ICND 1 Preparation

Outlines
1. OSI Model
2. Ethernet Networking
3. TCP/IP model
4. IP Subnetting and VLSM
5. IP Routing
Chapter 1: OSI Model
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Introduction
What’s a Network?

Definition: “is a collection of terminal nodes and links connected to

enable communication between the terminals”
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Introduction
• Network classification by:
Size
Topology
Transmission mode
Switching type
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Introduction

Characteristic LAN MAM WAN

Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
Network

Geographical Size 1m to 2 km 1m to 200km Few thousands of km

Number of Users 2 to 200 2 to 1000 thousands
Throughput 1 to 100Mb/s, Gb/s 1 to 100Mb/s 50b/s to 2 Mb/s
Error rate < 10−9 < 10−9 10−3 to 10−6
Delay 1 to 100ms 10 to 100ms < 0,5s
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Introduction
• Classification based on topology:
Centralized control (master node): Star topology

Distributed control: Ring Topology, Bus Topology

Chapter 1: OSI Model| Introduction
Packet Switching
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Introduction
Circuit Switching
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Presentation

Application HTTP, FTP, DNS …

Presentation Data Translation, Code

• Open Systems Interconnection Formatting, Compression….
reference model Session
Setting and Managing Session
• 7 layers Transport Segmentation, Flow Control,
Retransmission
Network
Routing, Addressing
Data Link HW addressing, Medium
Access Control
Physical Signaling, cable type…
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Application Layer
• Provide services for user applications to employ.
• Translate software/application commands and requests to language
familiar to low-layer network services
• Example: FTP, DNS, HTTP, SMTP, SNMP...
 Chapter 1: OSI Model| Presentation Layer
• Responsible for data presentation to the application layer and lower
layers.
• Also handle:
Translation: Presents data in the same way in the network, hiding differences
between machines (which may use different character set)
Encryption: ensures the security of the data as it travels down the protocol stack
Compression: may be done at the presentation layer to improve the throughput of
data
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Session Layer
• Establish and manage sessions between hosts
• Dialog Control
• Authentication, Authorization, session checkpointing and recovery.
• Coordinate communication between systems
• Manage and synchronize data flow
• A session is a persistent logical linking of two software application
processes
Example of protocols: SSH, RPC, RTCP….
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Transport Layer
• Segment and reassemble data into a data stream
• Process-Level Addressing, assign port number to differentiate
between applications
• Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
• Can be connection-oriented (reliable) or connectionless (not reliable)
• Responsible for connection Establishment, Management and
Termination
• Flow Control, Acknowledgments and Retransmissions
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Transport Layer
• Connection Establishment: three-way handshake
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Transport Layer
• Flow Control
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Network Layer
• Logical device Addressing
• Track the location of devices on the network
• Routing
• Fragmentation and Reassembly
• Error Handling and Diagnostics
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Data Link Layer
• Physical Addressing
• Logical Link Control
• Media Access Control
• Data Framing
• Error Detection with a cyclic redundancy check
• Switching
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Physical Layer
• Data is physically moved across the network interface
• Sending bits and Receiving bits.
• Definition of Hardware Specifications: type of cables, connectors,
wireless radio transceivers, network interface cards…
• Encoding and Signaling: transform data from bits into signals that can
be sent over the network
• Topology and Physical Network Design.
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Layer Interaction
Chapter 1: OSI Model| Data Encapsulation
Data

Data

Data

Segment

Packet

Frame
Chapter 2: Ethernet Networking
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Introduction
• Ethernet Networks are Local Area Networks
• Allow hosts to share the same bandwidth of a link.
• Scalable, simple to implement and easy to troubleshoot
• Contention media access method using CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
• Use both Data Link and Physical layer specifications
Chapter 2: Ethernet | Introduction
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Data Link Layer
• 2 Sub-Layers:
Logical Link Control (LLC): IEEE 802.2
Media Access Control (MAC): IEEE 802.3
• 2 Types of Ethernet:
Full Duplex: send and receive data
Half Duplex: send or receive data
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Full Duplex
• Use of two pairs of wires
• 100 percent efficiency in both directions
• Used in three situations:
 With a connection from a switch to a host
With a connection from a switch to a switch
With a connection from a host to a host using a crossover
cable
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Half Duplex
• One wire pair with a digital signal running in both directions on the
wire
• Contention based
• Collision may happen
Solution: Avoid collision with CSMA/CD
Chapter 2: Ethernet| CSMA/CD
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
• Function of MAC Sub-Layer
• CSMA/CD procedure:
The device checks the medium each time it wants to transmit data
If the medium is free, it sends its data.
Continue listening to the medium to be aware if a collision happens
If collision happens, it stops sending data and start sending jam signal
to inform all stations of the collision
Run Backoff Algorithm
 Chapter 2: Ethernet| Backoff Algorithm
Start

Assemble a Frame Yes

Attempt <-- 1
No
Attempt ++ wait>0 wait - -
No
Is the medium free?
Yes
1st
Transmit bit of
the frame

Yes No
Collision Detected? Attempt > maxAttempt wait <-- rand(16)*Backoff
1st
Transmit bit of
the frame No
Transmission finished? Yes
No
Yes
Transmission successful Transmission
impossible
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Addressing
• Hardware, physical, MAC addresses.
• Burned into every Ethernet network interface card (NIC)
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Addressing
• Hardware address is a 48 bits (6 bytes).
• Represented in hexadecimal format.
• Locally or globally administered.
• If globally administered (by IEEE), it is a unique address.
• Example: 08:00:20:09:E3:D8
• First 3 bytes are the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) to identify the
constructor.
• Example:
00:00:0C:XX:XX:XX Cisco
08:00:20:XX:XX:XX Sun
08:00:09:XX:XX:XX HP
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Addressing

• Individual/ Group (I/G):

If set to 0, it is an address of a device or unicast address (could be a source address).
If set to 1, it is a multicast or broadcast address.
Broadcast address: FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Global/local bit (G/L):
If set to 0, it is a globally administered address (by IEEE)
If set to 1, it is a locally administered address and significant only to the network it is
connected to.
 Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Frame

• Preamble: 7 bytes altering 1/0 bits: 7X (10101010). Used to alert stations to start
receiving the data.
• Start Frame Delimiter: 8 bits (10101011). Used to synchronize the receiver.
• Destination address: address of the receiving stations.
• Source Address: address of the transmitting device. It can only be a unicast
address.
• Length or Type: 802.3 uses a Length field to indicate the length of data .
Ethernet_II frame uses a Type field to identify what type of high-level network
protocol is being carried.
 Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Frame

• Length or Type: 802.3 uses a Length field to indicate the length of data .
Ethernet_II frame uses a Type field to identify what type of high-level
network protocol is being carried.
• Data: The size of frame can vary from 64 to 1,500 bytes. This field must be
at least 46 bytes long.
46<= data + padding <= 1500
• Frame Check Sequence (CRC): error detecting code.
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Physical Layer

• Original Ethernet run on 10Mbps: 802.3 specifications.

• Extended to FastEthernet (100Mbps): 802.3u specifications
• Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps): 802.3ab specifications.
• 10 Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber (10 Gbps): 802.3ae
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Physical Layer
10 Megabit per Second (Mb/s) Media Systems (IEEE 802.3)

Identifier Transmission Topology Cable Type Length Number of

(m) workstations
10Base2 Baseband Bus Thin Ethernet cable 185 30
10Base5 Baseband Bus Coaxial Cable 500 100
10BaseT Baseband Star Unshielded twisted pair 100 Depends*

*on the type of the Hub or Switch

Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Cabling

Available Ethernet Cables:

• Straight-through cable
• Crossover cable
• Rolled cable
• Etc.
Each type of cable is used in a specific scenario.
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Cabling
Straight-Through Cable

This type of cables is used to connect DTE to DCE such as:

• Host to switch or hub.
• Router to switch or hub.
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Cabling
Crossover Cable

It is used to connect DTE to DTE or DCE to DCE:

• Hub to hub
• Host to host
• Hub to switch
• Router direct to host
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Ethernet Cabling
Rollover Cable

Used to connect a host to a router console serial communication (com)

port.
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Hardware
Physical layer Hardware:
• Repeater: re-amplify or regenerate the received signal and forward it
back to the medium.
10Base5

Segment 1 Segment 5

• Hub: multi-port repeater, amplify the signal and forward it to all

segments except the segment from which the signal was received.
• Amplify and forward even collisions.
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Hardware
Data Link Hardware
• Bridge:
connects multiple network segments
Software Based
Increases the maximum distance between two stations
Increase the number of collision domains

Collision domain: The network area in Ethernet over which

frames that have collided will be detected
 Chapter 2: Ethernet| Hardware
Table of B1
S1
Segment Stations
A B
S1 A,B
B1
S2 C,D,E,F

S2
Table of B2
C D Segment Stations
B2 S2 A,B,C,D

S3 E,F
S3
E F
Chapter 2: Ethernet| Hardware
Data Link Hardware
• Switch:
Multiport-Bridge
Hardware Based
Each port is a collision domain
Don’t forward collisions