C U R V A T U R E

A N D
R E F R A C T I O N
B Y P A J E A N D C O M P A N Y
IS THe world flat?
or is it ROUND?
3 miles before something
leaves your sight
Earth is round
 Curvature
correction
Horizontal Line
approximately equal to K

Rearth hc = Curvature Correction

Rearth = Mean radius of the earth ( 6.731 km)

Earth Surface / Level Surface

 Curvature
correction

Rearth² + K² = (Rearth + hc)²

hc = 0.0785K²
Curvature
correction

ntal Line
Horizo
hc
Line of Sight

Lev
el L
ine
 BOARDWORK!
1. Find the correction for curvature
for a distance 1423m
ANSWER
= 0.159m
 BOARDWORK!
In a port, Paje accompanied his nephew, who
embarked on a ship headed to Samar. After
the ship has sailed around 2.8 miles, Paje
observes that the ship is starting to vanish
from his view. Determine the curvature
correction.
ANSWER
= 1.60m
 what is
refraction
correction?
Rays of light passing through the
Earth’s atmosphere in any direction
other than vertical are refracted or
bent from a straight path.
 refraction
correction

Horizontal line of sight

line of si hr
ght (
refr
act
ed
)
MEAN hc
SEA r hc
LEV lev
EL
el
lin

e
hcr = 0.0675K²
refraction
correction
note: effect of the curvature is about
14% or 1/7 of the curvature effect;
hr = 1/7(hc)
hcr = hc - hr
hcr = hc - 1/7(hc)
hcr = 7/7 - 1/7(hc)
hcr = 6/7(hc)
6/7(0.0785K²)

hcr = 0.06729K²
 sample
problem!
A man standing on the ground can see
just the tip of the tower 25km away. If
the eye of the man is 1.8m above mean
sea level, determine the height of the
tower above sea level considering the
curvature and refraction correction
 boardwork!
Two hills A and B, 90km apart, has
elevations of 60m and 200m,
respectively. What should be the minimum
height of the tower that could be
constructed at B so that it would be
visible from A considering the effect of
curvature and refraction correction.
 BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

The study of physics focuses on laws and

Chemistry is the study of chemical reactions Biology is a branch of natural science that
properties that govern behavior of all
and properties of matter. All the principles in examines living things. Due to the enormous
matter. Physics often involves things we can't
chemistry are based on what we know about variety of life on Earth, it is a highly broad
see or touch, but can prove, like gravity. We
physics. As you can see, science topics build field, hence individual biologists typically
can't see or touch gravity, but because of
on each other, like a pyramid. concentrate on particular fields.
years of experiments, we know it's there.
 PHYSICS

FACT 1 FACT 2 FACT 3

Physics frequently deals with concepts In order to construct some of the One of the most well-known physicists
like gravity that we can prove but objects we see every day, such as created the theory of relativity, which is
cannot feel or touch. Although we bridges, cars, houses, and power the foundation for time travel, black
cannot see or feel gravity, we are plants, physics enthusiasts need holes, and how matter transforms into
aware that it exists because to years scientific principles and ideas. energy for use in nuclear power plants.
of research.
 BIOLOGY

fact 1 fact 2 fact 3

Chemistry's concepts and Biology spans from studying the Biologists study cells, genetics,
substances serve as the basis for most minuscule structures inside anatomy and physiology of the
biology, which is the study of life. cells, called organelles, to giant body, evolution, and ecology.
masses of land with specific
climates, called biomes.
DO YOU HAVE QUESTIONS SO FAR?
FEEL FREE TO MAKE THIS AN OPEN DISCUSSION FOR
QUESTIONS OR CLARIFICATIONS BEFORE PROCEEDING.
 C O R R E C T I O N
O F V E R T I C A L
D I S T A N C E S

MEASURED ALONG THE VERTICAL

AXIS TO DETERMINE THE
DIFFERENCE IN HEIGHT (OR
ELEVATION) BETWEEN POINTS.
 FREE
DELIVERY
S H O P E E
C O M B I N E D 1 0 : 1 0
E F F E C T S O F
E A R T H ’ S
C U R V A T U R E
A N D
R E F R A C T I O N
 FREE
F O R M U L A :
DELIVERY
S H O P E E
1 0 : 1 0

hcr= 0.067k²
hcr= 0.0675k²
 FREE
DELIVERY
A light house is visible just above the horizon S H O P E E
1 0 : 1 0
at a certain station at the sea level. The
distance between the station and light house
is 10 km. Find the height of the light house?
a) 0 6728 m
b) 0.06728 m
c) 67.280 m
d) 6.728 m
 FREE
DELIVERY
S H O P E E
1 0 : 1 0

Combined correction for curvature and

refraction is given by 0.06728 K^2. Therefore,
here 0.06728 (10)2 = 6.728 m.
 FREE
DELIVERY
S H O P E E
1 0 : 1 0

Find combined correction for curvature and

refraction for 1.29 km?
a) 0.112 m
b) 0.128 m
c) 0.212m
d) 0.221 m
 FREE
DELIVERY
S H O P E E
1 0 : 1 0

Combined correction for curvature and

refraction is given by 0.06728 K^2. Therefore,
here, 0.06728(1.29)2 = 0.112 m.
a = 44.61m c = 44.24m
b = 45m d = 44.41m
 a = 12.35m c = 13.76m
b = 14.89m d =15.23m
 FREE
T H R E E H I L L
DELIVERY
S H O P E E
P R O B L E M 1 0 : 1 0

h= h2+ D2/D1+D2(h1-h2)0.067(K1)(K2)²
 Two hill A and C have elevations
of 600m and 800m respectively. In
between A and C is another hill b
which has an elevation of 720m
and is located 12km from A and
10km from c. find the height to be
reduced from hill b so that hill c
will be visible.
D I F F E R E N T I A L
L E V E L I N G
DIFFERENTIAL
LEVELING
is the process of measuring vertical
distances from a known
or assumed elevation point to determine
elevations of unknown points.
 what is
curvature?
Curvature in surveying is the measure
of how a line curves in relation to a
reference line.
 1. Benchmark (BM)
- It is a permanent point with known or
assumed elevation
2. Temporary Benchmark (TBM)
- A point of known elevation
3. Turning point (TP)
– An intervening point with unknown

TERMS: elevation where backsight and foresight

are taken.
4. Backsight (BS)
– Rod reading to benchmark or to a point with
known elevation
5. Foresight (FS)
– Rod reading to a point with unknown
elevation
6. Height of Instrument (HI)
– It is the elevation of the line of sight in the
telescope of the level. Sum of
elevation and backsight
SAMPLE PROBLEM

FORMULAS:

𝑯𝑰=𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽+𝑩𝑺

𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽=𝑯𝑰−𝑭𝑺
SAMPLE PROBLEM

FORMULAS:

𝑯𝑰=𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽+𝑩𝑺

𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽=𝑯𝑰−𝑭𝑺
 P R O F I L E
L E V E L I N G
 1. Benchmark (BM)
- It is a permanent point with known or
assumed elevation
2. plus station
- any point along the level routenot
designated as the full station
3. Turning point (TP)
– An intervening point with unknown
elevation where backsight and foresight
are taken.

TERMS:
4. Backsight (BS)
– Rod reading to benchmark or to a point with
known elevation
5. Foresight (FS)
– Rod reading to a point with unknown
elevation
6. Height of Instrument (HI)
– It is the elevation of the line of sight in the
telescope of the level.
7. full station
- Sum of elevation and backsight points aking
the level riute uniformlu measured distance
(multiples if 100,50,30,20,10 meters
8. Intermediate Fore Sight (IFS)
Also known as ground rod readings taken akong
the centreline of the proposed project to provide
an accurate representation of the ground
surface
SAMPLE PROBLEM
 CLASS DISCUSSION
ADD INSTRUCTIONS OR GUIDELINES HERE.
YOU CAN ALSO PUT IN THE AMOUNT OF TIME ALLOTTED FOR THIS.

PROBLEM 1 PROBLEM 2

who is famous for devising his theory of relativity, Who is honored for her contributions to the
which revolutionized our understanding of space, development of cancer therapies and her discovery
time, gravity, and the universe? of radium and polonium?
THANK YOU!
USE THIS SPACE FOR ANNOUNCEMENTS,

HOMEWORKS, OR WAYS STUDENTS CAN APPROACH

YOU IF EVER THEY HAVE QUESTIONS.
 what is
curvature?
Curvature in surveying is the measure
of how a line curves in relation to a
reference line.