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2 Integration

This document discusses integration and its relationship to differentiation. Integration is the reverse process of differentiation and finds the antiderivative. Several basic rules of integration are provided along with examples of applying the rules. Techniques for evaluating definite integrals such as substitution and properties of definite integrals are also covered.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
38 views21 pages

2 Integration

This document discusses integration and its relationship to differentiation. Integration is the reverse process of differentiation and finds the antiderivative. Several basic rules of integration are provided along with examples of applying the rules. Techniques for evaluating definite integrals such as substitution and properties of definite integrals are also covered.

Uploaded by

viena patricia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGRATION

2.1 Integration of Functions

Relate Integration and Differentiation

WHAT IS INTEGRATION?

DIFFERENTIATION
3
x dy
y C  x2
3 dx
INTEGRATION

Integration is known as anti-derivatives


Anti-derivatives: reverse of differentiation.
The symbol

 - integral sign

f(x) - integrand (term that is being integrated)


dx - integrate with respect to x .

1
Use The Basic Rules of Integration

RULES EXAMPLE

a)  dx  x  c

b)  k dx  kx  c

xn  1
c)  x dx   C;
n

n 1
n  -1

d) k f(x) dx  k  f(x) dx

e) [ f(x)  g(x)] dx   f(x)dx   g(x) dx

ax  b n  1
 ax  b
n
f) dx   C;
(n  1)a
n  -1

2
Example 1
Find the following integrals

 9dx  4 x dx
7
(a) (b)

2
 2x  3 x  5dx
2
(c)  3x 5 dx (d)

(3  x)(5  x)
 (2 x  1) 2 dx
2
(e) (f)  x4
dx

DIY 1

Find the following integrals


1  1 
(a)   x  x  x 2 

dx
x

 x (1  x )dx
2
(b)

(c)  x ( x  4) dx

3
1
Determine Integration of e x and
x

1 ax b
  dx 
ax  b
e x
dx  e x
c e e c
a

Example 2

e  3e
5x 2x
(a) dx (b) dx

  2  3e 3 x 
2x  3
5e dx
(c)
(d)   e x dx 
 

4
1 1 1
 x
dx  ln x  c  ax  b
dx  ln ax  b  c
a

Example 3

2  1
(a)  x dx (b)  1  dx
x

1 2
(c)  x  3 dx (d)  3( x  1) dx

DIY 2

1
 dx
x
(a) e (e)  3x dx
1
 dx
5 x
(b) e (f)  dx
2x  1
1
 2e dx 
3  5x
(c) (g) dx
5  2x
 (1  2e x ) 2  3
(d)   e x

dx


(h)  2 x  1 dx
5
Determine Integral of the Forms

f ' ( x)
 dx ;  f ' ( x )e f ( x ) dx  f ' ( x)[ f ( x)] dx
n
and
f ( x)

f '( x)
 f (x)
dx  ln f ( x ) dx

 f ' ( x ) e f ( x ) dx  e f ( x )  c

[ f ( x )] n 1
 f ' ( x )[ f ( x )] dx  c
n

n 1

Example 4

4x
(a)  2 x 2  1dx


2
x
(b) 2 xe dx

 
2 3 6
(c) 6 x ( 2 x 5) dx

6
Techniques of Integration

Find the integral by substitution:

 f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx   f (u )du where u  g (x )

Steps of Substitution Method

1. Choose correct U
Let U = (guide line)

i. e ( p o w e r )  le t u

ii. (ln )  let u (dengan kuasa )

iii. polynomial – choose highest power


u
iv. ratio : /
u

du
2. 
dx
dx  __________ _ du

Hampir sama dalam


soalan

3. Substitute back and solve all in term of U

7
Example 5

 x(3  2 x) x 1  x dx
10
Find dx Find

x3 e2x
Find  2  x2
dx Find  2 x
e 1
dx

8
2x  3
 xe dx
2
x
Find  ( x  4) 2 dx Find

1 (2  ln x )3
et Find  dx
Find  t 2 dt x

9
DIY 3

Find

 (x  2 x )(3 x 2  2) dx
3
(a)

1
(b)  3x  4
dx

 xe dx
2
x
(c)

(d)  (3x  5) x  1dx

2x2 (u  1) 2 2x2
(e) Prove that 
x 1
dx  2 
u
du . Hence, find  x  1 dx

10
2.2: Definite Integrals

Use the properties of definite integral

Properties

a
a) 
a
f ( x ) dx  0 if f (x ) exist

a b
b) 
b
f ( x ) dx    f ( x ) dx if b  a
a

b

c) a k dx  k (b  a ) if k is a constant

b b
d) a kf ( x) dx  k a f ( x)dx where k is a constant.
b b b
e) a  [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a

b c b
f) a  f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx if a  c  b
a c

b
g) 
a
f ( x ) dx  0 if f ( x )  0 for a  x  b

Example 6
Evaluate
3 1
a) 
1
( x 3  1)dx b) 
0
x (2 x  1)8 dx

11
Example 7
1
 3x x 3  1dx
2
Evaluate
1

12
Example 8
2
Evaluate 1
2 x  3 dx

13
Example 9
3 x 2 ( x 3  1) 4 , x  0 2
If f ( x )   2 , find  f ( x ) dx .
4 xe x 1 ,x  0 2

14
Example 10
2x 8 2x
By using a suitable substitution, find  2x  7
dx . Hence, evaluate 
4
2x  7
dx .

15
Area of the region under a curve and between two curves

Area between the curve/line and the x – axis

If f is continuous throughout  a, b then the area of the region between the curve
b

y  f  x  and the x-axis from a to b is given by the formula A   f  x  dx


a

Example 11
Find the area between the curve f  x   x 2 and the x-axis between x  0 and x  2 .

DIY 4

1. Find the area between the curve f  x    x 2  2 and the x-axis between y-axis and x  2 .
2. Find the area between the curve f  x   2 x and the x-axis between x  0 and x  4 .

16
Area between the curve and the y-axis

Area +ve

Area -ve

Example 12
Find the area of the region enclosed by y  2 x and y-axis between the lines y  1 and y  2 .

17
DIY 5

Below is the graph of y  x . Calculate the area of the shaded region.


3

y  x3

x
0

-1

18
Area between two curve

If f and g are continuous with f  x   g  x  throughout  a, b then the area of the

region between the curve y  f  x  and y  g  x  from a to b is the integral of


b

 f  g  from a to b A    f  x   g  x   dx
a

Example 13
Find the area between the curve f  x   x 2 , g  x   2 x  8 and y-axis.

19
Example 14
x2
Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve y  and the line y  x .
3

20
Example 15
Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve y  x and y  x  2 .
2

DIY 6

1. Calculate the area of the region between the curve y  9  x 2 and y  x  1 from x  0 to x  3 .
2

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs y 2  8  x and y 2  x as shown in the following figure.
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y  2 x  1 and y  x between x  0 and x  4 .
21

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