens (larger cinemas from the 1960s were extended with
    further screens, sunk into the ground for conservation reasons) -->
    0 - f) or combination forms. A common form is the combination
    with other functions like shopping centres and car parks, with sales
    areas on the ground floor, cinema screens and parking on the first
    floor: a prominent urban landmark in conjunction with two high-rise
    point buildings --> 0- 0.

    G) Cinemas
    @Foyer
    ®Offices
    @ Parking areas
    CINEMAS
    Projection
    0 Kosmos cinema, Berlin, plan Arch.: Rohde Kellermann Wawrowsky Auditorium
    Multiplex
    cinemas
    Drive-in cinemas

    f) Kosmos cinema, Berlin, elevation/section Arch.: Rohde Kellermann Wawrowsky Neustadt Centrum Halle, first floor plan (cinema level i)
    Arch.: Hermann & Valentiny with Noack und Partner

    8 Filmpalast Dresden, plan Arch.: Coop Himmelb(J)au

    Neustadt Centrum Halle, ground floor plan (shopping level)


    Arch.: Hermann & Valentiny with Noack und Partner

    Neustadt Centrum Halle, section


    C) Filmpalast Dresden, view/section Arch.: Coop Himmelb(l)au Arch.: Hermann & Valentiny with Noack und Partner

    225
    CINEMAS
    t--out
    Drive-in Cinemas

    Drive-in cinemas, where the audience do not


    have to leave their cars.
    The size is limited by ramps, number of cars
    ~1 000-1300, while still ensuring a good
    view. Normal is 450-500 cars ---> 0.

    Cars No. ramps Screen to back edge of


    ramp(m)

    500 10 155
    586 11 170
    670 12 180
    778 13 195
    886 14 210

    . . . 1000 15 225

    ~~~{:pea~~~
    .. . .. .
    •('
    Location: on the motorway, near petrol
    stations and services, with screening so that
    t--out light and sound do not distract passing traffic.
    CINEMAS Ramps are curved and sloping in order
    Projection 0 Drive-in cinema in a fan shape with inclined ramps and low projection cabin, to lift the front of the cars, so back seat
    Auditorium which only takes up two rows
    Multiplex cinemas passengers also have a good view of the
    Drive"in screen---> e.
    cinemas
    Entrance road: with waiting area, in order to
    line of sight from rear seat to lower edge of screen avoid backing up of traffic on the road. Drive-

    ..
    ·~ ~.=~~-~-~.~.----------;--~~~:~-----
    I
    pos= · · · · ·'· ·.·.·.· · · · 'l'... ~=-1~·············'·'·'~
    past ticket counter, so that tickets from the
    cars can be checked ---> 0.
    Exit: ideally after leaving the ramp forwards.
    and electrical heating 7.60 90+-- 3.00 ··
    1--------11.50----------1
    Detailing of the entire area to avoid dust and
    f) Ramp arrangement and dimensions: elevations can be different according to screen picture height skidding in wet weather.
    Ticket counter: one counter for 300 cars;
    two for 600; three for 800; four for 1000.
    Screen: depends on the number of cars: for
    650 cars 14.50 x 11.30 m; for 950 cars 17.0
    x 13.0 m. Ideally facing east or north, which
    enables earlier performances. For the Central
    European latitude, the screen is better
    installed in a solid, permanent structure.
    Cinema screen in the Billbrook drive-in
    cinema near Hamburg: 36 m high x 15.5 m
    wide. Height above ground level depends
    on ramp gradient and sight angle. Screen
    tilted upward avoids distortion. Scaffolding
    and screen must be able to bear wind
    loading.
    Rows of seats should be provided, and a
    play area for children is also a good idea.
    Projection building: mostly central, at a
    ; distance of 100 m from the screen.
    0

    Projection room contains projectors,


    generators, sound amplification system.
    Sound reproduction ideally has loudspeakers
    inside the cars; the loudspeakers are
    attached to a post for every two cars at 5.0
    m separation and are attached inside the cars
    by the visitors.
    entrance

    f) Double cinema. One projection room for both screens, with the possibility of staggered starting times. All Heating: on loudspeaker posts, possibly
    other areas (cash desks, bar, toilets etc.) are common also a connection for heating in the cars.

    226
    CIRCUS
    Stationary

    Show theatre, permanent venue


    Amphitheatre-type hall, laid out as three quarters of a circle,
    offering seats for an audience of 1600. The last quarter is intended
    for the stage, which consists of five stacked lifting platforms. This
    enables the stage sets to be changed very quickly ~ e.
    Access to the hall on the third floor+ 13.00 m above road level. A
    27 m high reinforced concrete dome spans the circus arena.

    Project: Berlin Leipziger Platz


    Arch.: Aldo Rossi Milan
    Planungs AG Neufert/Mittmann/Graf, Berlin
    Sceno-Pius Experts-Conseils, Montreal

    CIRCUS
    Stationary

    space

    0 Second floor+ 9.00 m (underfloor theatre)


    8 Section

    Show main!.
    56 m'

    f) Third floor (stage area)+ 13.00 m


    0 Fourth floor (audience seating level)+ 16.50 m

    227

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