Light

Light: Mirrors and Lenses
MELC
• Predict the qualitative characteristics (location,

orientation, type, and magnification) of images
formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses
OVERVIEW
In the previous module, the students learned about electromagnetic spectrum.

They gained an understanding of the different electromagnetic waves and the
benefits they bring. One of the most common among these electromagnetic waves is
the visible light.
In this module, you will study two of the properties of visible light - reflection and
refraction. A closer look into these properties will be done through different
observable examples and experimentations using mirrors and lenses. As you walk
through the pages of this module, you will be able to use the laws of reflection and
refraction in order to describe and explain how images are formed by mirrors and
lenses. You will also be able to solve problems pertaining to the position and
magnification of images formed by mirrors and lenses.
REVIEW
Fill in the blanks in the sentence below
Light is a natural agent that stimulates sight and make things

possible. It is a type of energy known as 1.____________. It is given out
by luminous objects such as the sun, light bulbs and laser. It is made
up of little packets of energy called 2.___________. Light travels as
waves. But unlike sound waves, it does not need any material to
carry its energy along. This means that light can travel through a 3.
____________ - a completely airless space. Light waves travel out from
their source in a straight lines called 4. __________.
electromagnetic radiation photons rays vacuum

REVIEW
Fill in the blanks in the sentence below
Light behaves in a variety of ways when it comes in contact with

water, air, and other matters. When light strikes matter, a part of
light is 7. “__________” into the matter and is transformed into heat
energy. If the matter that the light strikes is a transparent material,
the light component that was not absorbed within the material is
8. “__________” through and exits to the outer side of the material. If
the surface of the material is smooth (a mirror for example),
9.“_________” occurs, but if the surface is irregular having pits and
protrusions, the light 10. “__________”.
Absorbed reflection scatters transmitted

Qualitative Characteristics of Images
Reflection of LIGHT
Reflection
Is the bouncing back of light into the same
medium it has been traveling after striking
a surface.
Incident ray
The ray that strikes the surface
Reflected Ray
The ray that rebounds from the surface
Normal
A line perpendicular to the surface at the
point of incidence
Reflection of LIGHT
Angle of incidence
The angle of incident ray and
the normal
Angle of reflection
The angle between reflected
ray and the normal
Two Types of Reflection
Regular/ specular reflection

reflection from the smooth
surface
Diffused reflection
Reflection from rough surface
Laws of Reflection
1. The angle of incidence is

equal to the angle of
reflection
2. The incident ray, the
normal, and the reflected
ray lie on one plane
Two Types of Mirrors

1. Plane Mirror
• One with flat surface
• Ordinary mirror at home where we see
the exact image of ourselves
• It is also used by architects or interior
designers to make a room appear
bigger.
2. Spherical Mirror
• Has a reflecting surface taken from the
surface of the sphere
• It maybe concave or convex
Task no. 1
Two Types of Spherical Mirrors
Concave mirror
Curves inwards in the direction
of the incident rays
Convex mirror
Bulges outward to the incident
ray
Reflection in Plane Mirror

When light hits an object, every part of that object reflects light
in all direction. Some of the reflected light reaches our eyes.
Thus, we can see an object.
Characteristics of images formed by a plane

mirror:
1. Image is virtual;
2. Same size as the object;
3. Same orientation as the object; and
4. Same distance from the mirror as the object.
Reflection on Spherical Mirrors

Most curved mirrors are called spherical mirrors because their shape follows the surface of a
sphere.
Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:

1. The Concave Mirror
• It reflects light inward to one focal
point.
• It is used to focus light.
• Also known as converging mirror has
a reflecting surface that is recessed
inward (away from the incident light).
Reflection on Spherical Mirrors

Most curved mirrors are called spherical mirrors because their shape follows the surface of a
sphere.
Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:

2. The Convex Mirror
• Also known diverging mirror is a
curved mirror in which the reflective
surface bulges towards the light
source.
• Convex mirrors reflect light outwards;
therefore they are not used to focus
light.
There are two types of images formed by reflecting surfaces.

Ray Diagram and Image Formation by Plane Mirror

A plane mirror makes an image of objects in front of the mirror; the image appears to be behind the
plane in which the mirror lies. An image is formed by reflection when two or more reflected rays of a
point meet at a single point. The image is formed at the point of intersection of the reflected rays.
Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

In locating the image formed in curved mirror graphically,
six important points are considered. The following
important points are enumerated below.
• Center of Curvature, C – the center of the

sphere whose surface forms the curved
mirror
• Focal Point, F – where the light rays meet
• Vertex, V– the point where the principal axis
meets the mirror
• Principal Axis – the straight line passing
through the center of curvature to the mirror
Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

In locating the image formed in curved mirror
graphically, six important points are considered. The
following important points are enumerated below.
• Focal Length, f – the distance from the

focal point to the vertex
• Radius of Curvature, R – the distance
from the vertex to the center of the
curvature
Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line segment
adjoining the vertex and the center of curvature, the focal
length would be one-half the radius of curvature
Location, Orientation,
Size, and Type of
Image Formed in
Concave Mirror
Location, Orientation,
Size, and Type of
Image Formed in
Convex Mirror
There are four special rays that are convenient to draw in locating the
image formed by a spherical mirror. The intersection of any two of these
rays will give us the position of the image.
Ray Tracing
1. A ray passing through the center of the curvature is reflected along itself
2. A ray parallel to the optical axis is reflected through the principal focus as
in case of converging mirrors; or when extended, it appears to come from the
principal focus as in case of diverging mirrors. Both lines are used to indicate
an extended ray
3. A ray passing through the focus (or which when extended passes
through the focus) is reflected parallel to the optical axis
4. A ray striking the vertex of the mirror is reflected at an equal angle on
the angle on the opposite side of the principal axis
In determining the position and nature of the image
graphically, the ‘Four Principal Rays’ are used. Ray
diagramming is used in the graphical method of locating the
image. The following are ray diagramming steps using the
‘Four Principal Rays’ in determining the position and the
nature of the image of an object formed by concave mirror
and convex mirror.
1. From the object, draw the first ray (P – F ray). From the
same point on the object, draw the second (F – P ray), third
(C – C ray), and fourth (V ray) rays.
2. The intersection of the four rays is the image point
corresponding to the object point. For example, if you
started diagramming from the tip of the arrow-shaped
object, the intersection of the reflected rays is also the tip
of the arrow-shaped image. Thus, you can determine
completely the position and characteristics of the image.
3. For a convex mirror, light rays diverge after reflection and
converge from a point that seems to be behind the mirror
(virtual focus); but the procedure for locating images is the
same as for concave mirror.
L.O.S.T of the Image Formed
Qualitative CharacteristicsBehind
Location of image
of the
Images mirror
Orientation of Image (inverted or upright
Let’s Try Using Concave Mirror
upright)
Size of Image ( enlarged or enlarged
diminished or the same)
Type of Image (real or virtual) real
Location of image bet F and V
Let’s Try Using Convex Mirror upright)
Size of Image ( enlarged or diminished
Type of Image (real or virtual) virtual
Image Formation by Spherical Lenses
Spherical lenses differ in their ability to refract light. Thus,

thus there is a difference in the type of image they form.
Converging lenses can produce both real and virtual image,
while diverging lenses can produce only virtual image.
The ‘Three Most Useful Rays’ in Lenses Images formed in a
lens can be located and described through ray diagramming.
Difference
Between
Convex
and
Concave
Lens
The Three ‘Most Useful Rays in Convex and Concave Lenses
Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)
1. P–F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the 1. P–F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the
principal axis is refracted passing through principal axis is refracted as if passing
the principal focus, F behind the lens. through the principal focus, F in front of the
lens.
2. F–P Ray. A ray of light passing through 2. F–P Ray. A ray of light directed towards
the focus, F in front of the lens is refracted the focus, F behind the lens is refracted
parallel to the principal axis. parallel to the principal axis
3. V Ray. A ray of light passing 3. V Ray. A ray of light passing

through the exact center of the lens through the exact center of the lens
(Vertex) continue to travel in the (Vertex) continue to travel in the
same direction same direction.
Location of image Behind the
Let’s Practice Convex Lens
lens
upright)
Size of Image ( enlarged or enlarged
Location of image Bet F and
Lens
Orientation of Image (inverted or upright Let’s Practice Concave Lens
upright)
Size of Image ( enlarged or diminished
diminished)
Task no. 2

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Light: Mirrors and Lenses

• Predict the qualitative characteristics (location,

In the previous module, the students learned about electromagnetic spectrum.

Light is a natural agent that stimulates sight and make things

electromagnetic radiation photons rays vacuum

Light behaves in a variety of ways when it comes in contact with

Absorbed reflection scatters transmitted

Two Types of Reflection

Regular/ specular reflection

1. The angle of incidence is

Two Types of Mirrors

Two Types of Spherical Mirrors

Reflection in Plane Mirror

Characteristics of images formed by a plane

Reflection on Spherical Mirrors

Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:

Reflection on Spherical Mirrors

Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:

There are two types of images formed by reflecting surfaces.

Ray Diagram and Image Formation by Plane Mirror

Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

• Center of Curvature, C – the center of the

Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

• Focal Length, f – the distance from the

Spherical lenses differ in their ability to refract light. Thus,

3. V Ray. A ray of light passing 3. V Ray. A ray of light passing

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