Portfolio - Maria Silos Molina - 20196294

WATERSIDE FUSION SCHOOL
The school vision is INTEGRATION. Integration of both

communities coming together and the integration of children
with nature and the environment.
13/12/2019 María Silos Molina | 20196294 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. SITE ANALYSIS 3
1.1. LOCATION 4
1.2. POPULATION 5
1.3. TRANSPORTATION 6
1.4. CLIMATE 7
2. SCHOOL SCHEDULES AND PROGRAMME 9
3. CONCEPT AND DESIGN PROCESS 10

3.1. CONCEPT PROCESS 11
3.2. MASTER PLAN 12
4. ANALYSIS 13
4.1. SUN PATHS 14
4.2. SUN AND SHADING 18
4.3. SKYLIGHT 21
4.4 DAYLIGHT 22
4.5. COMFORT TEMPERATURE 24
4.6. ENERGY USE 26
4.7. VENTILATION 29
4.8. THERMAL ENVELOPE 32
4.9. PHPP (Passive House Planning Package) 33
4.10. IES TESTING 37
5. DESIGN PROPOSAL 42
6. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PROPOSAL 39
7. REFERENCES 51

SITE ANALYSIS

1. SITE ANALYSIS
1.1 LOCATION
The school is located by the

riverside of River Trent in a really
busy and industrial part of
Nottingham.
The school will become a part of
Trent Basin which is a new low
energy neighborhood overlooking
SCHOOL an inland dock rich in history.
SITE
BASIN
PHASE 1
(COMPLETED)
RIVER TRENT
Image shared by Blueprint

1. SITE ANALYSIS
1.2 POPULATION
Education Levels
The education levels where the school site is
located are divided by the River Trent where it
shows a big difference between the north part
of the river and the south part.
In the north part the education levels are very
low, in contrast with the south part where
education levels are very high. Education
More tan half the population don’t strategies should be implemented for the
have access to a car. This actually education gap to reduce.
helps in the car use reduction
goals, and to encourage public
transport use, cycling and walking.
Nottingham has
the highest bus
use in England
outside London. Source from: Insight Mapping Nottingham City Council Childhood Obesity
That is helpful too Ethnic Groups
in the reduction of
car use and
promotion of
public transport.
Nottingham has 1 Source: Public Health England – National Childhood Measurement Programme
(NCMP) Obesity data and tools
in 8 people that
are students, so Obesity in children of Nottingham is very
we need to high compared with the rest of England.
implement more We have to encourage more walking
schools to reach and cycling to prevent obesity.
education to all
In Nottingham is a varied ethnicity. We
people.
have to take advantage of this and
bring people together to learn things
Images source from: https://www.nottinghaminsight.org.uk/population/
Source from: https://www.nottinghaminsight.org.uk/Document- form each other.
Library/Document-Library/aAXGNJs
Accessed on July 2019

1. SITE ANALYSIS
1.3 TRANSPORTATION
CAR BUS
From City Center

- The fastest way is getting
by car.
- The bus takes about 20
CYCLING WALKING
min and leaves people
in a good spotted bus
stop.
- Cycling is also a good
way to get to Trent
Basin, it takes about 12
min
- Walking takes too long
to get to Trent Basin, it
From Sneinton takes almost 37 min.
CAR WALKING CYCLING CAR BUS
From West Bridgford

- The fastest way is getting
by car through Lady Bay
Bridge.
- The fastest way is getting by car, it takes 4 min, but it is not worth the - The bus takes about 26 CYCLING WALKING
travel by car. min, there is no direct
route to Trent Basin.
- There is no bus because it is really near.
- Cycling is also a fast way
- Cycling is the fastest way to get to Trent Basin, it takes about 3 min to get to Trent Basin, it
takes about 9 min
- Walking takes about 11 min, it is another good way to get to Trent Basin.
- Walking takes longer to
get to Trent Basin, it takes
almost 30 min.

1. SITE ANALYSIS
1.4 CLIMATE
The graph shows the average minimum and maximum

temperature of each month of the year.
June and July hits the maximum temperature, in this
time of year we have to look for cooling strategies like
shades in south areas and ventilation.
December and January hit the lowest temperature,
heating strategies should be implemented for this time
of year, like thermal envelope and look for orientation
so the sun angle helps warm the rooms.
The graph shows the average daylight and sunshine

for each of the months throughout the year.
May, June and July are the months with more daylight
and sunshine hours, the school can take advantage of
natural light in this time of year, through orientation,
windows or skylights.
The graph shows the cloud coverage throughout the

year. It stays cloudy most of the year. May through
July has the clearest sky, we should take advantage of
light at this time of year.

1. SITE ANALYSIS
1.4 CLIMATE
The predominant wind throughout the year comes

from south west, but sometimes comes from north too
and that means it is cooler form there.
Strategies should be implemented to slow the wind
speed and also be able to use it for ventilation for
cooling.
Images from Climate Consultant
The graph shows the amount of rain throughout the

year. It rains almost the whole year but from October
to January have the highest amount of rainfall. Rain
water can be stored and used for the school use, like
in bathrooms and for watering the plants.

2. SCHOOL SCHEDULES AND PROGRAMME
School Hours. 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM
TOTAL AREA: 1360.00M2
Images source from: https://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/terms#19
The school will be occupied by the children

through September to July, from 8:00 a.m. to
4:00 p.m. with their corresponding mid-term
breaks.
For extracurricular activities the school can
be used by the community to do different
integration activities in mid-term breaks, and
sometimes in the evening when there is
school.

CONCEPT AND DESIGN PROCESS

3. CONCEPT AND DESIGN PROCESS
classrooms kitchen adminstritation 3.1 CONCEPT PROCESS
The main concept is to separate the smaller children

from the bigger ones, creating a patio in between
them to make it a learning and interaction space. This option was exploring the car
In the different concepts this premise is kept but the park and main access at south to
ones that can change are spaces like kitchen, library create another road more private.
and administration.
The main access at south remained at south, I rotated the school so it was facing south to Straight access creating a
but the car park changed it to the north so it have a more optimum use of sun light and secondary one for reception
can work like a buffer for noise of the busy heat gains, with their respective shades. and infant children.
road.
3. CONCEPT AND DESIGN PROCESS
3.2 SITE ANALYSIS – MASTER PLAN
- Access to the school will be through the secondary

road Trent Lane.
BASIN - Connection with the community through a public
place.
- Sight to the River Trent to take advantage of the
view and have some activities there.
RIVER TRENT

ANALYSIS

4.1 SUN PATHS
MARCH 21TH / SEPTEMBER 21TH – EQUINOX

9:00 AM
In the equinox we might take
advantage of the sun at
morning to warm up the rooms,
but avoid it at midday and in
afternoon hours to prevent
overheating. Here we can use
adaptable forms of shades as
strategies, to allow sun at some
hours but block it at others.
12:00 PM
3:00 PM

4.1 SUN PATHS
JUNE 21TH – SOLSTICE

9:00 AM
In summer the sun is at its
highest and we want to avoid
overheating and block direct
sunlight.
Shading strategies should be
implemented to avoid
overheating such as horizontal
shadings in the south façade
and vertical shadings or a
combination of both for west
and east facades.
12:00 PM
3:00 PM

4.1 SUN PATHS
DECEMBER 21TH – SOLSTICE

9:00 AM
In winter the sun altitude
reaches its lowest levels in the
year.
South is the best orientation for
capturing free heating from the
sun and take advantage of its
position to allow solar radiation
in to gain heat.
12:00 PM
3:00 PM

4.1 SUN PATHS PER OCCUPANCY SEASONS
AUTUMN / SEPTEMBER – OCTOBER WINTER / NOVEMBER – FEBRUARY

This is a study of how the sun
behaves in the seasons and
hours that children are in school.
- In the autumn term there is
still a good amount of sun
hours in a day but it begins
September 2 to decrease. The sun angle
allows heat gain in the
mornings but with the right
3:00 PM 9:00 AM shade can be blocked in
12:00 PM February 14 midday to prevent
October 18 November 2
overheating.
3:00 PM 12:00 PM 9:00 AM - In the winter term daylight
duration reaches its shortest
period. The sun altitude is
very low and it can reach
inside classrooms to allow
heat gain.
SPRING / MARCH – APRIL SUMMER / MAY – JULY - In the spring term sun starts
to gain more altitude and
the daylight begins to last
more hours. Solar altitude
July 24 allows to gain heat in the
April 30 May 1
morning when it is colder
and at noon the sun can be
blocked to prevent
overheating.
3:00 PM
12:00 PM
9:00 AM - In the summer term is when
the sun is at its highest and
February 24 daylight lasts the longest. At
3:00 PM 12:00 PM
9:00 AM this time of year we want to
avoid overheating by using
shades.

4.2 SUN AND SHADING – RECEPTION AND INFANTS CLASSROOM
First design Second design Third design
The main strategies to accomplish are:

- Block solar radiation during summer to avoid overheating. Use the help of nature to block radiation in summer time as
the trees will be fully bloomed
- Let some radiation in during spring mornings to warm the room but avoid it at noon.
- Let the sun in during winter to warm the room as the sun altitude is low. Also the trees will have already lost their leaves
and will allow solar radiation.
- In the first design I used a horizontal shading with vegetation on top of it to help shade the classroom and change
according to the necessities of each season. I realized that the solar radiation will be hitting directly the classroom and
decided to make another strategy where I changed the corridor to the south and work as a buffer for the classroom.

MARCH 21TH / SEPTEMBER 21TH – EQUINOX
First strategy
North South North South
In the first strategy I analyzed the sun altitude to see what length of horizontal shade I should use to
avoid overheating in summer and at some hours in spring and autumn, as my façade is facing south. I
wanted to implement a 2.20m long shade where vegetation could grow but allow some sun in spring
and autumn. But I realized that the sun gain will be too much anyway because the classroom would
have direct solar contact.
Second strategy
North South North South
In the second strategy I inverted the corridor to the south part to act as a buffer for the solar radiation.
The sun will reach the corridor during the day but not the classroom that will be allowed solar radiation
at morning to gain heat for cold mornings and it will be blocked during warmer hours in midday and
afternoon.

JUNE 21TH – SOLSTICE
First strategy Second strategy
North South
In the first strategy in summer the solar radiation will be blocked by the horizontal shading and the
vegetation grown on it.
In the second strategy solar radiation will reach the corridor but not the classrooms, which will be
protected form solar radiation and in that way avoid overheating.
DECEMBER 21TH – SOLSTICE
First strategy Second strategy
During winter in the first strategy the low sun altitude is able to reach the classroom and warm the
room.
In the second strategy happens the same thing, the corridor is not an obstacle as solar radiation can
reach the classrooms and warm them.

4.3 SKYLIGHT
ARTIFICIAL SKY TRIES
OPTION 1 (NORTH) OPTION 1.1 (SOUTH) OPTION 1.2 (SOUTH) OPTION 2 (NORTH) OPTION 2 (SOUTH)
The artificial sky is able to reproduce standard For option 1 I made two different south facades to see which one will have a
overcast sky conditions with the CIE luminance better performance with natural light. Option 1.1 is the least lit, but in general
distribution. With a model we can get a pretty good both options were lacking some light, so I made another design.
idea of how lit in this sky conditions the room will be. In option 2 I added bigger skylights and increased the window area. In the
pictures can be seen that the room is more lit than the ones in option 1.

4.4 DAYLIGHT
SEFAIRA TESTING
OPTION 1.1 OPTION 1.2 OPTION 1.3

Design 1, horizontal windows Design 1, horizontal sky lights Design 1, both horizontal sky
in top wall, in north facade in low roof, in north facade lights low roof and windows
in top wall, in north facade
MARCH 21
12:00 PM
JUNE 21
12:00 PM
DECEMBER 21
12:00 PM
Lux levels measured at 0.85 meters above the floor plate. Minimum requirement for
illuminance for schools: 300 lux
(CIBSE Guide A Standards, p.1-22)

4.4 DAYLIGHT
SEFAIRA TESTING
I went through different options in

Design 1 to see daylighting
performance.
Option 1.1 is clearly under lit most of

the time.
Option 1.2 has some places under lit

OPTION 2.1 OPTION 2.2 and others over lit, it is not well
Design 2, horizontal sky lights Design 2, vertical sky lights in distributed.
in north facade north facade
Option 1.3 is more distributed but has
some under lit and over lit problems
MARCH 21 too.
12:00 PM
So I decided to make a second design
to improve daylight performance.
JUNE 21
Option 2.1 and option 2.2 perform
12:00 PM
almost the same way, just option 2.1
has more over lit area.
I’m choosing option 2.2 because the

DECEMBER 21 lux levels are well distributed and is not
12:00 PM that over lit.
Lux levels measured at 0.85 meters above the floor plate. Minimum requirement for
illuminance for schools: 300 lux
(CIBSE Guide A Standards)

4.5 COMFORT TEMPERATURE
Data from: CIBSE - Comfort
CIBSE stablished comfort temperature depending in the type of Through different strategies we can keep
space, in our case are school spaces. this comfort temperatures and the
Comfort temperatures for school spaces: challenge is to maintain them through
Classrooms: Kitchen: the changes of the seasons, through
winter is 19°C-22°C winter is 17°C-19°C ventilation, daylight, solar radiation and
summer 21°C-23°C summer 21°C-23°C thermal envelope
Offices: Sports Hall:
winter is 21°C-23°C 17°C
summer 22°C-24°C

4.5 COMFORT TEMPERATURE
Thermal Envelope
For the thermal envelope I wanted to follow Passivhaus standards.

This means to have a continuous insulation and a continuous air
tightness.
- For most cool-temperate climates the thermal envelope has to be
very well insulated with a U-value minimum of 0.15 W/m2k.
- The windows also form part of the continuous envelope. The
window frames must be well insulated to prevent heat transfer. For
most cool-temperate climates, this means a U-value of 0.80
W/(m²K) or less.
- In terms of Airtightness, uncontrolled leakage through gaps must
be smaller than 0.6 of the total house volume per hour during a
pressure test at 50 Pascal.
- Another important thing we want to avoid are thermal bridges. All
edges, corners, connections and penetrations must be planned
Image from: User Manual for Passive House School
and executed with great care to avoid thermal bridges.
Buildings – Stadt Leipzig
In this sections I’m explaining how my thermal

envelope will work in the different designs that I
made. It shows the continuity of the insulation and
air tightness layers.

4.6 ENERGY PERFORMANCE RESULTS
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
Design 1, horizontal Design 1, horizontal sky Design 1, both horizontal

windows in top wall, in lights in low roof, in north sky lights low roof and
north facade facade windows in top wall, in
north facade
ENERGY USE INTENSITY

120
100
Starting parameters: Improvements:
2030 Challenge - Wall: poorly insulated 0.51 W/m3-k - Wall, floor and roof insulation:
kWh/m2/yr
80
60
- Floor: insulated 0.42 W/m3-k well insulated 0.15 W/m3-k
40 - Roof: 0.27 W/m3-k - Glazing U-factor: 0.7 W/m3-k
20 - Glazing U-factor: 1.99 W/m3-k - Lighting: good 7.1 W/m2
0 - Lighting: standard 15 W/m2 - Infiltration rate: best practice
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4 OPTION 5 - Infiltration rate: normal practice 3 m3/m2h
Before After 7.2 m3/m2h

4.6 ENERGY PERFORMANCE RESULTS
ENERGY SEGMENTS
15000
10000
kWh/yr
5000
0
OPTION 4 OPTION 5 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4 OPTION 5
HEATING COOLING LIGHTNING
In all options the most energy use is

lighting, followed by heat, and the
least energy use is cooling.
DAYLIGHTING
120
% of floor area (annual)

100
80
60
40
20
0
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 4 OPTION 5
Design 2, horizontal sky Design 2, vertical sky UNDERLIT WELL LIT OVERLIT
lights in north facade lights in north facade
Option 1: is highly under lit.
Options 2 and 3: are well lit most of
the year.
Options 4 and 5: are also well lit most
of the year.

4.6 IMPROVEMENTS ENERGY PERFORMANCE
OPTION 5
After analyzing previous results for option 5 new

improvements have been made:
− Lighting segment was producing more energy

Energy Segments
than normal, so energy levels were improved.
16000
Before it was “good” lighting with 7.1 W/m2. It
14000
was improved as “excellent” 1.5 W/m2.
12000
− The infiltration rate was also improved to
10000
Passivhaus levels. It went from “best practice”
kWh/yr
8000
3 m3/m2h to “extremely tight building” 0.6
6000
m3/m2h
4000
2000
After this changes have been made the Energy
0
Use Intensity improved from 63 kWh/m2/yr to 56
Design 2, vertical sky OPTION 5.1 OPTION 5.2
kWh/m2/yr, reaching lower levels required for the
lights in north facade HEATING COOLING LIGHTNING
2030 challenge.
WITH PV AND MVHR WITHOUT PV AND

MVHR The graphics show the use of energy with and
without PVs and MVHR.
- The results clearly show a saving in energy use
with the PVs and MVHR.
- Another benefit of their use is the reduction of
annual energy cost, reducing it by 816%

4.7 VENTILATION RESULTS
Design 1
Buoyancy + wind driven Buoyancy driven
For the ventilation tries in Optivent
I analyzed 2 different design,
each one with 3 different
variables in the outlet position to
OPTION 1.1
see which one was the best
Outlet in lower roof
option to ventilate the classrooms
and at the same time reach
comfortable levels established by
ASHRAE standard 55-2013
ASHRAE Standard 55-2013

80% acceptability limits:
OPTION 1.2
18.6°C to 25.6°C
Outlet in top wall
19.6°C to 24.6°C
Conclusions:
- Option 1.1 is cooler to reach
comfort levels.
OPTION 1.3 - Option 2.2 reaches the
Outlet in lower wall comfort levels but it can still be
enhanced.
- For design 1 option 1.3 reach
the most comfortable levels
that comply with ASHRAE
Standard 55-2013.
The classroom measurements

comply with the rule of thumb of
cross ventilation strategy, the
Width: 8.55m width has to be maximum 6 times
Height: 5.00m the height of the space.

4.7 VENTILATION RESULTS
Design 2
Buoyancy + wind driven Buoyancy driven
Conclusions:
- Option 2.1 and 2.2 are also
OPTION 2.1 cooler to reach comfort
Horizontal outlet in levels.
roof - For design 2 option 2.3 reach
the most comfortable levels
that comply with ASHRAE
Standard 55-2013.
OPTION 2.2
- Every option comply with the
Vertical outlet in
required air flow rate for fresh
roof
air.
- Options in design 2 are the
nearest to comply with the
required air flow rates for
cooling.
OPTION 2.3
Outlet in wall
BUOYANCY DRIVEN BUOYANCY + WIND DRIVEN

2 2
Air flow rate (m3/s)
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
Option 1.1 Option 1.2 Option 1.3 Option 2.1 Option 2.2 Option 2.3 Option 1.1 Option 1.2 Option 1.3 Option 2.1 Option 2.2 Option 2.3
Required for fresh air Required for cooling Achieved Required for fresh air Required for cooling Achieved

4.7 IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATION
OPTION 2.2 OPTION 2.3

Vertical outlet in roof Outlet in wall
The previous analysis of air flow rate showed

that the comfort levels where low in order
to comply with ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, it
was cooler than it needs to be.
Changes where made to meet the comfort
level required:
50% inlet and 50% inlet and

- First I changed the percentage of outlet
outlet outlet
and inlet form 50% to 25% in both
options. Option 2.3 has the correct
percentage of inlet and outlet to be in
comfort level for both with and without
wind.
- Option 2.2 still had low temperature for
comfort levels, so I decreased the
25% inlet and 25% inlet and percentage of outlet and inlet by 15%,
outlet outlet where now it shows comfort levels.
My decision to use both options is for the

users to have more options to combine
ventilation throughout the year in order for
them to be comfortable and increase
productivity levels.
15% inlet and
outlet
18.6°C to 25.6°C
19.6°C to 24.6°C

4.8 THERMAL ENVELOPE
Foundation Insulation Continuity Windows Insulation Base construction detail
Isothermal
Window installation below with
Graph
wooden block (ΨInstallation =
0.053 W / mK), or polyurethane
recycling (ΨInstallation = 0.037
W / mK) or mounting angles
(ΨInstallation = 0.020 W / mK)
Image from: Part 1 of the final report: Image from: Part 1 of the final report: Design Image from: Air leakages through cross laminated
Image from:
Design Guide for Passive Houses Guide for Passive Houses timber (CLT) constructions
https://www.specifiedby.com/olsen-
doors-windows-ltd/elite-92-tilt-turn
Construction section
Lambda Values (W/mK): The materials I am using for the wall
- Triple Glazing: 0.80 structure are all wood materials.
I chose this because of an aesthetic
issue, how it looks naturally but also
Lambda Values (W/mK): because of their benefits, they are
- Cross laminated timber: 0.13 – 100mm sustainable materials, have good
- Wood Fibre 0.038 – 300mm lambda values that help to the thermal
- Durelis vapourblock 0.13 – 12mm envelope and low cost.
- Timber: 0.13 – 30mm
Source from: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/woodfibre-insulation-intro/
Exterior Wall U-Value (W/m2K): 0.097

Thickness: 492mm

4.9 PHPP (PASSIVE HOUSE PLANNING PACKAGE)
The form factor of the design does not

reach the level recommended by
Passivhaus because it has more
envelope than it is required, as the
volume is long. The ideal would be to
stack it in two levels, but since they are
classrooms for infants and reception
children I want to keep it in one level. So
I explored other options like to improve
U-values and reduce window areas.
Form Factor = External Surface Area / Treated

Floor Area
= 1431m2 / 410m2
= 3.49
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Heat Balance Heat Balance
Annual heat demand: Annual heat demand:

23.9 kWh/m²a 17.90 kWh/m²a
U values: U values:
Image source: BRE Passivhaus primer: Designer’s guide Wall: 0.111 Wall: 0.111
A guide for the design team and local authorities
Roof: 0.15 Roof: 0.10
Floor: 0.15 Floor: 0.10
Passivhaus recommends a Glazing: 0.8 Glazing: 0.6
form factor of ≤ 3. Exterior wall thickness: Exterior wall thickness:
442mm 442mm
RIBA CLIMATE CHALLENGE
The first try I did it with this U-values and an In the second try I improved all U-values to their
for 2030 for operational
insulation thickness of 300mm and found that I optimum levels. Heat losses and heat gains
energy is 0-35kWh/m²/yr.
had too much heat gains and heat losses. reduced a significant amount.

OPTION 3 OPTION 4
Heat Balance Heat Balance
Annual heat demand: Annual heat demand:
17.20 kWh/m²a 16.90 kWh/m²a
U values (W/m2K) :
U values (W/m2K):
Wall: 0.111
Wall: 0.111
Roof: 0.10
Roof: 0.10
Floor: 0.10
Floor: 0.10
Glazing: 0.6
Glazing: 0.6
Exterior wall
Exterior wall
thickness: 442mm
thickness: 442mm
Reduce north sky Reduce north sky Reduce north
lights size: from lights size: from windows size: from
1.80m to 1.50m 1.80m to 1.50m 1.70m to 1.50m
In the third try I left the same optimized U-values To enhance the annual heat demand in the
and reduced the size of the sky lights from 1.80m fourth try I also reduced the size of the north
to 1.50m. The annual heat demand reduced a windows from 1.70m to 1.50m. It got reduced by
little bit more and the heat loss remain practically 0.3 reaching 16.9 kWh/m²a
the same.
OPTION 5
Heat Balance
Annual heat demand:
16.20 kWh/m²a
U values (W/m2K) : In a fifth try to enhance the annual heat demand I
Wall: 0.097 – 350mm increased the thickness of the insulation layer from
Roof: 0.10 300mm to 350mm. It got nearer to the 15.0 kWh/m²a
Floor: 0.10 required by Passivhaus, reaching an annual heat
Glazing: 0.6 demand of 16.20 kWh/m²a.
I didn’t tried to reduce more the window areas
Exterior wall
because I realized that by reducing them the heat
thickness: 492mm
losses by opaque surfaces increased.
Reduce north sky Reduce north After I got my best annual heat demand level, I made
lights size: from windows size: from daylight and ventilation testing to see its
1.80m to 1.50m 1.70m to 1.50m performance.

OPTION 5 – DAYLIGHT SIMULATION
Before PHPP improvements With PHPP improvements
The daylight simulation shows that

the reduction in size of the windows
and skylight does not affect the lux
levels in the classrooms, it actually
improves by reducing over lit levels,
so it is a better outcome. In
December gets more under lit but it
is normal for that time of the year
MARCH 21 MARCH 21
12:00 PM 12:00 PM
JUNE 21 JUNE 21
12:00 PM 12:00 PM
DECEMBER 21 DECEMBER 21
12:00 PM 12:00 PM
Lux levels measured at 0.85 meters above the floor plate.

OPTION 5 – VENTILATION SIMULATION
Before PHPP improvements

Outlet in roof length 1.80m 15% inlet and outlet
Here I am comparing the ventilation simulations in
Optivent of the options before I reduced the size of
windows and skylights and after doing it.
I found out that the adaptive comfort band required
for ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 can also be
accomplished if I reduce the windows and sky light
Outlet in wall length 1.70 25% inlet and outlet size. Both options are within the 90% acceptability
limits.
In conclusion, I could improved the performance of
the annual heat demand, without affecting the
ventilation comfort levels.
BUOYANCY DRIVEN
2

1.5
With PHPP improvements 1
Outlet in roof length 1.50m 20% inlet and outlet 0.5
0
Before outlet Before outlet PHPP outlet PHPP outlet
in roof in window in roof in window
Required for fresh air Required for cooling Achieved
BUOYANCY + WIND DRIVEN

2
Outlet in wall length 1.50 25% inlet and outlet
Air flow rate m3/s
1.5
1 ASHRAE Standard 55-2013

0.5 80% acceptability limits:
0 18.6°C to 25.6°C
Before outlet Before outlet PHPP outlet PHPP outlet 90% acceptability limits:
in roof in window in roof in window
19.6°C to 24.6°C
Required for fresh air Required for cooling Achieved

4.10 ES TESTING
Dry bulb temperature – Room air temperature Of the final design obtained with the
PHPP results now I compared in IES the
With internal heat gains Without internal heat gains dry bulb temperature with the room
Annual Annual air temperature with internal heat
gains (people and lighting) with two
different factors, with natural
ventilation and without natural
ventilation.
I saw that the room air temperature
lowered throughout the year with
natural ventilation.
Then I did another try without any
internal heat gains to see how much it
affected the room air temperature.
I realized that It actually influence
directly the temperature of the room
gaining more heat with people and
lighting factors, so different strategies
should be implemented in the
different seasons of the year.
Last week of January Second week of July
I studied the coldest and warmest
weak of the year when the children
are in school.
In the coldest weak natural ventilation
is clearly not needed, so windows will
be closed.
In the warmest weak natural
ventilation is required to cool down
the room to have a more comfortable
temperature, as required for ASHRAE
Standard 55-2013 acceptability limits.

18.6°C to 25.6°C
19.6°C to 24.6°C

DESIGN PROPOSAL

5. DESIGN PROPOSAL
Design Proposal:
1. Divide classroom areas by age, separate small children with their own
playground.
2. Create a patio so children can interact with each other and also the different
communities that are joining the school, creating different types of spaces
that will fuse with each other through shading PVs.
1 2
2 2 3. Use natural and sustainable materials for construction and also for
aesthetics purpose, to give a natural appearance with color sparks in
some parts to make it a vivid place.
3 4 5
Image sources from:

1. https://www.dondepiso.es/capilla-para-ceremonias-de-boda-estilo-minimalista-en-japon/
2. https://mindyourgarden.tumblr.com/post/75143563276/the-kardinaal-mercier-square-jette-belgium-the
3. https://kebony.com/en/blog/waldorf-school-new-design?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Newsletter%20EN06&utm_campaign=NewsletterEN201606
4. http://adm-arch.ru/#
5. https://kebony.com/us/blog/47-wood-siding-ideas-commercial-and-residential-exteriors

5. DESIGN PROPOSAL
Design Proposal:
4. Have a controlled access to the school for the community to use the space for
different extracurricular activities in non school hours.
5. Create outdoor workspaces in order for children to learn in a more interactive
way and to be close with the environment.
6. Create an orchard so children can learn to grow their own food and to aware
them about the environment, afterwards they can make an event to sell the
food they grew.
5
4 8
7. Create curve pathways simulating the river flow.

8. Make use of the basin to have outdoor activities and interact with the River
Trent.
3 9
Image sources from:

6. http://piccolostone.gq/?org=113153009376212612
7. https://bethjuliee.wordpress.com/2018/04/12/the-art-of-espalier-growing-fruit-trees-in-small-spaces/
8. https://www.dwell.com/article/when-living-on-the-edge-is-super-comfortable-2435398d
9. http://socialwiki.ru/?amp=cz13b21hbmlkZWFzMTkud2lraWhvby5ydSZwPTkzMjM1Ny0yOS1pZGVhcy1ob3VzZS1sYWtlLXZpZXctc291dGhlcm4tbGl2aW5nLmh0bWw=

5. DESIGN PROPOSAL
School patio with PV shade.
Main access.
Orchard Fusion of public space

with school
Use of the basin for activities
Secondary access for reception and infant children. Separate yard for smaller children Reception classroom

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PROPOSAL

6. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PROPOSAL
Sustainable Design Proposal:

Orientation:
• Classrooms south-north oriented in order to take
advantage of radiation to gain heat and have more light
inside the classrooms.
• Use south facing roofs to place PVs all over them and
help with the energy savings for Trent Basin neighborhood
Sun and Shading:
• Use of horizontal shading using the sun graph for south
facing facades to prevent heat gain in summer but to
allow radiation in winter for heat gain. The corridor facing
south is used as a buffer for solar radiation.
• Use of vertical shading for east and west facing facades
to avoid annoying light and heat in the morning and in
the sunset.
• Propose skylights in the north roof in order to gain daylight
Spring equinox Summer solstice but avoid solar radiation.
With PHPP improvements March 21
12:00 PM
June 21
12:00 PM
December 21
12:00 PM
Autumn equinox Winter solstice

OPTION 5
With PV and MVHR
Energy Performance
• The energy performance was improved
through various strategies: the walls, floor
and roof have a U-value of 0.15 W/m2K or
less, making it “super insulated”.
• Glazing has a low U-value being 0.7 W/m2K
• The lighting performance was calculated
by using LED lighting.
• The infiltration rate has Passivhaus required
levels being “extremely tight building” 0.6
m3/m2h.
• The use of PVs in the roof and MVHR help in
the saving of the total energy use per year
and the annual energy cost.
Design 2, vertical sky
lights in north facade
With PHPP improvements

Outlet in roof length 1.50m 20% inlet and outlet
Ventilation:
• Use a combination of natural cross
ventilation strategies to be able to cool
down spaces in summer and be able to
have fresh air, and have a better
environment inside the classrooms.
Outlet in wall length 1.50 25% inlet and outlet • The adaptive comfort band required for
ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 is being
accomplished, the temperature is in the
90% acceptability limits, being between
19.6°C and 24.6°C

OPTION 5
Heat Balance
Thermal envelope:
• Use passivhouse principles of a
U values (W/m2K) : continuous insulation and air tightness
Wall: 0.097 – 350mm in order to work successfully and avoid
Roof: 0.10 thermal bridges. Use triple glazing in
Floor: 0.10 windows, wood fibre as insulation
Glazing: 0.6 layer, Durelis vapourblock for air
tightness, and cross laminated timber.7
Exterior wall
• The total envelope thickness is 492mm.
thickness: 492mm
Annual heat demand:

16.20 kWh/m²a
Lambda Values (W/mK):

- Triple Glazing: 0.60
Continuous insulation and air tightness
Lambda Values (W/mK):

- Cross laminated timber: 0.13 – 100mm
- Wood Fibre 0.038 – 350mm
- Durelis vapourblock 0.13 – 12mm
- Timber: 0.13 – 30mm
Exterior Wall U-Value (W/m2K): 0.097

Thickness: 492mm

March
Air Tightness Through the Energy Balance Equation we got that taking
into consideration the conductive heat loss, thermal
Insulation envelope U-vale and outside temperature we got an inside
temperature of 19.21°C.
A conductive heat loss of 2,160.1W
DB Temp. And the energy needed of space conditioning for the
6.1°C
classroom to reach comfort temperature (21°C) is 260.1W
Comfort strategy:
Comf. Temp. In the morning, when the children are arriving, solar radiation
19°C-22°C
can warm up the classrooms as the trees are note fully
100W bloomed and the sun altitude is low. In the morning is colder
60W x 30
1800W and the windows are closed to avoid heat loss so for
ventilation the use of MVHR is needed, the minimum
average air change rate is of 0.3 m3/s.
9:00 AM
Energy Balance Equation results:

- Inside temperature of 23.61°C.
- A conductive heat loss of 1,522.22W
- In this case the inside temperature is above the comfort
temperature so we need to remove 377.78W
Comfort strategy:
At midday solar radiation should be blocked to avoid
DB Temp. overheat. The sun altitude is higher so it won’t reach the
10.5°C
classroom as the corridor works as a buffer. Ventilation is
Comf. Temp.
19°C-22°C
required to keep the temperature at comfort levels, in this
case a cross ventilation strategy is implemented. The lower
100W
60W x 30 outlet is better used in this time where the air temperature is
1800W lower and remains at a lower height to circulate. The air
average temperature is of 8°C, if it begins to feel too cold,
ventilation through MVHR is required.
12:00 PM

March
Air Tightness
Insulation - Inside temperature of 22.71°C.
- The inside temperature is a little above the comfort
DB Temp.
9.6°C Comfort strategy:
In the afternoon we still want to avoid overheating, the trees
Comf. Temp.
19°C-22°C
will help lower down some solar radiation. The cross
ventilation strategy will also work to maintain the comfort
100W
60W x 30 temperature inside and provide fresh air. Windows can be
1800W opened more time as precipitation in this month is lower
compared to the rest of the year. The trees will also help to
reduce wind speed.
3:00 PM
June
DB Temp.
12°C-17°C
Comfort strategy:
In the warmest months a night cooling strategy is
implemented to cool down the classrooms to have a
comfort temperature in the next morning, and save some
energy use, as long as precipitation isn’t forecasted.
10:00 PM – 6:00 AM

June
Air Tightness
Insulation Energy Balance Equation results:

- The inside temperature is above the comfort
DB Temp.
13.8°C
Comf. Temp. Comfort strategy:
21°C-23°C In June the solar radiation is higher but also the sun altitude,
100W
the corridor will work as a buffer, and the trees fully bloomed
60W x 30 help reduce solar radiation for the corridor not being too
1800W warm.
In the morning the classroom is cooled down with the night
cooling strategy.
9:00 AM

- A conductive heat loss of 579.89W
DB Temp. temperature so we need to remove 1320.11W
17°C
Comfort strategy:
Comf. Temp. As the day goes on the classroom will gain more heat, but
21°C-23°C the direct solar radiation is blocked through the corridor.
100W
60W x 30 Windows can be opened to gain fresh air if MVHR is turned
1800W off. A cross ventilation strategy is implemented to cool down
the classroom to stay in the comfort temperature. This time
the air temperature reaches 17°C so the higher outlet will
help better air circulation as the warm air gains height.
12:00 PM
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48
June
Air Tightness
Insulation Energy Balance Equation results:

- A conductive heat loss of 623.38W
DB Temp. temperature so we need to remove 1,276.62W
16.7°C
Comfort strategy:
Comf. Temp.
In the afternoon the temperature remains warm. The same
100W
21°C-23°C strategies of shade and ventilation are required to maintain
60W x 30 a comfort temperature, as the classrooms will gain heat by
1800W the energy being produced by lighting and people inside it.
If precipitation occurs, the lower window could be opened
or the MVHR will help with ventilation.
3:00 PM

- The inside temperature is below the comfort temperature
December so we need to gain 897.98W.
Comfort strategy:
In the December temperature is really low and solar is an
DB Temp. important factor because the sun altitude is very low and
1.7°C the sun can reach the classroom even with shading devices,
Comf. Temp. and the trees will have lost their leaves by this time, letting
19°C-22°C
solar radiation pass through. MVHR will be needed for
100W
60W x 30 ventilation because windows are closed to avoid over
1800W heating, but energy will still be produced by people and
lighting and fresh air is required too. The use of heaters is
needed.
10:00 AM
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49
December
Air Tightness Energy Balance Equation results:

Insulation - A conductive heat loss of 2,682W
- The inside temperature is below the comfort temperature
so we need to gain 782W.
Comfort strategy:
DB Temp. At midday the temperature rises a little, and the sun can still
2.5°C
warm the classroom. Some days will have an overcast sky
Comf. Temp. and this is where heating devices can be used.
19°C-22°C
If there is no precipitation, the higher outlet can be opened
100W
60W x 30 in case the classroom begin to feel warmer for comfort. In
1800W case the windows are closed MVHR is needed for fresh air as
people and lighting are still producing energy. The use of
heaters is needed.
12:00 PM

DB Temp. - The inside temperature is below the comfort temperature
1.4°C
so we need to gain 941.47W.
Comf. Temp.
19°C-22°C Comfort strategy:
100W In the afternoon the temperature drops a little again and
60W x 30 the sun still give some solar radiation to the classroom as
1800W
long as there’s a clear sky. With overcast sky there will still be
needed heating devices to reach a comfort temperature,
and for ventilation the use of MVHR will be needed.
3:00 PM

REFERENCES

7. REFERENCES
BOOKS: INTERNET SOURCES:

- SZOKOLAY, S.V. Introduction to Architectural Science : The Basis - NOTTINGHAM CITY COUNCIL. Nottingham Insight Population
of Sustainable Design. 3th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014 [Online] [Accessed on October 2019]
- LAWRENCE RACE, G. CIBSE Knowledge Series – Comfort. London: Available from:
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers London, https://www.nottinghaminsight.org.uk/population/
2006. - NOTTINGHAM CITY COUNCIL. Nottinghamshire Insight Mapping
- LAWRENCE RACE, G. CIBSE Knowldege Series – How to manage [Online] [Accessed on October 2019]
overheating in buildings. London: The Chartered Institution of Available from:
Building Services Engineers London, 2010. https://maps.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/insightmapping/#
- HUMPHREYS, M. and F. NICOL. Environmental criteria for design. K. - CLIMATE-DATA.ORG. Nottingham Climate [Online] [Accessed on
BUTCHER, ed., CIBSE Guide A Environmental Design. 7th ed. October 2019]
London: The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Available from: https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-
London, 2006. pp. 1-22. kingdom/england/nottingham-128/#climate-table
- ANDERSON, B. Thermal properties of building structures. K. - NOTTINGHAM CITY COUNCIL. School Term Dates and School
BUTCHER, ed., CIBSE Guide A Environmental Design. 7th ed. Holidays [Online] [Accessed on October 2019]
London: The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Avialable from: https://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/terms
London, 2006. pp. 3-34 – 3-41. - PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUTE. Passive House requirements [Online]
- GROß, C.,ed. User Manual for Passive House School Buildings. City [Accessed on November 2019]
of Leipzig: Department for Urban Development and Construction, Available from: https://passiv.de/en/02_informations/02_passive-
Office for Facility Management, 2013. house-requirements/02_passive-house-requirements.htm
- MCLEOD, R., KYM M. and MARK S. BRE Passivhaus primer: - GREEN SPEC. Wood fibre insulation: Introduction [Online]
Designer’s guide A guide for the design team and local [Accessed on November 2019]
authorities. [s.l.], [n.s.], [n.d.] Available from: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-
- MEAD, K and ROBIN, B. BRE Passivhaus primer: Introduction An design/woodfibre-insulation-intro/
aid to understanding the key principles of the Passivhaus - ECOLOGICAL BUILDING SYSTEMS. Spano Durelis Vapour Block
Standard. [s.l.], [n.s.], [n.d.] [Online] [Accessed on November 2019]
- HEYWOOD, H. 101 Rules of Thumb For Low Energy Architecture. Available from:
London: RIBA Publishing, 2012. https://www.ecologicalbuildingsystems.com/Ireland/Products/Pr
oduct-Detail/Spano-Durelis-Vapour-Block
PRESENTATIONS:
- FORD, B. (2018) ‘Ventilation & Convective Cooling’ [PowerPoint
Presentation]. ABEE4014: Advanced sustainable design.
Available at:
https://moodle.nottingham.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=94069
[Accessed on November 2019]

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WATERSIDE FUSION SCHOOL

The school vision is INTEGRATION. Integration of both

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2. SCHOOL SCHEDULES AND PROGRAMME 9

3. CONCEPT AND DESIGN PROCESS 10

6. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PROPOSAL 39

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The school is located by the

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From City Center

CAR WALKING CYCLING CAR BUS

From West Bridgford

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The graph shows the average minimum and maximum

The graph shows the average daylight and sunshine

The graph shows the cloud coverage throughout the

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The predominant wind throughout the year comes

Images from Climate Consultant

The graph shows the amount of rain throughout the

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School Hours. 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM

TOTAL AREA: 1360.00M2

Images source from: https://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/terms#19

The school will be occupied by the children

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classrooms kitchen adminstritation 3.1 CONCEPT PROCESS

The main concept is to separate the smaller children

3.2 SITE ANALYSIS – MASTER PLAN

- Access to the school will be through the secondary

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MARCH 21TH / SEPTEMBER 21TH – EQUINOX

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JUNE 21TH – SOLSTICE

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DECEMBER 21TH – SOLSTICE

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AUTUMN / SEPTEMBER – OCTOBER WINTER / NOVEMBER – FEBRUARY

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First design Second design Third design

The main strategies to accomplish are:

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MARCH 21TH / SEPTEMBER 21TH – EQUINOX

North South North South

North South North South

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JUNE 21TH – SOLSTICE

First strategy Second strategy

DECEMBER 21TH – SOLSTICE

First strategy Second strategy

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ARTIFICIAL SKY TRIES

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OPTION 1.1 OPTION 1.2 OPTION 1.3