Causes for the Rise of Nationalism in India Many causes contributed to the emergence of the nationalist movement in India.

Theseare as follows: I. British Imperialism: The British imperialism was the most important factor, which contributed to the rise of
nationalism in India. It made the geographical unification of the country possible. Before the advent of the British, the people of the south were usually separate from the rest of India except for some short inter-vals. The British imperialism made the people to think
as one nation. 2. Influence of the Western Civilization: The establishment of British rule in India made closer relations with the Western world possible. Thus, the contacts with the European countries influenced the Indians immensely. The nineteenth century in
Europe was the century of nationalism and liberalism. 3. Spread of English Language: There was a rapid spread of English education in India especially after the revolt of 1857. The second half of the aineteenth century was a golden age of Liberalism in Europe,
particularly En2land. The study of the political classics of English literature from Milton -2-3 Mill planted in the minds of English-educated Indians the seeds of liberalism in its two aspects-nationalism and democracy. Thus, with the spread of English education, the
educated Indians gradually became politically conscious. 4. Development of Means of Communication: The introduction of telegraphs and railways in 1852 and 1853 respectively gave India swift means of transport and communication. The modern means of
communication shattered the age-old iso-lation of Indian villages and the people of remote part had the opportunity of coming closer to each other. 5. The Contribution of the Scholars: Several scholars and religious reformers played their role in furthering the
cause of progress of the nationalist movement in the country. They emphasized the past glory and the rich heritage of India. 6. The Contribution of the Social and Religious Reformers: Religious and social reformers, namely, Raja Rammohan Roy, Keshab Chandra
Sen, Debendranath Tagore, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Ramakrishna Paramhamsa, Vivekananda, and others had left a tremendous influence on the people of India; and they also were responsible for inspiring the countrymen to treasure
the ideals of freedom and liberty.7. Influence of the Western Civilization: The establishment of British rule in India made closer relations with the Western world possible. Thus, the contacts with the European countries influenced the Indians immensely. The
nineteenth century in Europe was the century of nationalism and liberalism. 8. Spread of English Language: There was a rapid spread of English education in India especially after the revolt of 1857. The second half of the nineteenth century was a golden age of
Liberalism in Europe, particularly England. The study of the political classics of English literature from Milton to Mill planted in the minds of English educated Indians the seeds of liberalism in its two aspects-nationalism and democracy.Thus, with the spread of
English education, the educated Indians gradually became politically conscious. 9. The Development of Indian Press and Literature: The Indian Press and literature both English and vernacular also used national conscious among the people of the country.
Newspapers like the "Indian Mirror", "Bombay Samachar" "The Hindu Patriot", "The Amrit Bazar Patrika", "The Hindu", "The Kesari", "The Bengalee", etc., tremendously influenced the people of India and thus, left an indelible mark on the political life of the country.
10. Economic Exploitation: The primary objective of the British rule in India was the economic exploitation. They took away raw materials from India and brought here their manufactured goods. The policy of economic exploitation ruined the Indian industries; and
the British were taking away the wealth of India to their country.Their free trade policy proved ruinous for Indian trade and industries.

Reasons for Origin of Indian National Congress As the British extended their empire over India, there was a feeling of resentment amongst the people which was very sullen. It was based on their perception that the new rulers were responsible for their economic
hardship. They also felt that they were being looked down upon in their own country and their way of life was being threatening the opportunities available to them for advancement was insufficient. The lower strata of social • and economic hierarchy expressed
their resentment by sporadic uprisings. These were often directed against the immediate exploiters, i.e., the zamindars, the sabukars and the tax collectors but broadly speaking, these were against the British system. The intensity of discontent against foreign rule
became visible through these uprisings. In fact, the great revolt of 1857 itself in a way sprang up as an outburst of accumulated discontent of masses in different part of the country. Causes of the Foundation of the Indian National Congress 1. Failure of the Revolt
(1857) and the Emergence of Middle Class: The failure of this revolt revealed the inadequacy of the traditional method of protest. It also showed the old aristocratic classes could not be the saviours of Indian society and therefore the English educated Indian middle
class seem to be the hope of the future. The agitation carried out by the class had different character. This class was conscious of the benefits of the British connection. It was also familiar with European liberal ideas of the period and at the same time it had the
sense of pride in the country glorious past and gradually developed the connection that foreign domination was inherently opposed to the fulfilment if legitimate hopes and aspirations of the Indian people. 2. Media and Press: During this period, the ideas of
nationalism and patriotism were given popular term in songs, poems and plays. Many of their songs were composed for Hindu mela which was organized for some years from 1867 onwards by group of Bengali leaders. The purpose was to spread nationalist ideas
and also to promote indigenous arts and crafts. In the process, British policies were blamed for deteriorating the economic conditions of the people. 3. Formation of Associations: Signs of political awakening and feeling of oneness was growing day by day and the
beginning of organized political activities in India can be dated back to the days of Land Holder's Society in 1837. It was an association of land holders of Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. Its principle objective was to guard class interest.

Policies and Programs of Moderates National leaders like DadabhaiNaoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjea, and S.N. Banerjea, who dominated the Congress policies during this period were staunch believers in 'liberalism' and 'moderate' politics.
They came to be labelled as Moderates, to distinguish them from the neo- nationalists of the early twentieth century who were referred to as the Extremists. Their political activity involved constitutional agitation within the confines of the law, and showed a slow
but orderly political progress. The Moderates believed that the British basically wanted to be just to the Indians but were not aware of the real conditions. Therefore, if public opinion could be created in the country and public demands be presented to the
Government through resolutions, petitions, meetings, etc., the authorities would concede these demands gradually. To achieve these ends, they worked on a two-pronged methodology one, create a strong public opinion to arouse consciousness and national spirit
and then educate and unite people on common political questions; and two, persuade the British Government and British public opinion to introduce reforms in India on the lines laid out by the nationalists.For this purpose, a British committee of the Indian National
Congress was established in London in 1899 which had India as its organ. DadabhaiNaoroji spent a substantial portion of his life and income campaigning for India's case abroad. In 1890, it was decided to hold a session of the Indian National Congress in London in
1892, but owing to the British elections of 1891 the proposal was postponed and never revived later.

Revolutionary Movement & its Role in Freedom Movement While the Indian National Congress, led by leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mahatma Gandhi, advocated civil disobedience and non-violent protests, many firebrand leaders believed in
overthrowing the British with the use of force. The revolutionary movement had begun as early as the late 1750s, but it was during the Partition of Bengal that it began to take shape. Under the leadership of Barin Ghosh, many revolutionaries began to collect arms
and explosives. They even started manufacturing bombs and some were even sent to foreign countries to acquire knowledge about bomb- making and other military training. By 1924, Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was formed and firebrand
revolutionaries like Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Shivaram Rajguru, Surya Sen, etc. began to involve themselves in various revolutionary activities. Some of the famous revolutionary activities include Alipore bomb
conspiracy, Chittagong armoury raid, Kakori train robbery, Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case, etc. Causes of the rise of Revolutionary Movement in India India as a nation has witnessed an increase in the nationalistic feelings somewhere in the latter half of the 19th
century. Prior to that, there were mini battles here and there but nothing much at the national level as such. We may say that with the onset of the Indian National Congress, this nation saw a surge of patriotism and a desire to fight against the oppression of British
rule collectively with an organized means. Along with the open political movements, there arose in the first decade of the 20th century various revolutionary groups in the different parts of the country. These early revolutionaries, active mainly in Bengal,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Punjab had no faith in constitutional agitations. They believed that by terrorizing British officials, they would be able to demoralize the entire machinery of the government and bring about freedom. After the government suppressed
almost all open political agitations and imprisoned a large number of nationalist leaders, the activities of the revolutionary groups intensified. After the division of Bengal, the leadership of Anti-partition movement soon passed to militant nationalist, like Tilak, Bipin
Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghose. This was due to many factors. Firstly, the early movement of protest by the moderates failed to yield results. Even the liberal secretary of state John Merely, from whom much was expected by the moderate Nationalists, declared
the partition to be a settled fact which would not be changed. Secondly, the government of the two Bengals, particularly of East Bengal, made effective efforts to divide Hindu and Muslim. Seeds of Hindu- Muslim disunity in Bengal Politics were perhaps sown at this
time. This embittered the nationalists. But most of all it was a repressive policy of the government which led people to militant and revolutionary politics.

Swaraj Dal/Party Swaraj Party was formed by Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjandas and was named as "Congress-Khilafat SwarajayaParty" in 1922.It also claimed to be an integral part of the Congress and professes its adherence to Non- Violence & Non-Cooperation
Movement and decided to boycott the legislatures. One group led by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru and Vithalbhai patel wanted that the congress should take part in the elections and wreck the working of legislatures from within. The other group which was led by
Vallabhbhai Patel, C. Rajagopalachari and Rajendra Prasad, was opposed to this . They wanted the congress to be engaged in the constructive programme. Aims of the Swaraj Party Swaraj Party was formed by Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjandas and was named as
"Congress-Khilafat SwarajayaParty" in 1922.It also claimed to be an integral part of the Congress and professes its adherence to Non- Violence & Non-Cooperation Movement and decided to boycott the legislatures. One group led by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru and
Vithalbhai patel wanted that the congress should take part in the elections and wreck the working of legislatures from within. The other group which was led by Vallabhbhai Patel, C. Rajagopalachari and Rajendra Prasad, was opposed to this. They wanted the
congress to be engaged in the constructive programme. In 1922, the congress session held at Gaya and presided over by C.R. Das rejected the proposal for entering the legislatures. The supporters of this proposal formed the congress Khilafat Swarajya party,
popularly known as the swaraj party, in 1923. At a special session held at Delhi under the presidentship of Abul kalam Azad, the congress permitted the swarajists to contest the elections. The swarajists won a large number of seats in the central and provincial
legislatures. In the absence of mass political activities in this period, the swarajists played a significant role in keeping the spirit of Anti-British protest alive. They made it almost impossible for the British rulers to get the approval of the legislatures for their policies
and proposals. For example, in 1928, the government introduced a bill in the legislative assembly which would give it the power to expel from the country those non-Indians who supported India's struggle for freedom. The bill was defeated. When the government
introduce this bill again, Vithalbhai Patel who was the president of the assembly refused to allow it. The debates in the legislatures, in which Indian members often outwitted the government and condemned the government, were read with interest and enthusiasm
throughout the country.

Non-Cooperation Movement Thousands of people, especially students and teachers, participated in the non-cooperation movement. Gandhiji wanted the movement to be absolutely peaceful and free from violence. The British government used all measures to
crush the movement. Prominent leaders were arrested. In two months, nearly 30,000 people were imprisoned. This led to violence in some parts of the country. Mob violence took place at Chauri Chaura village in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The
agitationists set the police station on fire. Gandhiji was unhappy at this incident and decided to withdraw the non- cooperation movement. He was of the strong opinion that violence cannot attain anything. This movement brought many leaders like Dr. "Rajendra
Prasad, Sardar Patel, Maulana Azad, C. Rajagopalachari, Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali to the forefront of the freedom struggle. Causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement 1. Resentment at the British after the war: Indians
thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act passed in 1919 was dissatisfactory.
In addition, the British also passed repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers despite their wartime support. 2. Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal
Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a
militant character. 3. Economic hardships due to World War I: India's indirect participation in the war caused a lot of economic hardships to the people. Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of
agricultural products did not increase. All this led to resentment against the government. 4. The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian
leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken and the whole country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching for a more aggressive and firmer stance against the government. 5. The Khilafat Movement: During the First World
War, Turkey, which was a German ally, had fought against the British. After Turkey's defeat, the Ottoman caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. The Khilafat movement was launched by Muslims in India to persuade the British government not to abolish the
caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non- cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British.

Salt Satyagraha Movement The Congress Session of Lahore, 1929 elected Jawaharlal Nehru as the President of Congress. A resolution announcing that full independence was India's goal was passed at this session of the Congress. India demanded full independence.
Indians were excited and were looking upto Gandhi to be the torch bearer. Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha Movement. The Civil Disobedience Movement began by breaking the salt law. The Government had put an excise tax on salt, which brought an
enormous amount of money to the treasury. The government had a monopoly on manufacturing salt. The India Salt Act of 1882 gave the government monopoly over the collection and manufacture of salt. The salt tax was to be attacked, and salt laws were to be
broken. The Salt Satyagraha ended on April 5 at Dandi village, where Gandhi signaled all Indians to manufacture salt illegally. He wanted the people to break the salt law openly and to prepare themselves for non-violent resistance to police action.Through the Salt
Satyagraha Civil Disobedience Movement, the programme of the movement was: 1. Salt law should be violated everywhere. 2. Foreign clothes should be burnt. 3. No taxes should be paid to the government. 4. Students should leave colleges, and government
servants should resign from service. 5. Women should stage a Dharna at liquor shops, etc.

Civil Disobedience Movement in India The observance of the Independence Day in 1930 was followed by the launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhi. It began with the famous Dandi March of Gandhi. On 12 March 1930,
Gandhi left the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad on foot with 78 other members of the Ashram for Dandi, a village on the western sea- coast of India, at a distance of about 385 km from Ahmadabad. They reached Dandi on 6 April 1930. There, Gandhi broke the salt
law. It was illegal for anyone to make salt as it was a government monopoly. Gandhi defied the government by picking up a handful of salt which had been formed by the evaporation of sea. The defiance of the salt law was followed by the spread of Civil
Disobedience Movement all over the country. Making of salt spread throughout the country in the first phase of the civil disobedience movement, it became a symbol of the people's defiance of the government. In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajgopalchari led a march-similar to
the Dandi march- from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam. In Dharsana, in Gujarat, Sarojini Naidu, the famous poetess who was a prominent leader of the congress and had been president of the congress, led non-violent satyagrahis in a march to the salt depots owned by
the government. Over 300 satyagrahis were severely injured and two killed in the brutal lathi charge by the police. There were demonstrations, hartals, boycott of foreign goods, and later refusal to pay taxes. Lakhs of people participated in the movement, including
a large number of women. In November 1930, the British government convened the first-round table conference in London to consider the reforms proposed by the Simon commission. The congress, which was fighting for the independence of the country,
boycotted it. But it was attended by the representatives of Indian princes, Muslim league, Hindu Mahasabha and some others. But nothing came out of it. The British government knew that without the participation of the congress, no decision on constitutional
changes In India would be acceptable to the Indian people.

Quite India Movement Amidst World War-II, on 8th August 1940, the British Government announced 'Dominion Status' to India through its famous 'August Offer which was rejected by the Indians. The Cripps Mission of 1942 was another step ahead which
suggested full 'Dominion Status' and also right to part from the British Commonwealth Nations. Thus, proposal was rejected by the people of India. Gandhi, who was not prepared to oppose the Government by a mass upsurge, so far, now changed his mind. He was
convinced of the necessity of starting a mass movement again. He raised the slogan of 'Do or Die'. Quit India was passed on August 8, 1942, by the Indian National Congress. The Congress handed over the leadership of the movement entirely in the hands of Gandhi
and appealed to the people of India to hold together under the leadership and carried out his instructions as disciplined soldiers of the Indian freedom. Gandhi regarded the movement as the last struggle for Indian independence. In his speech before the All India
Committee, he declared "it was going to be the last struggle of his life to win the freedom of India." The government became aware of the movement and prepared itself in advance. All the members of the Congress including Gandhi were arrested before they work.
Other leaders were also arrested and people were left leaderless. Reasons for Quit Indian Movement Following were the main causes that led to the Quit India Movement 1. Failure of the Cripps Mission: The failure of the Cripps Mission to solve the constitutional
deadlock exposed Britain's unchanged attitude on constitutional advance and made it clear that any more silence would mean acceptance of the British right to decide the fate of Indians without consulting them. 2. Rising Prices: hike in the prices and shortage of
rice, salt etc. angered the people of Bengal and Orissa. British failed to calm down the angry people. Hence this also led to the rise of Quit India Movement. 3. Reserves in the south-East Asia: The news of defeat suffered by the British in South East Asia and an
imminent Collapse made the Indians to believe that the British Government has become so weak that they can drive them away from their country. Moreover, the belief in the stability of the government was so low that people started withdrawing their deposits
from banks and post offices. 4. Racial Discrimination: After suffering reverses from South East Asia, left the subjects to their fate. Two roads were provided Black Road for Indian refugees and White Road exclusively for European refugees. Thus, the racist tendencies
of the British were exposed. Thus, Indians started Quit India Movement against the British rulers. 5. Danger of Japanese Invasion: There were the growing threat of Japanese invasion of India. Gandhi wanted to save India from that attack. He feared that if the
British lost, Japanese might not take their place.

Muslim League After the creation of the Indian national Congress and its time as a 'representative' party for the people of the Indian sub-continent, there was felt a need to reassess its claims at unbiased representation. From the very start of its existence the
Congress had shown clear its interest to safeguard the rights of Hindus, alone. Some of the Congress leaders adopted a revolutionary policy to establish Hindu Raj in the sub-continent under the guise of a national movement. The prediction of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Soon proved to be fact that, "Hindus and Muslims are two different nations who have different ideologies." The Muslims of India were greatly disappointed by the anti-Muslim stance that the Congress seemed to have adopted. The events following the partition of
Bengal and Urdu- Hindu controversy strengthened the desire of the Muslims to organize themselves politically as separate community. The birth of All India Muslim League at Dacca on 30th December 1906 came as an expression of that desire.
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