101 Electrical Circuits Exercises

Fabio Freschi
Department of Energy
Politecnico di Torino
[email protected]

Version 2.2
April 6, 2022
Preface

This collection of exams comes from the need of Students to prove their
knowledge with the same exercises that they find at the written exami-
nation. For this reason I started collecting examination exercises in 2006,
enriching the collection year after year. Under this point of view, these notes
must be considered a perpetual ongoing work, with new updates (and new
corrections!) every year.
The choice is to provide the numerical results but not the solution pro-
cedure for all exercise, in order to stimulate the activity of the Students
in getting to their own procedure and not to dully follow the umpteenth
textbook with solutions. The untold aim is to stimulate discussion with
colleagues and the instructor.
I would like to thank Mr Daniele Difino for his contribution in the so-
lution of the exercise and text checking during his scholarship as teaching
collaborator. Notwithstanding his precious contribution, all errors in these
notes are my own responsibility. I am also indebted to those diligent stu-
dents that gave me suggestions about these notes during the years.
Any feedback and contribution to improve the quality of these notes is
welcome and encouraged. You can contact me at [email protected]

Fabio Freschi

1
Contents

1 Resistive networks 3

2 Nodal analysis 16

3 Controlled generators 18

4 Single time constant transients 27

5 Sinusoidal steady state 49

6 Non sinusoidal periodic regime 57

7 Single phase power balance 63

8 Three phase systems 84

2
Chapter 1

Resistive networks

Exercise 1
In the circuit of Fig. 1.1, calculate the current i2 through the resistor R2
and the power delivered to the resistor R4 .

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
e1 (t)
+

R1 R3
e2 (t)
+
a(t)

R2 R4
i2 (t)

Figure 1.1: Circuit for Exercise 1

Solution
Applying superposition:
R4
a(t) ̸= 0 A → i′2 (t) = a(t)
R2 + R4
e1 (t) ̸= 0 V → i′′2 (t) = 0
e2 (t)
e2 (t) ̸= 0 V → i′′′
2 (t) = −
R2 + R4

3
CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 4

Thus
R4 a(t) − e2 (t)
i2 (t) =
R2 + R4
The current i4 flowing through the resistor R4 can be easily calculated using
the KCL:

i4 (t) = a(t) − i2 (t)

Then the power delivered to R4 is:

p4 (t) = R4 i24 (t)

Exercise 2
In the circuit of Fig. 1.2, calculate:

• the current i(t);

• the power supplied by the current generator a(t);

• the total power globally absorbed by R1 , R2 , R3 and R4

Data
a(t) = 4 A, e(t) = 4 V, R1 = R3 = 3 Ω, R2 = R4 = 5 Ω.

R1 R3
+
i(t)
a(t) e(t)

R2 R4

Figure 1.2: Circuit for Exercise 2.

CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 5

Solution
Applying superposition

a(t) ̸= 0 A → i1 (t) = i2 (t) = i3 (t) = i4 (t) = 0 A

R1 ∥R3
e(t) ̸= 0 V → v1 (t) = e(t) = 1.5 V
R1 ∥R3 + R2 ∥R4
v2 (t) = e(t) − v1 (t) = 2.5 V
v1 (t) v1 (t)
i1 (t) = = 0.5 A; i3 (t) = = 0.5 A
R1 R3
v2 (t) v2 (t)
i2 (t) = = 0.5 A; i4 (t) = = 0.5 A
R2 R4

Thus

i(t) = i1 (t) − i2 (t) = 0 A

pa (t) = a(t)e(t) = 16 W
pt (t) = R1 i21 (t) + R2 i22 (t) + R3 i23 (t) + R4 i24 (t) = 4 W

Exercise 3
Calculate the Thévenin equivalent circuit at the terminals A − B for the
circuit of Fig. 1.3.

Data
E = 10 V, A = 3 A, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 30 Ω, R4 = 40 Ω.
A

R1 R3

R4
+
E R2 A

Figure 1.3: Circuit for Exercise 3

CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 6

Solution
Applying superposition the open circuit voltage is:

(R2 + R3 )∥R4 R1 R2
VTH = E+R4 × × A = 15.172 V
(R2 + R3)∥R4 + R1 R1 + R4 R2 + (R3 + R1 ∥R4 )

or, after a simple generator transformation, it is possible to apply Millman’s

theorem
E R2 A
+
R1 R2 + R3
VTH = = 15.172 V
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R2 + R3 R4
Turning off the generators, the equivalent resistance at terminals A − B is:

RTH = R1 ∥(R2 + R3 )∥R4 = 6.897 Ω

Exercise 4
In the circuit of Fig. 1.4, calculate:

• the Thévenin two-terminal equivalent circuit at A − B terminals (ex-

clude the resistor R from the equivalent);

• the power delivered to the resistor R.

Data
E1 = 130 V, A2 = 12 A, E3 = 150 V, R1 = R3 = 10 Ω, R2 = 7.5 Ω,
R = 5 Ω.
E1
+ R1

A2
R2

E3
+ R3

A B
R

Figure 1.4: Circuit for Exercise 4

CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 7

Solution
Thevenin equivalent circuit

RTh = R1 ∥R3 = 5 Ω
E1 E3
R1 + A2 − R3
VTh = 1 1 = 50 V
R1 + R3

Current through the resistor R:

VTh
IR = =5A
RTh + R
Finally the power delivered to R is:
2
PR = RIR = 125 W

Exercise 5
In the circuit of Fig. 1.5, calculate the power PA supplied by the current
generator A and the power absorbed by the resistor R3 .

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

E2
R2 +

R1 R3

+
E1 A E3
+

Figure 1.5: Circuit for Exercise 5.

CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 8

Solution

R2 ∥R3 R1 ∥R3 R1
VA = E1 + E2 − E3 + (R1 ∥R2 ∥R3 ) A
R2 ∥R3 + R1 R1 ∥R3 + R2 R2 ∥R3 + R1
R2 ∥R3 R1 ∥R3 R2 ∥R3
V3 = E1 + E2 + E3 + (R1 ∥R2 ∥R3 ) A
R2 ∥R3 + R1 R1 ∥R3 + R2 R2 ∥R3 + R1
PA = V A A
V32
P3 =
R3

Exercise 6
In the circuit of Fig. 1.6, apply superposition to calculate the voltage v3 (t).

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
e2 (t)
+

R1 R2

+
e1 (t) v3 (t) R3 a(t) R4

Figure 1.6: Circuit for Exercise 6.

Solution
R3 ∥R4 R1 ∥R3
v3 (t) = − e1 (t) + e2 (t) + (R1 ∥R3 ∥R4 ) a(t)
R3 ∥R4 + R1 R1 ∥R3 + R4

Exercise 7
In the circuit of Fig. 1.7, calculate the current i(t) applying superposition.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 9

R2 R4

R3

a1 (t) R1 a2 (t)

i(t) e(t)
+

Figure 1.7: Circuit for Exercise 7.

Solution
R2 + R3 e(t) R3
i(t) = − a1 (t) − + a2 (t)
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3

Exercise 8
In the circuit of Fig. 1.8, calculate the voltage v(t) applying superposition.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

+
e2 (t)
R2 R5 v(t)
e3 (t)
+ R4
R1

e1 (t) R3
+ a(t)

Figure 1.8: Circuit for Exercise 8.

CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 10

Solution

R2 ∥ (R4 + R5 ) R5 R5
v(t) = × e1 (t) + e2 (t)
R2 ∥ (R4 + R5 ) + R1 R4 + R5 R5 + R4 + R1 ∥R2
R5 R4 R5
+ e3 (t) − a(t)
R5 + R4 + R1 ∥R2 R4 + R5 + R1 ∥R2

Exercise 9
In the circuit of Fig. 1.9, calculate the current i(t) applying superposition.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

+
e2 (t)
R2 R5
a(t)
R4 i(t)
R1

e1 (t) R3
+
e3 (t)
+

Figure 1.9: Circuit for Exercise 9.

Solution
e1 (t) R3
i(t) = − + 0e2 (t) + 0e3 (t) + a(t)
R3 + R4 R3 + R4

Exercise 10
In the circuit of Fig. 1.10, calculate the current i(t) applying superposition.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 11

R5
+
e1 (t)
i(t) R4
a2 (t)
R2

R1 a1 (t) R3
e2 (t)
+

Figure 1.10: Circuit for Exercise 10.

Solution
R3 R1 + R3 e1 (t) e2 (t)
i(t) = a1 (t)− a2 (t)+ +
R1 + R3 + R5 R1 + R3 + R5 R1 + R3 + R5 R1 + R3 + R5

Exercise 11
In the circuit of Fig. 1.12, calculate the voltage v1 (t) across the resistor R1
and the power supplied by the current generator A.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
R2 R4

+
a(t) v1 (t) R1 R3 e2 (t)
e1 (t)
+

Figure 1.11: Circuit for Exercise 11

Solution

R1
v1 (t) = R1 ∥(R2 + R3 ∥R4 )a(t) + e1 (t)
R1 + R2 + R3 ∥R4
(R1 + R2 )∥R3 R1
+ × e2 (t)
(R1 + R2 )∥R3 + R4 R1 + R2
pA (t) = v1 (t)a(t)
CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 12

Exercise 12
Calculate the Norton equivalent circuit at terminals A − B for the circuit of
Fig. 1.12.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

R2 A

R3

R1 a(t)

e(t)
+
B

Figure 1.12: Circuit for Exercise 12.

Solution

RN = R3 ∥(R1 + R2 )
R1 e(t)
iN (t) = − a(t) −
R1 + R2 R3

Exercise 13
Calculate the Norton equivalent circuit at terminals A − B for the circuit of
Fig. 1.13.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

R1 R3 A

+
e(t) R2 a(t)

Figure 1.13: Circuit for Exercise 13.

CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 13

Solution

RN = R3 + (R1 ∥R2 )
R1 ∥R2 R2 ∥R3 e(t)
iN (t) = a(t) +
R1 ∥R2 + R3 R1 + R2 ∥R3 R3

Exercise 14
For the circuit in Fig. 1.14, calculate

1. the Thévenin equivalent circuit of the two terminal component en-

closed in the dashed box at A − B terminals;

2. the current through the resistor R5 .

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

R1 R2 A

+ +
E1 E2 I0 R4 R5

R3
B

Figure 1.14: Circuit for Exercise 14

Solution

RTH = R3
VTH = E2 − R3 I0
1 R4 ∥R5
I5 = × VTH
R5 R4 ∥R5 + RTH

Exercise 15
For the circuit in Fig. 1.15, calculate

1. the Thévenin equivalent circuit of the two terminal component en-

closed in the dashed box at A − B terminals;
CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 14

2. the power absorbed by the voltage generator E4 ;

Write the nodal equations at nodes 1 − 2 − 3 in matrix form, considering the

node 0 as the reference.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

0
R3
+
A1 A2 E3

R1 R2
1 3
2
A B
E4
R4 +

Figure 1.15: Circuit for Exercise 15

Solution

RTH = R1 + R2
VTH = V13 = −A1 (R1 + R2 ) + A2 R2
E4 + VTH
P4 = −E4
R4 + RTH
    
G1 + G4 −G1 −G4 φ1 −A1 − G4 E4
 −G1 G1 + G2 −G2   φ2  =  A2 
−G4 −G2 G2 + G3 + G4 φ3 −G3 E3 + G4 E4

Exercise 16
For the circuit in Fig. 1.16, calculate

1. the Thévenin equivalent circuit of the two terminal component en-

closed in the dashed box at A − B terminals;

2. the power delivered by the voltage generator E4 ;

Write the nodal equations at nodes 1 − 2 − 3 in matrix form, considering the

node 0 as the reference.
CHAPTER 1. RESISTIVE NETWORKS 15

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

R3

A1 A2
+
E3

R1 0 R2
1 3

A B
E4
R4 +

Figure 1.16: Circuit for Exercise 16

Solution

RTH = R1 + R2
VTH = V13 = −A1 R1 + A2 R2
E4 − VTH
P4 = E4
R4 + RTH
    
G1 + G 4 0 −G4 φ1 −A1 + G4 E4
 0 G3 0   φ2  =  A1 + A2 + G3 E3 
−G4 0 G2 + G4 φ3 −A2 − G4 E4
Chapter 2

Nodal analysis

Exercise 17
In the circuit of Fig. 2.1, write the nodal equations at nodes 1 − 2 − 3 − 4 in
matrix form, assuming node 0 as the reference. Calculate the current i2 (t)
by applying superposition.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
R2 4 R4
i2 (t)

R1 e(t)
a1 (t) +

2 R3
1 0

R7 a2 (t)

R5 R6
3
Figure 2.1: Circuit for Exercise 17.

Solution
G ≜ 1/(R1 + R2 )
The current ix of the voltage generator e(t) is chosen according to the

16
CHAPTER 2. NODAL ANALYSIS 17

passive sign convention.

    
G + G5 0 −G5 −G 0 φ1 −a1

 0 G 3 + G 7 −G 7 0 1 
 φ2  
  a1 

 −G5 −G 7 G 5 + G7 0 0  φ3 = a2 
    
 −G 0 0 G + G4 −1  φ4   0 
0 1 0 −1 0 ix e(t)

e(t) R5 + R7 (R1 + R2 + R5 )∥R7

i2 = − a1 (t)+ a2 (t)
R1 + R2 + R5 + R7 R1 + R2 + R5 + R7 R1 + R2 + R5

Exercise 18
In the circuit of Fig. 2.2, write the nodal equations at nodes 1 − 2 − 3 in
matrix form, assuming node 0 as the reference.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
R5

R1 2 R3
3
+
E1 R2 A2 R6

1 R4 0
Figure 2.2: Circuit for Exercise 18.

Solution
    
G1 + G2 + G4 −G1 − G2 0 φ1 −G1 E1
 −G1 − G2 G1 + G2 + G3 + G 5 −G3 − G5   φ2  =  G1 E1 
0 −G3 − G5 G3 + G 5 + G 6 φ3 −A2
Chapter 3

Controlled generators

Exercise 19
In the circuit of Fig. 3.1, symbolically and numerically calculate the con-
trolling current ix (t). Calculate the power pa (t) supplied by the current
generator a(t).

Data
R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, a(t) = 1 mA, e2 (t) = 5 V, eb1 (t) = rm ix (t), with
rm = 4 kΩ.
ix (t) R1 R2

+ +
eb1 (t) a(t) e2 (t)

Figure 3.1: Circuit for Exercise 19.

Solution

R2 a(t) − e2 (t)
ix (t) = = 0.714 mA
R1 + R2 − rm
pa (t) = [R1 ix (t) − ê1 (t)] a(t) = −2.143 mW

Exercise 20
In the circuit of Fig. 3.2, symbolically and numerically calculate the con-
trolling current ix (t). Calculate the power pa1 (t) supplied by the current
generator a1 (t).

18
CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED GENERATORS 19

Data
R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, a1 (t) = 1 mA, e(t) = 5 V, b
a2 (t) = βix (t), with
β = 4.
R1 ix (t)

e(t) a1 (t) R2 a2 (t)

b
+

Figure 3.2: Circuit for Exercise 20.

Solution

−e(t) − R2 a1 (t)
ix = = −0.294 mA
R1 + (1 + β)R2
pa1 (t) = − [R1 ix (t) + e(t)] a1 (t) = −4.706 mW

Exercise 21
In the circuit of Fig. 3.3, symbolically and numerically calculate the con-
trolling voltage vx (t). Calculate the power pR2 (t) absorbed by the resistor
R2 .

Data
R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 1 kΩ, a1 (t) = 1 mA (costante), e(t) = 5 V (costante),
a2 (t) = gm vx (t), con gm = 2 mS.
b
e(t)
+

a2 (t)
b vx R1 R2 a1 (t)

Figure 3.3: Circuit for Exercise 21.

CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED GENERATORS 20

Solution
R1
vx (t) = − [e(t) + R2 a1 (t)] = 6.667 V
R1 + R2 − R1 R2 gm
[e(t) + vx (t)]2
pR2 (t) = = 136.12 mW
R2

Exercise 22
Calculate the equivalent resistance Req of the circuit in Fig. 3.4 at the ter-
minals A − B.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
vb = rm ix
A R1 ix (t) +

R2 R3 a

Figure 3.4: Circuit for Exercise 22.

Solution
R1 R3 + R2 (R3 + rm + R1 )
Req =
R2 + R3

Exercise 23
Calculate the equivalent resistance Req of the circuit in Fig. 3.5 at the ter-
minals A − B.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
e
A +

vx R1 a = gm vx
b R2

B
CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED GENERATORS 21

Figure 3.5: Circuit for Exercise 23.

Solution
R1 R2
Req =
R1 + R2 + R1 R2 gm

Exercise 24
In the circuit of Fig. 3.6, calculate the Thévenin and Norton equivalent
circuits at the terminals A − B.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
A B
v
R2
R1

R3 eb1 (t) = αv(t)

+
e2 (t)
+

Figure 3.6: Circuit for Exercise 24.

Solution

R1 R3
RTH =
R1 + R3 − αR1
−R1 e2 (t)
vTH (t) =
R1 + R3 − αR1
RN = RTH
−e2 (t)
iN (t) =
R3

Exercise 25
In the circuit of Fig. 3.7, calculate the Thévenin and Norton equivalent
circuits at the terminals A − B.
CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED GENERATORS 22

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
A B

i(t)
R1

R2 R3 a(t)
eb(t) = rm i(t)
+

Figure 3.7: Circuit for Exercise 25.

Solution

R1 (R2 + R3 )
RTH =
R1 + R2 + R3 − rm
R1 R3
vTH (t) = a(t)
R1 + R2 + R3 − rm
RN = RTH
R3
iN (t) = a(t)
R2 + R3

Exercise 26
In the circuit of Fig. 3.8, calculate the Thévenin and Norton equivalent
circuits at the terminals A − B.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

A B
R1 R3 ix R5

+ +
ê = rm ix R2 R4 e(t)

Figure 3.8: Circuit for Exercise 26.

CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED GENERATORS 23

Exercise 27
In the circuit of Fig. 3.9, calculate the Thévenin and Norton equivalent
circuits at the terminals A − B.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.

A B
R1 R3 ix

+
e(t) R2 R4 â = αix

Figure 3.9: Circuit for Exercise 27.

Exercise 28
In the circuit of Fig. 3.10, write the nodal equations at nodes 1 − 2 − 3 in
matrix form, assuming node 0 as the reference.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
R2

a = gm v(t)
b v(t)
0
1 3
R3

R1 e(t) R4
+

2
Figure 3.10: Circuit for Exercise 28.
CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED GENERATORS 24

Solution
    
G1 + G2 −G1 −G2 + gm 0 φ1 0
 −G1 G1 + G4 −G4 1   φ2
    0 
 = 
 −G2 −G4 G2 + G3 + G4 0   φ3   0 
0 1 0 0 ix e

Exercise 29
In the circuit of Fig. 3.11, write the nodal equations at nodes 1 − 2 − 3 in
matrix form, assuming node 0 as the reference.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
R2 i(t)

e(t)
+ 1 R3
0 2

R1 a = βi(t)
b R4

3
Figure 3.11: Circuit for Exercise 29.

Solution
   

G3 −G3 − βG2 0 1 φ1 0
 −G3 G2 + G3 + G4 −G4 0   φ2
    0 
 = 
 0 −G4 + βG2 G1 + G4 0   φ3   0 
1 0 0 0 ix e

Exercise 30
In the circuit of Fig. 3.12, calculate the controlling current ix (t) and the
power p1 (t) absorbed by the resistor R1 . Write the nodal equations at nodes
1 − 2 − 3, assuming node 0 as reference.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED GENERATORS 25

â = αix
1 R1 2 3
ix
+
e(t) R2 R3 R4

0
Figure 3.12: Circuit for Exercise 30

Solution
Considering the generator â as independent (only temporarily) and applying
superposition:
e(t) R1
ix (t) = − â
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Using the equation of the controlled source and reordering
e(t) − R1 αix (t) e(t)
ix (t) = → ix (t) =
R1 + R2 (1 + α)R1 + R2
The current i1 (t) can be calculated applying the KCL at node 2

i1 (t) = ix (t) + â = (1 + α)ix (t)

so the power absorbed by the resistor R1 is

p1 (t) = R1 i21 (t) = R1 (1 + α)2 i2x (t)

Nodal equations are written according to these considerations:

1. the dependent generator is temporarily considered as independent;

2. the current of the voltage source iy is considered as known (passive

sign convention)
With these hypotheses:
    
G1 −G1 0 φ1 −iy
 −G1 G1 + G2 0   φ2  =  −â 
0 0 G3 + G4 φ3 â
Now the constitutive equations of the generators can be added

â = αix = αG2 φ2
e = φ1 − φ0 = φ1
CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED GENERATORS 26

Hence
    
G1 −G1 0 1 φ1 0
 −G1 G1 + (1 + α)G2 0 0   φ2
    0 
 = 
 0 −αG2 G3 + G4 0   φ3   0 
1 0 0 0 iy e
Chapter 4

Single time constant transients

Exercise 31
In the circuit of Fig. 4.1, the switch S closes in t = 0 s. Considering the
circuit in steady state when t < 0 s, calculate:

• the voltage v(t) across the switch when t < 0 s;

• the current iL (t) through the inductor L;

• the power p(t) delivered to the resistor R1 when t > 0 s.

Data
L = 1 mH, R1 = R2 = 10 Ω, a(t) = 2 A, e(t) = 20 V

v(t)
R2
S iL (t)
+
a(t) R1 L e(t)

Figure 4.1: Circuit for Exercise 31

Solution
When t < 0 s the switch is open and the circuit is in steady state. Electric
quantities are constant, thus the voltage drop across the inductor is zero:

v(t) = v1 (t) − vL (t) = −R1 a(t) − 0 = −20 V

27
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 28

iL (t) is the state variable of the transient

e(t)
I0 = iL (0) = =2A
R2
e(t)
I∞ = iL (∞) = − a(t) = 0 A
R2
L
τ= = 0.2 ms
R1 ∥R2
iL (t) = (I0 − I∞ )e−t/τ + I∞ = 2e−5000t A

When the switch is closed, the voltage across the resistor R1 equals the
voltage across the inductor
diL (t)
v1 (t) = vL (t) = L = −10e−5000t V
dt
Finally the power delivered to the resistor is
v12 (t)
p1 (t) = = 10e−10000t W
R1

Exercise 32
In the circuit of Fig. 4.2, the switch S is initially in the closed position
and the circuit is in steady state condition. At t = t0 the switch opens.
Calculate:
1. the voltage vC (t) across the capacitor for t ≥ t0 ;
2. the current iL (t) through the inductor for t ≥ t0 ;
3. the power pR2 (t) absorbed by the resistor R2 for t ≥ t0 .
4. the voltage vS (t) across the switch for t ≥ t0 ;

Data
1
E1 = 6 V, E2 = 8 V, R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, C = 3 µF, L = 4 µH, t0 = 0 s.

vS (t)
R1 R2
S
+
iL (t) +
E1 C vC (t) L E2

Figure 4.2: Circuit for Exercise 32

CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 29

Solution
Initial values of voltage and current:
V0 = vC (t = 0) = 0 V
E1 E2
I0 = iL (t = 0) = + =6A
R1 R2
Final values of voltage and current:
V∞ = vC (t → ∞) = E1 = 6 V
E2
I∞ = iL (t → ∞) = =4A
R2
Time constants
τC = R1 C = 1 µs
L
τL = = 2 µs
R2
Analytic expression of voltage and current for t > t0 :
− t
 6

vC (t) = (V0 − V∞ ) e τC + V∞ = 6 1 − e−10 t V
− τt 5
iL (t) = (I0 − I∞ ) e L + I∞ = 2e−5×10 t + 4 A
The current iL (t) flows through the resistor R2 , thus the power is
6 5
pR2 = R2 i2L (t) = 8e−10 t + 32e−5×10 t + 32 W
The voltage across the inductor is:
diL (t) R2 − t 5
vL (t) = L = − E1 e τL = −4e−5×10 t V
dt R1
and the voltage across the switch
6 5t
vS (t) = vC (t) − vL (t) = 6 − 6e−10 t + 4e−5×10 V

Exercise 33
In the circuit of Fig. 4.3, the switch S is initially open and the circuit is in
steady state condition. At t = t0 the switch is closed and the re-opened at
t = t1 . Calculate:
1. the analytic expression of the voltage vC (t) when t ≥ t0 and qualita-
tively plot it;
2. the maximum energy WC stored in the capacitor;
3. the current iR (t) through the resistor R1 .
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 30

Data
E = 10 V, R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ, C = 1.5 µF, t0 = 0 ms, t1 = 2 ms.
R1
S
+
E vC (t) C R2

Figure 4.3: Circuit for Exercise 33

Solution
vC (t) is the state variable of the transient. When t < t1

V0′ = E = 10 V
′ R2
V∞ = E=5V
R1 + R2
τ ′ = (R1 ∥R2 )C = 0.75 ms
′ −3
vC (t) = (V0′ − V∞
′
)e−t/τ + V∞
′
= 5e−t/0.75×10 +5 V

When t ≥ t1
′
V0′′ = vC (t1 ) = 5e−t1 /τ + 5 = 5.35 V
′′
V∞ = V0′ = E = 10 V
τ ′′ = R1 C = 1.5 ms
′′ −3
vC (t) = (V0′′ − V∞
′′ −t/τ
)e ′′
+ V∞ = −4.65e−t/1.5×10 + 10 V

Summarizing

10 V
 when t ≤ t0
−3
vC (t) = 5 + 5e−(t−t0 )/0.75×10 V when t0 < t ≤ t1
 −3
10 − 4.65e−(t−t1 )/1.5×10 V when t ≥ t1


The energy stored in the capacitor is maximum when the voltage is maxi-
mum, that is when t < t0 and t → ∞
1 1
WC = CV0′2 = CV∞
′′2
= 75 µJ
2 2
Finally

0 mA when t ≤ t0
E − vC (t)  −(t−t )/0.75×10−3
iR (t) = = 5 − 5e 0 mA when t0 < t ≤ t1
R1 
−(t−t )/1.5×10 −3
4.65e 1 mA when t ≥ t1

CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 31

Exercise 34
In the circuit of Fig. 4.4, the switch S opens at t = 0 s, when the capacitor
has the initial voltage of V0 . Calculate for t ≥ 0 s:

1. the two-terminal Thévenin equivalent at the capacitor’s terminals;

2. the voltage vC (t) across the capacitor;

3. the maximum energy WCmax stored in the capacitor;

4. the power pR2 (t) delivered to the resistor R2 .

Data
E = 8 V, R1 = R2 = 2 kΩ, R3 = R4 = 1 kΩ, C = 10 µF, V0 = 10 V.
R1
S

R2 R3

+
E vC (t) C R4

Figure 4.4: Circuito dell’Esercizio 34

Solution
The two-terminal Thévenin equivalent parameters are:

RT H = R2 ∥(R3 + R4 ) = 1 kΩ
R3 + R4
VT H = E=4V
R2 + R3 + R4
Using this result, it is easy to calculate the final value of the voltage and the
time constant:

V∞ = VT H = 4 V
1
τ = RT H C = 10 ms → = 100 s−1
τ
Thus:

vC (t) = (V0 − V∞ )e−t/τ + V∞ = 6e−100t + 4 V

CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 32

The maximum energy correspond to the maximum voltage, thus:

1 1
WCmax = C(vC
max 2
) = CV02 = 500 µJ
2 2
To calculate the power absorbed by R2 it is easy to calculate the voltage
drop v2 (t) across the resistor:

v2 (t) = E − vC (t) = 4 − 6e−100t V

So, the power absorbed by R2 is:

v22 (t)
p2 (t) = = 18e−200t − 24e−100t + 8 mW
R2

Exercise 35
In the circuit of Fig. 4.5, the switch opens at t = 0 s.

1. Calculate the current IL0 through the inductor L when t < 0 s;

2. calculate the current iL (t) through the inductor L when t ≥ 0 s;

3. plot the current waveform iL (t);

4. calculate the power pR3 (t) delivered to the resistor R3 when t < 0 s
and t ≥ 0 s.

Data
E1 = 10 V, E2 = 5 V, R1 = R2 = 2 kΩ, R3 = 1 kΩ, L = 2 H.

R1 R2
T
R3
+ +
E1 iL (t) E2

Figure 4.5: Circuit for Exercise 35

CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 33

Solution
iL (t) is the state variable of the transient. When t < 0 s the circuit is in
steady state and the inductor acts as a short circuit. The voltage across the
series of R3 and the short circuited L is:
E1 E2
R1 + R2
V0 = 1 1 1 = 3.75 V
R1 + R2 + R3

and
V0
IL0 = = 3.75 mA
R3
The steady state current when t → ∞ is:
E1
IL∞ = = 3.333 mA
R1 + R3
and the time constant when t > 0 s
L 1
τ= = 0.667 ms → = 1.5 × 103 s−1
R1 + R3 τ
thus

iL (t) = (IL0 − IL∞ )e−t/τ + IL∞ = 0.417e−1500t + 3.333 mA

The power delivered to R3 is

(
2 = 14.062 mW
R3 IL0 if t < 0 s
pR3 (t) =
R3 i2L (t) = 0.174e−3000t + 2.778e−1500t + 11.111 mW if t ≥ 0 s

pR3 = R3 i2L (t) = 0.174e−3000t + 2.778e−1500t + 11.111 mW (4.1)

Exercise 36
In the circuit of Fig. 4.6, the switch S opens at t = 0 s when the circuit is
in steady state condition.

1. Calculate the energy WC stored in the capacitor when t < 0 s;

2. calculate the voltage vC (t) across the capacitor C when t ≥ 0 s;

3. plot the voltage waveform vC (t);

4. calculate the power pR1 (t) delivered to the resistor R1 when t < 0 s
and t ≥ 0 s.
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 34

Data
E = 5 V, R1 = R2 = 5 kΩ, R3 = 2.5 kΩ, C = 2 µF.
R2

R1
S
+
E vC (t) C R3

Figure 4.6: Circuit for Exercise 36

Solution
Initial voltage (switch closed):

R3
vC (t < 0) = V0 = E = 2.5 V
R3 + R1 ||R2

Thus the energy stored in the capacitor is:

1
WC (t < 0) = CV02 = 6.25 µJ
2
After the opening of the switch:

τ = R1 C = 10 ms
vC (t → ∞) = V∞ = E = 5 V

thus

vC (t) = (V0 − V∞ )e−t/τ + V∞ = 5 − 2.5e−100t V

Finally

vR1 (t) = E − vC (t) = 2.5e−100t V

(
2 (t)
vR1 1.25 mW if t < 0 s
pR1 (t) = =
R1 1.25e−200t mW if t ≥ 0 s
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 35

Exercise 37
In the circuit of Fig. 4.7, the switch closes at t = 0 s when the circuit is in
steady state. Calculate:
1. the current iL (t) through the inductor when t = 0− ;

2. the Thévenin two-terminal equivalent circuit at terminals AB when

the switch S is closed (excluding the inductor L);

3. the analytic expression of the current iL (t) through the inductor when
t ≥ 0 and its graphical representation;

4. the power pE supplied by the voltage generator E when t = τ (τ is

the time constant of the circuit).

Data
E = 10 V, A = 4 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = R3 = 5 kΩ, L = 5 mH.

R3
t=0s
A
R1 R2
+
E L A
iL (t)
B
Figure 4.7: Circuito dell’Esercizio 37

Solution
The initial condition is calculated with the switch S in open position. The
current is calculated applying superposition, thus:
E1
I0 = iL (0− ) = + A = 5 mA
R1
When the switch is closed, the equivalent resistance at the AB terminals
(with both generators off) is:

RT H = R1 ∥(R2 + R3 ) = 5 kΩ

Whereas the open circuit voltage is calculated applying again superposition:

R3
VT H = E + R1 A = 20 V
R1 + R2 + R3
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 36

Using the parameters of the Thévenin equivalent circuit, the time constant
and the steady state current in the circuit are
L
τ= = 1 µs
RT H
VT H
I∞ = iL (∞) = = 4 mA
RT H

thus
6t
iL (t) = (I0 − I∞ )e−t/τ + I∞ = 4 + e−10 mA

The current supplied by the generator is

6t
iE (t) = iL (t) − A = e−10 mA

thus the power at t = τ

pE (τ ) = EiE (τ ) = 3.679 mW

Exercise 38
In the circuit of Fig. 4.8, calculate the analytic expression of the current
iL (t), considering the switch S1 :
1. open for t < 0 s;

2. closed for 0 < t < t0 ;

3. open for t > t0 ;

Data
A = 10 mA, R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ, R3 = 500 Ω, L = 5 H, t0 = 30 ms

iL (t) L

S1

A R1 R3

R2

Figure 4.8: Circuit for Exercise 38

CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 37

Solution

1.667e− 5×10t −3 + 5 mA when 0 < t ≤ t0
iL (t) = t−t
−1.667e− 3.33×100 −3 + 6.667 mA when t ≥ t0

Exercise 39
In the circuit of Fig. 4.9, the switch S is initially open and the circuit is in
steady state condition. At t = t0 the switch is closed and the re-opened at
t = t1 . Calculate:
1. the analytic expression of the voltage vC (t) when t0 < t < t1 and
qualitatively plot it;
2. the total energy absorbed by the resistor R3 when t > t1 .

Data
E = 6 V, R1 = 100 Ω, R2 = 300 Ω, R3 = 200 Ω, C = 100 µF, t0 = 0 ms,
t1 = 15 ms.

R1
S
+
E R2 R3 C vC (t)

Figure 4.9: Circuit for Exercise 39

Solution
When t < 0 s, the switch is initially open and the circuit is split in two
independent sub-circuits. The initial voltage is:

V0 = 0 V

When the switch is closed (t > 0 s) the equivalent resistance at the capacitor
terminals, and the time constant are:

Req = R1 ∥R2 ∥R3 = 54.5 Ω

τ = Req C = 5.45 ms

The final steady state voltage is

R2 ∥R3
vC (t → ∞) = E = 3.27 V
R1 + R2 ∥R3
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 38

thus
 t 
−
vC (t) = 3.27 1 − e 5.45×10−3 V

The energy absorbed by the resistor equals the energy stored in the capacitor
when t = t1 :

vC (t = t1 ) = 3.06 V
1 2
WR3 = WC = CvC (t1 ) = 0.469 mJ
2

Exercise 40
In the circuit of Fig. 4.10, The switch is initially closed and opens at t = 0 s
calculate (when t ≥ 0 s):

1. the current iL (t) through the inductor L;

2. the power pR1 (t) absorbed by the resistor R1 ;

3. the voltage vS (t) across the switch;

4. the maximum energy WL stored in the inductor.

Data
E = 30 V, R1 = 3 kΩ, R2 = 6 kΩ, L = 12 mH, A = 10 mA.

R1

vS (t)
E L R2 A
+
iL (t)

Figure 4.10: Circuit of Exercise 40

Solution
During the initial steady state, when t < 0 s, the inductor acts as a short
circuit and the initial current in the inductor can be calculated using super-
position:
E
I0 = iL (t < 0) = A − = 0 mA
R1
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 39

When the switch opens, the portion of the circuit on the right side of the
switch is disconnected. Thus the final value of the current through the
inductor is:
E
I∞ = iL (t → ∞) = − = −10 mA
R1
and the time constant is:
L
τ= = 4 µs
R1
The analytic expression of the current iL (t) when t > 0 s is:
t 5
iL (t) = (I0 − I∞ )e− τ + I∞ = 10e−2.5×10 t − 10 mA

The current iL (t) is also the current flowing through the resistor R1 , so it
absorbs the power:
5 5
pR1 = R1 i2L (t) = 300(e−5×10 t − 2e−2.5×10 t + 1) mW

The voltage drop across the switch can be calculated using the Kirchhoff
voltage law:

diL (t) 5
vS (t) = vL (t) − v2 (t) = L − R2 A = −30e−2.5×10 t − 60 V
dt
Finally, the maximum energy stored in the inductor is obtained when the
current is maximum, i.e. when t → ∞
1 2
WL = LI∞ = 0.6 µJ
2

Exercise 41
In the circuit of Fig. 4.11, the switch S is initially open and the circuit is in
steady state condition. At t = t0 the switch is closed and then re-opened at
t = t1 . Calculate:

1. the analytic expression of the voltage vC (t) when t0 < t < t1 and
qualitatively plot it;

2. the energy absorbed by the resistors R2 and R3 when t > t1 .

Data
A = 50 mA, R1 = 100 Ω, R2 = 300 Ω, R3 = 200 Ω, C = 100 µF, t0 = 0 ms,
t1 = 80 ms.
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 40

R3
S

A R1 R2 C vC (t)

Figure 4.11: Circuit for Exercise 41

Solution
 t 
−
vC (t) = 3.75 1 − e 27.5×10−3 V
WR2 R3 = 0.629 mJ

Exercise 42
In the circuit of Fig. 4.12 the switch S closes at t = t0 . It is assumed that
the switch was in the open status for sufficiently long time. Calculate:

1. the analytic expression of the voltage across the capacitor C1 when

t > 0;

2. the analytic expression of the current i(t) supplied by the generator

when t > 0.

Data
E = 10 V, R1 = 7.2 kΩ, R2 = 5 kΩ, C1 = 2.2 µF, C2 = 3.4 µF, t0 = 20 ms.
i(t) R1
S
+
E C1 C2 R2

Figure 4.12: Circuit for Exercise 42

CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 41

Solution
(
10 when 0 < t ≤ t0
vC (t) = −
t−t0
5.9e 17×10−3 + 4.1 V when t ≥ t0

0   when 0 < t ≤ t0
i(t) = −
t−t0
0.8194 1 − e 17×10−3 mA when t ≥ t0

Exercise 43
In the circuit of Fig. 4.13 the switch S opens at t = t0 . It is assumed that
the switch was in the closed status for sufficiently long time. Calculate the
analytic expression of the voltage across the resistor R3 when t > 0.

Data
A = 50 mA, R1 = 300 Ω, R2 = 200 Ω, R3 = 500 Ω, L = 5 mH, t0 = 0 s.
R3

R2

A R1 L

Figure 4.13: Circuit for Exercise 43

Solution
t
−
v3 (t) = 9.375 − 4.535e 6.25×10−6 V

Exercise 44
In the circuit of Fig. 4.14 the switch S opens at t = 0 s. It is assumed that
the switch was in the closed status for sufficiently long time. Calculate the
analytic expression of the current through the resistor R3 when t > 0.
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 42

Data
E = 10 V, R1 = 250 Ω, R2 = 700 Ω, R3 = 600 Ω, C = 50 µF.

R1

+
E R3 C
i3 (t)
R2

Figure 4.14: Circuit for Exercise 44

Solution
t
−
[vC (t) = 3.871 + 0.744e 18.39×10−3 V]
vC (t) − t
i3 (t) = = 6.452 + 1.241e 18.39×10−3 mA
R3

Exercise 45
In the circuit of Fig. 4.15, the switch S closes at t = t0 . It is assumed that
the switch was in the open status for sufficiently long time.
1. Calculate the analytic expression of the voltage vC (t) at the terminals
of the capacitor C when t ≥ 0;
2. plot the voltage vC (t) before and after the closing of the switch S;
3. calculate the analytic expression of the current i(t) through the resistor
R3 when t ≥ 0.

Data
e(t) = 10 V (constant), a(t) = 4 mA (constant), R1 = R4 = 7.2 kΩ,
R2 = R3 = 5 kΩ, C1 = 4.6 µF, t0 = 0 s.

R2 R3 i(t) R4
S

a(t) R1 C vC (t) e(t)

+
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 43

Figure 4.15: Circuit for Exercise 45

Solution
t
−
vC (t) = 19.4e 28.06×10−3 + 9.4 V
 t 
−
i(t) = 1.59 1 + e 28.06×10−3 mA

Exercise 46
In the circuit of Fig. 4.16, the switches S1 e S2 are initially open. The switch
S1 closes at t = 0 s, while S2 closes at t = t0 . Calculate:

1. the charging and discharging time constants of the inductor;

2. the value of the current through the inductor when t = t0 ;

3. the analytic expression of the current through the inductor when t ≤ 0,

0 ≤ t ≤ t0 and t ≥ t0

Data
E = 10 V, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 30 Ω, R3 = 20 Ω, L = 50 mH, t0 = 3 ms.

R1 L
S1
+
E S2 R2 R3

Figure 4.16: Circuit for Exercise 46

Solution

τ1 = 1.82 ms
τ2 = 2.5 ms
iL (t0 ) = 218 mA


 0A when t ≤ 0 s
 t 
−

270 1 − e 1.82×10−3 mA when 0 s ≤ t ≤ t0
iL (t) =
 t−t0
 −
218e 2.5×10−3 mA when 0 st ≥ t0

CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 44

Exercise 47
In the circuit of Fig. 4.17, the switches S1 e S2 are initially open. The switch
S1 closes at t = 0 s, while S2 closes at t = t0 . Calculate:

1. the charging and discharging time constants of the inductor;

2. the value of the voltage across the capacitor when t = t0 ;

3. the analytic expression of the voltage across the capacitor when t ≤ 0,

0 ≤ t ≤ t0 and t ≥ t0

Data
A = 20 mA, R1 = R2 = 500 Ω, R3 = 3 kΩ, C = 10 µF, t0 = 20 ms.

R2
S1

A R1 S2 R3 C

Figure 4.17: Circuit for Exercise 47

Solution

τ1 = 7.5 ms
τ2 = 4.3 ms
vC (t0 ) = 6.98 V


 0V when t ≤ 0 s
  t 
−
vC (t) = 7.5 1 − e 7.5×10−3 V when 0 s ≤ t ≤ t0
 t−t0
 −
6.98e 4.3×10−3 V when 0 st ≥ t0


Exercise 48
In the circuit of Fig. 4.18, the switch S closes when t = 0 s. Considering the
circuit in steady state when t < 0 s, calculate:

1. the energy stored in the inductor L at t = 0− s;

2. the current through the inductor L when t ≥ 0 s and plot its trend;

3. the voltage across the inductor L when t ≥ 0 s and plot its trend.
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 45

Data
E = 100 V, R1 = 5 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω, L = 5 mH
R1
S
+
E R2 L

Figure 4.18: Circuit for Exercise 48

Solution

WL = 0.11 J
t
−
iL (t) = 20 − 13.33e 1×10−3 A
t
−
vL (t) = 66.66e 1×10−3 V

Exercise 49
In the circuit of Fig. 4.19 the switch S is open and the circuit is in steady
state. At t = t0 , the switch closes and then re-opened at t = t1 . Calculate
the analytic expression of the current iL (t) when t0 < t < t1 and plot it on
a graph. Calculate the energy absorbed by the resistor R3 when t > t1 .

Data
E = 10 V, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 3 Ω, R3 = 2 Ω, L = 100 mH, t0 = 0 s, t1 = 0.3 s.

R1
S iL (t)
+
E R2 R3 L

Figure 4.19: Circuit for Exercise 49

Solution
 t 
−
iL (t) = 10 1 − e 183×10−3 A
WR3 = 3.24 J
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 46

Exercise 50
In the circuit of Fig. 4.20, the switch S is initially open. At t = t0 the switch
closes when the initial current in the inductor is I0 . Calculate:
1. the initial energy W0 stored in the inductor;
2. the analytic expression of the current iL (t) when t ≥ t0 and qualita-
tively plot it;
3. the maximum energy WL stored in the inductor;
4. the current iR1 through the resistor R1 when t < t0 and t > t0 .

Data
A = 5 mA, R1 = 3 kΩ, R2 = 2 kΩ, L = 12 mH, I0 = 2 mA, t0 = 0 s.

iR1 (t) S iL (t)

R1 A L R2

Figure 4.20: Circuit for Exercise 50

Solution
The initial current through the inductor is known, thus
1
W0 = LI02 = 24 nJ
2
iL (t) is the state variable of the transient
I0 = iL (0) = 2 mA
I∞ = iL (∞) = A = 5 mA
L
τ= = 10 µs
R1 ∥R2
t
−
iL (t) = (I0 − I∞ )e−t/τ + I∞ = 5 − 3e 10×10−6 mA
The energy is maximum at the end of the transient:
1 2
WL = LI∞ = 150 nJ
2
Finally
(
A = 5 mA when t ≤ t0
iR1 (t) = v (t) L diL (t) − t
L
= = 1.2e 10×10−6 mA when t ≥ t0
R1 R1 dt
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 47

Exercise 51
In the circuit of Fig. 4.21, the switch closes at t = 0 s. Considering the
circuit in steady state for t < 0 s, calculate:

1. the voltage Vs at the switch’s terminals when t < 0 s;

2. the initial voltage V0 at the capacitor’s terminals when t ≤ 0 s;

3. the waveform of the voltage vC (t) at the capacitor’s terminals when

t ≥ 0 s;

4. the waveform of the current i1 (t) through the resistor R1 when t < 0 s
and when t > 0 s.

Data: E = 6 V, R1 = 3 kΩ, R2 = 1.5 kΩ, R3 = 3 kΩ, C = 4 µF.

R3

Vs
R1 i1 (t)

+
E C vc (t) R2

Figure 4.21: Circuit for Exercise 51

Solution
When t < 0 s the switch is open and acts as an open circuit, as well as the
capacitor. The circuit is in steady state and equals the voltage across R1 :
E
Vs = V1 = R1 i1 = R1 =4V
R1 + R2
The voltage at the capacitor’s terminals can be found with a voltage divider
R2
V0 = E = E − Vs = 2 V
R1 + R2
Finally
E
i1 (t) = = 1.33 mA t<0s
R1 + R2
CHAPTER 4. SINGLE TIME CONSTANT TRANSIENTS 48

For t ≥ 0 s the switch is closed and vC (t) is the state variable of the
transient
R2
V∞ = VC (∞) = E=3V
R2 + R1 ||R3
τ = Req C = (R1 ||R2 ||R3 )C = 3 ms
t
−
vC (t) = (V0 − V∞ )e−t/τ + V∞ = 3 − e 3×10−3 V t≥0s

Finally

v1 (t) E − vC (t) 1 − t
i1 (t) = = = 1 + e 3×10−3 mA t ≥ 0 s
R1 R 3
Chapter 5

Sinusoidal steady state

Exercise 52
In the circuit of Fig. 5.1, calculate:

• the voltage v(t) across the load R4 − L5 in time domain;

• the current iC (t) through the capacitor C3 in time domain;

• the current ie (t) supplied by the voltage generator in time domain.

• the real power delivered to the resistor R4 ;

Data
√
e(t) = 2 230 sin(ωt + 30◦ ) V, f = 50 Hz, R1 = 0.1 Ω, L2 = 0.64 mH,
C3 = 180 µF, R4 = 5.2 Ω, L5 = 12 mH.

R1 L2 R4
ie (t) iC (t)
+
e(t) C3 v(t) L5

Figure 5.1: Circuit for Exercise 52

49
CHAPTER 5. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE 50

Solution
The first step is to report all quantities in phasor domain

E = 230∠30◦ V
Z 12 = R1 + jωL2 = 0.1 + j0.20 Ω
1
Z 3 = −j = −j17.68 Ω
ωC3
Z 45 = R4 + jωL5 = 5.2 + j3.77 Ω

The voltage across Z 45 can be calculated using Millman’s theorem

E
Z 12 √
V = 1 = 225.0∠28.8◦ V → v(t) = 2 225.0 sin(ωt+28.8◦ ) V
Z 12 + Z1 + Z1
3 45

Then the current through Z 3 and Z 45 are

V √
IC = = 12.8∠118.8◦ A → iC (t) = 2 12.8 sin(ωt + 118.8◦ ) A
Z3
V
I 45 = = 35.1∠ − 7.2◦ A
Z 45

Using KCL:
√
I E = I C + I 45 = 29.5∠13.3◦ A → ie (t) = 2 29.5 sin(ωt + 13.3◦ ) A

Finally the power delivered to R4 is

2
P4 = R4 I45 = 6411 W

Exercise 53
In the sinusoidal steady-state circuit of Fig. 5.2, calculate:

1. the current iL (t) (in time domain) through the inductor L;

2. the voltage v2 (t) (in time domain) across the resistor R2 ;

3. the real power supplied by the current generator a(t).

Data
R1√= 0.5 kΩ, R2 = 1 kΩ, L = √ 120 mH, C = 0.2 µF, f = 2 kHz, e(t) =
◦
10 2 sin(ωt + 30 ) V, a(t) = 2 2 sin(ωt) mA.
CHAPTER 5. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE 51

R1 L iL (t)

e(t) C R2 v2 (t) a(t)

+

Figure 5.2: Circuit for Exercise 53

Solution
Parameters in phasor domain

ω = 2πf = 12566 rad/s

XL = ωL = 1.508 kΩ
−1
XC = = −397 Ω
ωC
By applying the superposition principle
jXC E R2
IL = − × + A = 2.546∠102.3◦ mA
R2 + j(XL + XC ) R1 + jXC ∥(R2 + jXL ) R2 + R1 ∥jXC + jXL

that in time domain corresponds to:

√
iL (t) = 2.546 2 sin(ωt + 102.3◦ ) mA

V 2 = R2 I 2 = R2 (I L − A) = 3.558∠135.6◦ V
or, in time domain,
√
v2 (t) = 3.558 2 sin(ωt + 135.6◦ ) V

Finally, the real power supplied by the current generator is

Pa = ℜ {−V 2 A∗ } = ℜ {5.088 − j4.974 mVA} = 5.088 mW

Exercise 54
In the circuit of Fig. 5.3, calculate the power absorbed by the resistor R2 .

Data
R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 5 Ω, XL = 2 Ω, XC = −3 Ω, E 1 = 3 V, E 2 = j4 V,
A = −j2 A.
CHAPTER 5. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE 52

XC

R1 XL

R2 E2
+
+
E1 A

Figure 5.3: Circuit for Exercise 54

Solution
PR2 = 4.014 W

Exercise 55
In the circuit of Fig. 5.4, calculate the reactive power absorbed by the in-
ductor of reactance XL2 .

Data
XL1 = 4 Ω, XC = −3 Ω, R = 2 Ω, XL2 = 2 Ω, E 1 = 2 V, E 2 = −j3 V,
A = j2 A.
XL1

XC R
+
E1 XL2

A E2
+

Figure 5.4: Circuit for Exercise 55

Solution
QL2 = 5.538 var
CHAPTER 5. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE 53

Exercise 56
In the circuit of Fig. 5.5, calculate the reactive power supplied by the current
generator A.

Data
|XC | = |XL1 | = 2 Ω, |XL2 | = 4 Ω, A = 2 + j A, E 1 = j2 V, R1 = R2 = 2 Ω,
E 2 = 4 V.

XC A XL1
XL2
+
E1 R1 R2 E2
+
Q

Figure 5.5: Circuit for Exercise 56

Solution
First, let’s transform the right branch into its Thévenin equivalent:
R2
V TH = − E = −0.8 + j1.6 V
R2 + jXL2 2
ZT H = jXL1 + R2 ∥jXL2 = 1.6 + j2.8 Ω

Now, the Millman’s theorem can be used to calculate the voltage at P − Q

terminals:
E1 V
+ A + TH
jXC ZT H
V PQ = = 7 − j1 V
1 1
+
jXC ZT H

The voltage across the current generator can be obtained using the KVL:

V A = R1 A + V P Q = 11 + j1 V

Finally, the reactive power supplied by the generator is:

QA = ℑ{V A A∗ } = −9 var
CHAPTER 5. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE 54

Exercise 57
In the circuit of Fig. 5.6 calculate and draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit
at the terminals A − B.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
jXL

+
R1 E2

R2 A

+
E1 A jXC

Figure 5.6: Circuit for Exercise 57

Solution

Z T H = jXC ∥ [R1 + (R2 ∥jXL )]

jXC R1 jXC
V TH = − A+ E
R1 + jXC + R2 ∥jXL jXC + R1 + R2 ∥jXL 1
jXC R2 ∥(R1 + jXC )
− × E
R1 + jXC R2 ∥(R1 + jXC ) + jXL 2

Exercise 58
In the circuit of Fig. 5.7 calculate and draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit
at the terminals A − B.

Data
Only symbolic calculations are required.
CHAPTER 5. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE 55

R1

+
jXL E2
jXC
A

+
E1 A R2

Figure 5.7: Circuit for Exercise 58

Solution

Z T H = R2 ∥ [jXL + (R1 ∥jXC )]

jXL R2 R2
V TH = − A+ E
R2 + jXL + R1 ∥jXC R2 + jXL + R1 ∥jXC 1
jXC R2 1
− × E
R2 + j(XL + XC ) R1 + jXC ∥ (R2 + jXL ) 2

Exercise 59
In the circuit of Fig. 5.8, working in sinusoidal steady state, calculate:

1. the current I E supplied by the voltage generator E;

2. the complex power S E supplied by the voltage generator E;

3. the voltage V 2 across the resistor R2 .

Data
XC1 = XC2 = −10 Ω, R1 = 5 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω, XL1 = XL2 = 5 Ω, E =
100 ejπ/4 V.
CHAPTER 5. SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE 56

R1 XL1

V2
R2
+
XC1 E XC2

XL2

Figure 5.8: Circuit for Exercise 59

Solution
The equivalent impedance at the right of the voltage generator V is:

Z R = R1 + jXC2 ∥ [R2 + j(XL1 + XL2 )] = 15 − j10 Ω

The total impedance at the generator’s terminals is:

Z T = jXC1 ∥Z R = 2.4 − j6.8 Ω

So the total current supplied by the generator and the complex power are,
respectively:
E
IE = = −5.98 + j12.51 A = 13.87∠115.6◦ A
ZT
S E = E I ∗E = 461.5 − j1307.7 VA = 1386.7∠ − 70.6◦ VA

The voltage across the resistor R2 can be calculated by applying two times
the voltage divider rule:

R2 jXC2 ∥ [R2 + j (XL1 + XL2 )]

V2 = × ×E
R2 + j (XL1 + XL2 ) R1 + jXC2 ∥ [R2 + j (XL1 + XL2 )]
= 54.39 − j10.88 V = 55.47∠ − 11.3◦ V
Chapter 6

Non sinusoidal periodic regime

Exercise 60
In the circuit of Fig. 6.1, calculate the current waveform i2 (t), the power
p2 (t) delivered to the resistor R2 and the average value of the energy WL
stored in the inductor in steady state condition.

Data
√
e(t) = 2 2 sin(t) V, a(t) = 1.5 A, R1 = R2 = 3 Ω, L = 2 H, C = 1 F.
a(t)

L C

+
e(t) R1 R2
i2 (t)

Figure 6.1: Circuit for Exercise 60

Solution
Applying superposition: AC circuit

ω = 1 rad/s
XL = ωL = 2 Ω
−1
XC = = −1 Ω
ωC
E=2V

57
CHAPTER 6. NON SINUSOIDAL PERIODIC REGIME 58

E
I ′L = = 0.5644 − j0.6436 A = 0.8560∠ − 48.75◦ A
jXL + R1 ||(R2 + jXC )
R1
I ′2 = I ′ = 0.3267 − j0.2673 A = 0.4222∠ − 39.29◦ A
R1 + (R2 + jXC ) L

DC circuit

IL′′ = 0 A
I2′′ = −a(t) = −1.5 A

Summing up in the time domain

√
iL (t) = 0.8560 2 sin(t − 48.75◦ ) A
√
i2 (t) = 0.4222 2 sin(t − 39.29◦ ) − 1.5 A

Power delivered to R2

p2 (t) = R2 i22 (t) = −0.5347 cos(2t−78.58◦ )−5.3732 sin(t−39.29◦ )+7.2847 W

Average energy stored in L

Z
1 1 2 1 2
WL = LiL (t)dt = LIL,rms = 0.7327 J
T T 2 2

Exercise 61
In the circuit of Fig. 6.2, calculate the current iL (t) through the inductor
and iC (t) through the capacitor.

Data
√
E1 = 6 V (constant), e2 (t) = 8 2 sin(ωt + 30◦ ) V (sinusoidal), R1 = 3 Ω,
R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 1 Ω, C = 13 µF, L = 4 µH, ω = 106 rad/s.

R1 R3 R2

+
iC (t) iL (t) +
E1 C L e2 (t)

Figure 6.2: Circuit for Exercise 61

CHAPTER 6. NON SINUSOIDAL PERIODIC REGIME 59

Solution
The circuit can be solved using the superposition. DC circuit:

i′C (t) = 0 A
E1
i′L (t) = = 1.5 A
R1 + R3
AC circuit:

E 2 = 8∠30◦ V
jXL = jωL = j4 Ω
1
jXC = −j = −j3 Ω
ωC

The impedance at the generator’s terminals is:

Z gen = R2 + jXL∥(R3 + R1 ∥jXC ) = 5.2 + j0.8 Ω

The current supplied by the generator is:

E2
I2 = = 1.417 + j0.551 A = 1.521∠21.25◦ A
Z gen

Using the current divider rule, it is possible to calculate the current through
the inductor:
R3 + R1 ∥jXC
IL = I = 0.724 − j1.024 A = 1.254∠ − 54.71◦ A
R3 + R1 ∥jXC + jXL 2

Finally, the current through the capacitor can be calculated by applying the
current divider rule to the current I 3 :

I 3 = I 2 − I L = 0.693 + j1.575 A = 1.720∠66.25◦ A

R1
IC = I = −0.4408 + j1.1335 A = 1.2162∠111.25◦ A
R1 + jXC 3

Exercise 62
In the circuit of Fig. 6.3, calculate the current i(t) and the voltage v(t) (in
time domain).

Data
√
e(t) = 10 2 sin(2t + 90◦ ) V, a(t) = 3 A (costant), R = 5 Ω, L = 2 H,
C = 1/8 F.
CHAPTER 6. NON SINUSOIDAL PERIODIC REGIME 60

R i(t)

+
e(t) L v(t) C a(t)

Figure 6.3: Circuit for Exercise 62

Solution
The circuit can be solved using the superposition. AC contribution:

E = j10 V
jXL = jωL = 4 Ω
j
jXC = − = −4 Ω
ωC
Z eq = R + jXL ∥jXC → ∞
I ′ = E/Z eq = 0 A
V ′ = E = j10 V

and, in time domain:

i′ (t) = 0 A
√
v ′ (t) = 10 2 sin(2t + 90◦ ) V

DC contribution: the inductor acts as a short circuit, thus

i′′ (t) = 0 A
v ′ (t) = 0 V

By superposition:

i(t) = i′ (t) + i′′ (t) = 0 A

√
v(t) = v ′ (t) + v ′′ (t) = 10 2 sin(2t + 90◦ ) V

Exercise 63
In the circuit of Fig. 6.4, calculate the current waveform i(t) in the resistor
R2 and the average value of the power absorbed by R2 .
CHAPTER 6. NON SINUSOIDAL PERIODIC REGIME 61

Data
1
R1 = 3 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω, L1 = L2 = 2 H, L3 = 3 H, C = F, e(t) =
√ √ 3
10 2 cos(2t) V, a(t) = 3 2 cos(t + π2 ) A.
C L3 R1 i(t)

L1 L2 a(t) R2
e(t)
+

Figure 6.4: Circuit for Exercise 63

Solution
√ √
i(t) = 0.426 2 cos(2t + 158.8◦ ) + 1.342 2 cos(t + 100.3◦ ) A
< p(t) > = 7.929 W

Exercise 64
In the circuit of Fig. 6.5, calculate the current waveform i(t) in the resistor
R1 and the average value (over a period) of the power absorbed by R1 .

Data
1
R1 = R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 3 Ω, L1 = 1 H, L2 = 3 H, C = F, e(t) =
√ √ 4
3 2 sin(t) V, a(t) = 2 2 cos(2t) A.

L2 C R2

i(t) L1
+
a(t) R1 e(t)

R3

Figure 6.5: Circuit for Exercise 64

Solution
√ √
i(t) = 0.421 2 cos(t − 100.8◦ ) + 2 2 cos(2t) A
< p1 (t) > = 8.354 W
CHAPTER 6. NON SINUSOIDAL PERIODIC REGIME 62

Exercise 65
In the circuit of Fig. 6.6, calculate the current waveform i(t) and the average
value (over a period) of the energy stored in the inductor in steady state
condition.

Data
√ 1 2
e(t) = 3 + 2 2 sin(3t) V, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω, C = 3 F, L = 3 H.

R1 i(t) L

+
e(t) C R2

Figure 6.6: Circuit for Exercise 65

√
i(t) = 0.6 + 1.229 2 sin (3t − 40.6◦ ) A
< WL (t) > = 623 mJ

Exercise 66
In the circuit of Fig. 6.7, calculate the voltage waveform v(t) and the average
value (over a period) of the energy stored in the capacitor in steady state
condition.

Data
√ 1
e(t) = 2 + 3 2 sin(2t) V, R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω, C = 4 F, L = 3 H.
v(t)
R1

C
e(t) L R2
+

Figure 6.7: Circuit for Exercise 66

√
v(t) = −2 + 1.59 2 sin (2t + 92.34◦ ) V
< WC (t) > = 816 mJ
Chapter 7

Power balance in single phase

AC circuits

Exercise 67
In the single phase system of Fig. 7.1, calculate:
1. the magnitude of the current I1 ;
2. the magnitude of the current IA ;
3. the magnitude of the voltage V3 ;
4. the magnitude of the current I3 .

Data
R1 = 16 Ω, X1 = 20 Ω, V1 = 400 V, Z L = 0.293 + j0.390 Ω, PA = 5 kW,
QA = 4 kvar.

I3 Z L I1

V3 IA V1 R1 X1

PA , QA

63
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 64

Figure 7.1: Circuit for Exercise 67

Solution
Section ○
1

V12
P1 = = 10 kW
R1
V2
Q1 = 1 = 8 kvar
X1
p
P12 + Q21
I1 = = 32.0 A
V1
Section ○
2

I2 = I1
P2 = P1 + RL I22 = 10300 W
Q2 = Q1 + XL I22 = 8400 var
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = = 415.1 V
I2
Section ○
A

VA = V2
q
PA2 + Q2A
IA = = 15.4 A
VA
Section ○
3

V3 = V2
P3 = P2 + PA = 15300 W
Q3 = Q2 + QA = 12400 var
V12
Q1 = = 8 kvar
X1
p
P32 + Q23
I3 = = 47.4 A
V3

Exercise 68
In the single-phase circuit of Fig. 7.2, using the method of power balance,
calculate:

1. the current at the beginning of the line I1 ;

CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 65

2. the line voltage V2 ;

3. the current IA absorbed by load A;

4. the current I3 absorbed by load 3;

Data
V1 = 300 V, P1 = 5 kW, Q1 = 5 kvar, Z L = 0.8∠60◦ Ω, RA = 15 Ω,
XA = 12 Ω.

I1 ZL I3
P3
IA
V1 V2
Q3

RA XA

Figure 7.2: Circuit for Exercise 68

Solution
Section ○
1
p
P12 + Q21
I1 = = 23.57 A
V1
Section ○
2

I2 = I1
RL = ℜ{Z L } = 0.4 Ω
XL = ℑ{Z L } = 0.693 Ω
PL = RL I22 = 222 W
QL = XL I22 = 385 var
P2 = P1 − PL = 4778 W
Q2 = Q1 − QL = 4615 var
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = = 281.83 V
I2
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 66

Section ○
A
VA = V2
q
ZA = RA 2 + X 2 = 19.209 Ω
A
VA
IA = = 14.67 A
ZA
2
PA = RA IA = 3229 W
2
QA = XA IA = 2583 var

Section ○
3
V3 = V2
P3 = P2 − PA = 1549 W
Q3 = Q2 − QA = 2032 var
p
P32 + Q23
I3 = = 9.07 A
V3

Exercise 69
In the single phase system of Fig. 7.3, calculate:
1. the impedance Z 1 (complex number) of the load 1;
2. the voltage V2 across the load Z A ;
3. the current I3 at the beginning of the line.
4. the equivalent total impedance Z 3 (complex number) at the input
terminals.

Data
P1 = 500 W, Q1 = 200 var, V1 = 220 V, Z L = 2 + j2 Ω, Z A = 50 + j20 Ω.

I3 ZL

ZA V2 V1 P1 , Q1

Figure 7.3: Circuit for Exercise 69

CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 67

Solution
Section ○
1
p
P12 + Q21
I1 = = 2.45 A
V1
P1
R1 = 2 = 83.45 Ω
I1
Q1
X1 = 2 = 33.38 Ω
I1
Z 1 = R1 + jX1 = 83.45 + j33.38 Ω

Section ○
2

I2 = I1
P12 = RL I22 = 11.98 W
Q12 = XL I22 = 11.98 var
P2 = P1 + P12 = 511.98 W
Q2 = Q1 + Q12 = 211.98 var
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = = 226.38 V
I2
Section ○
3

V3 = V2
V2
IA = = 4.20 A
ZA
2
P23 = PA = RA IA = 883.59 W
2
Q23 = QA = XA IA = 353.43 var
P3 = P2 + PA = 1395.60 W
Q3 = Q2 + QA = 565.42 var
p
P32 + Q23
I3 = = 6.65 A
V3
The equivalent impedance Z 3 may be calculated in different ways

1. through the real and reactive powers:

P3
R3 = = 31.54 Ω
I32
Q3
X3 = 2 = 12.78 Ω
I3
Z 3 = R3 + jX3 = 31.54 + j12.78 Ω
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 68

2. using series and parallel connections:

Z 3 = Z A ∥(Z L + Z 1 ) = 31.54 + j12.78 Ω

3. calculating magnitude and phase:

V3
Z3 = = 34.03 Ω
I3
Q3
φ3 = arctan = 22.05◦
P3
Z 3 = Z3 ∠φ3 = 34.03∠22.05◦ Ω

Exercise 70
In the single phase system of Fig. 7.4, using the method of power balance,
calculate:

1. the power P1 and the current I1 of the load 1;

2. the current IA and the power factor cos φA of the load A;

3. the power P2 and the reactive power Q2 of the load 1 and A combined;

4. the voltage V3 and the power factor cos φ3 at the beginning of the line.

5. specify if the power factor cos φ3 must be corrected and explain why.

Data
R1 = 2 Ω, X1 = 4 Ω, Z A = 2.4 + j1.2Ω V1 = 110 V, Z L = 0.1 + j0.2 Ω.

I3 ZL I1

V3 V1 R1 X1

ZA

Figure 7.4: Circuit for Exercise 70

CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 69

Solution
Section ○
1

V12
P1 = = 6.050 kW
R1
V2
Q1 = 1 = 3.025 kvar
X1
p
P12 + Q21
I1 = = 61.492 A
V1
Section ○
A

VA = V1
VA
IA = q = 40.995 A
2 + X2
RA A
2
PA = RA IA = 4.033 kW
2
QA = XA IA = 2.017 kvar
 
QA
cos φA = cos arctan = 0.894
PA

Section ○
2

V2 = V1
P2 = P1 + PA = 10.083 kW
Q2 = Q1 + QA = 5.042 kar
p
P22 + Q22
I2 = = 102.486 A
V2
Section ○
3

I3 = I2
PL = RL I32 = 1.050 kW
QL = XL I32 = 2.101 kvar
P3 = P2 + PL = 11.134 kW
Q3 = Q2 + QL = 7.142 kar
p
P32 + Q23
V3 = = 129.068 V
I3
 
Q3
cos φ3 = cos arctan = 0.8417
P3

The power factor must be corrected because its value is lower than 0.9
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 70

Exercise 71
In the single-phase system of Fig. 7.5, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the current I1 ;

2. the magnitude of the current IA ;

3. the current at the beginning of the line I3 ;

4. the voltage at the beginning of the line V3 .

Data
V1 = 400 V, P1 = 3 kW, Q1 = 1.5 kvar, Z L = 0.15 + j0.2 Ω, PA = 2.5 kW,
cos φA = 0.7.

I3 ZL I1

V3 IA V1 P1 , Q1

PA , cos φA

Figure 7.5: Circuit for Exercise 71

Solution
Section ○
1
p
P12 + Q21
I1 = = 8.4 A
V1
Section ○
2

I2 = I1
P2 = P1 + RL I22 = 3011 W
Q2 = Q1 + XL I22 = 1514 var
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = = 401.9 V
I2
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 71

Section ○
A

VA = V2
PA
IA = = 8.9 A
VA cos φA
QA = PA tan φA = 2551 var

Section ○
3

V3 = V2
P3 = P2 + PA = 5511 W
Q3 = Q2 + QA = 4065 var
p
P32 + Q23
I3 = = 17 A
V3

Exercise 72
In the circuit of Fig. 7.6, calculate the power loss in the line PL and the
voltage V2 upstream the line. The power factor of the load is corrected to
0.9 by connecting a capacitor at the terminals A−B. Re-calculate the power
PL′ and the voltage V2′ in the new configuration.
Assuming a constant load P1 for a year and a cost of energy of c = 0.15 e/kWh,
calculate the savings over a year when the power factor is corrected.

Data
P1 = 12 kW, cos φ1 = 0.55, V1 = 230 V, Z L = 0.25 + j0.3 Ω, f = 50 Hz.

ZL A

V2 V1 P1 , cos φ1

Figure 7.6: Circuit for Exercise 72

CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 72

Solution
Section ○
1

Q1 = P1 tan φ1 = 18.222 kvar

P1
I1 = = 94.86 A
V1 cos φ1
Section ○
2

I2 = I1
PL = RL I22 = 2.250 kW
QL = XL I22 = 2.700 kvar
P2 = P1 + PL = 14.250 kW
Q2 = Q1 + QL = 20.921 kvar
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = = 266.8 V
I2
After the power factor correction

Q′1 = P1 tan φ′1 = 5.812 kvar

P1
I1′ = = 57.97 A
V1 cos φ′1
I2′ = I1′
PL′ = RL I2′2 = 0.840 kW
Q′L = XL I2′2 = 1.008 kvar
P2′ = P1 + PL′ = 12.840 kW
Q′2 = Q′1 + Q′L = 6.820 kvar
p
′ P2′2 + Q′2
2
V2 = = 250.8 V
I2′

The energy saved in a year (8760 hours) is:

W = (PL − PL′ ) × 8760 = 12.352 kWh

and the saving in euro is:

saving = c × W = 1853 e

Exercise 73
In the single-phase system of Fig. 7.7, calculate:
1. the magnitude of the voltage V2 ;
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 73

2. the magnitude of the current IA ;

3. the magnitude of the current I3 ;
4. the values of the resistance R3 and reactance X3 .

Data
V1 = 400 V, I1 = 32 A, cos φ1 = 0.8, Z L = 0.2 + j0.2 Ω, PA = 3 kW,
QA = 2 kvar.

I1 , cos φ1 ZL I3

V1 V2 R3 X3

IA

PA , QA

Figure 7.7: Circuit for Exercise 73

Solution
Section ○
1
P1 = V1 I1 cos φ1 = 10.240 kW
Q1 = P1 tan φ1 = 7.680 kvar
Section ○
2
I2 = I1
P2 = P1 − RL I22 = 10.035 kW
Q2 = Q1 − XL I22 = 7.475 kvar
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = = 391.04 V
I2
Section ○A
VA = V2
q
PA2 + Q2A
IA = = 9.220 A
VA
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 74

Section ○
3

V3 = V2
P3 = P2 − PA = 7.035 kW
Q3 = Q2 − QA = 5.475 kvar
p
P32 + Q23
I3 = = 22.797 A
V3
V2
R3 = 3 = 21.736 Ω
P3
V2
X3 = 3 = 27.928 Ω
Q3

Exercise 74
In the circuit of Fig. 7.8, calculate:

1. the capacitor C1 to be connected at terminals A − B to obtain a power

factor of 0.9;

2. the magnitude of the current I (with C1 inserted);

3. the capacitor C2 to be connected at terminals M −N to obtain a power

factor of 0.9 (with C1 inserted).

Data
P1 = 10 kW, Q1 = 10 kvar, V1 = 400 V, Z L = 5∠60◦ Ω, f = 50 Hz.

I M ZL A

V1 P1 , Q1

N B

Figure 7.8: Circuit for Exercise 74

CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 75

Solution
Section ○
1’

Q′1 = P1 tan φ′1 = 4.843 kvar

P12 + Q′2
I1′ = 1
= 27.78 A
V1
QC1 = Q′1 − Q1 = −5.157 kvar
V12
XC1 = = −31.03 Ω
QC1
−1
C1 = = 102.59 µF
ωXC1
Section ○
2

PL = ℜ{Z L }I1′2 = 1.929 kW

QL = ℑ{Z L }I1′2 = 3.341 kvar
P2 = P1 + PL = 11.929 kW
Q2 = Q′1 + QL = 8.184 kvar
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = = 520.80 V
I1′
Section ○
2’

Q′2 = P2 tan φ′2 = 5.778 kvar

QC2 = Q′2 − Q2 = −2.407 kvar
V22
XC2 = = −112.69 Ω
QC2
−1
C2 = = 28.25 µF
ωXC2

Exercise 75
In the single-phase circuit of Fig. 7.9, using the power balance method,
calculate:
1. the value of the load impedance Z 1 = R1 + jX1 ;

2. the value of the capacitance C needed to correct the power factor of

load 1 to cos φ′1 = 0.9;

3. the efficiency η of the line (with the power factor correction);

4. the voltage V2 at the beginning of the line (with the power factor
correction).
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 76

Data
V1 = 220 V, I1 = 15 A, P1 = 1.5 kW, Z L = 1 + j2 Ω, f = 50 Hz.
ZL I1

V2 V1 P1

Figure 7.9: Circuito dell’Esercizio 75

Solution

Z 1 = 6.67 + j13.06 Ω
C = 145µF
η = 96.3%
V2 = 233.6 V

Exercise 76
In the circuit of Fig. 7.10, calculate:

1. the capacitor C1 to be connected at terminals A − B to obtain a power

factor of 0.9;

2. the magnitude of the current I (with C1 inserted);

3. the capacitor C2 to be connected at terminals M −N to obtain a power

factor of 0.9 (with C1 inserted).

Data
P1 = 10 kW, cos φ1 = 0.5, V1 = 380 V, Z L = 1 + j5 Ω, f = 50 Hz.
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 77

I M ZL A

V1 P1 , cos φ1

N B

Figure 7.10: Circuit for Exercise 76

C1 = 275 µF
I = 29.24 A
C2 = 52.3 µF

Exercise 77
In the single-phase system of Fig. 7.11, calculate:
1. the magnitude of the current IA ;
2. the magnitude of the current IB ;
3. the current at the beginning of the line I;
4. the voltage at the beginning of the line V .

Data
RA = 40 Ω, CA = 79.58 µF, VA = 220 V, PB = 1.2 kW, cos φB = 0.8
(inductive), RC = 1 Ω, LC = 3.185 mH, f = 50 Hz.

I RC LC IA

RA

V VA

CA

IB

PB , cos φB
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 78

Figure 7.11: Circuit for Exercise 77

IA = 3.89 A
IB = 6.82 A
I = 8.31 A
V = 229.77 V

Exercise 78
In the single-phase system of Fig. 7.12, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the current IA ;

2. the magnitude of the current IB ;

3. the current at the beginning of the line I;

4. the voltage at the beginning of the line V .

Data
PA = 650 W, QA = −650 var, VA = 220 V, RB = 60 Ω, LB = 190.99 mH,
RC = 0.8 Ω, LC = 2.546 mH, f = 50 Hz.

I RC LC IA

V VA P A QA

IB
RB LB

Figure 7.12: Circuit for Exercise 78

IA = 4.18 A
IB = 2.59 A
I = 4.92 A
V = 222.87 V
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 79

Exercise 79
In the single-phase system of Fig. 7.13, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the current I3 ;

2. the magnitude of the current IA ;

3. the voltage at the beginning of the line V1 ;

4. the current at the beginning of the line I1 .

Data
Z L = 1 + j1 Ω, V3 = 600 V, P3 = 7 kW, Q3 = 5 kvar, PA = 5 kW,
cos φA = 0.707 (inductive).

I1 Z L I3

V1 IA V3 P3 , Q3

PA , cos φA

Figure 7.13: Circuit for Exercise 79

I3 = 14.34 A
IA = 11.41 A
V1 = 619.9 V
I1 = 25.67 A

Exercise 80
In the single-phase system of Fig. 7.14, calculate:

1. the current at the beginning of the line I1 ;

2. the real power absorbed by the load P2 ;

CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 80

3. the reactive power absorbed by the load Q2 ;

4. the load voltage V2 .

Data
V1 = 406 V, P1 = 50 kW, cos φ1 = 0.89, Z L = 0.1 + j0.2 Ω

I1 ZL

V1 V2 P2 , Q2

○
1
Figure 7.14: Circuit for Exercise 80

I1 = 138.37 A
P2 = 48.086 kW
Q2 = 21.787 kvar
V2 = 381.52 V

Exercise 81
In the single phase system of Fig. 7.15, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the current IA ;

2. the real power P3 ;

3. the magnitude of the current I3 ;

4. the power factor cos φ3 .

Data
P1 = 10 kW, V1 = 400 V, I1 = 35 A, Z L = 0.25 + j0.3 Ω, PA = 5 kW,
QA = 3 kvar.
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 81

I1 ZL I3

V1 P3 , cos φ3

IA

PA , Q A

Figure 7.15: Circuit for Exercise 81

Solution
Section ○
1
q
Q1 = (V1 I1 )2 − P12 = 9798 var
 
Q1
cos φ1 = cos arctan = 0.714
P1

Section ○
2

I2 = I1
P2 = P1 − RL I22 = 9694 W
Q2 = Q1 − XL I22 = 9431 var
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = = 386.4 V
I2
Section ○
A

VA = V2
q
PA2 + Q2A
IA = = 15.1 A
VA
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 82

Section ○
3
V3 = V2
P3 = P2 − PA = 4694 W
Q3 = Q2 − QA = 6431 var
p
P32 + Q23
I3 = = 20.6 A
V
3 
Q3
cos φ1 = cos arctan = 0.590
P3

Exercise 82
In the single phase system of Fig. 7.16, calculate:
1. the magnitude of the voltage V1 ;
2. the magnitude of the current IA ;
3. the magnitude of the current I3 ;
4. the magnitude of the voltage V3 .

Data
P1 = 5 kW, Q1 = 6.5 kvar, I1 = 22 A, PA = 5 kW, cos φA = 0.85,
Z L = 0.25 + j0.3 Ω.

I3 ZL I1

V3 V1 P1 , Q 1

IA

PA , cos φA

Figure 7.16: Circuit for Exercise 82

Solution
Section ○
1
q
V1 = P12 + Q21 I1 = 372.8 V
CHAPTER 7. SINGLE PHASE POWER BALANCE 83

Section ○
A

VA = V1
PA
IA = = 15.8 A
VA cos φA
QA = PA tan(arccos φA ) = 3099 var

Section ○
2

V2 = VA
P2 = P1 + PA = 10000 W
Q2 = Q1 + QA = 9599 var
p
P22 + Q22
I2 = = 37.2 A
V2
Section ○
3

I3 = I2
P3 = P2 + RL I32 = 10346 W
Q3 = Q2 + XL I32 = 10014 var
p
P32 + Q23
V3 = = 387.2 V
I3
Chapter 8

Three phase systems

Exercise 83
In the three-phase system of Fig. 8.1, calculate:

1. the real power absorbed by the line P2 ;

2. the voltage at the beginning of the line V2 ;

Correct the load power factor in section ○

1 in order to have cos φ′1 = 0.9.
Calcolate:

1. the new real power absorbed by the line P2′ ;

2. the voltage at the beginning of the line V2′ ;

after the power factor correction

Data
Dati: V1 = 400 V, P1 = 50 kW, Q1 = 50 kvar, Z l = 0.3 + j0.6 Ω

I2 ZL

V2 V1
P1 , Q1

○
1
Figure 8.1: Circuit for Exercise 83

84
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 85

Solution
Before the power factor correction
Section ○1
p
P12 + Q21
I1 = √ = 102.1 A
3V1
Section ○
2

I2 = I1
P2 = P1 + 3RL I22 = 59.375 kW
Q2 = Q1 + 3XL I22 = 68750 kvar
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = √ = 513.9 V
3I2
After the power factor correction
Section ○
1’
P1
I1′ = √ = 80.2 A
3V1 cos φ′1
Q′1 = P1 tan φ′1 = 24216 var

Section ○
2

I2′ = I1′
P2′ = P1 + 3RL I2′2 = 55.787 kW
Q′2 = Q′1 + 3XL I2′2 = 35.790 kvar
p
′ P2′2 + Q′2
V2 = √ ′ 2 = 477.2 V
3I2

Exercise 84
In the three-phase circuit of Fig. 8.2, using the method of power balance,
calculate:

1. the power P1 and the power factor cos φ1 of the load 1;

2. the power P2 and the reactive power Q2 of the loads 1 and A;

3. the voltage V3 and the power factor cos φ3 at the beginning of the line.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 86

Data
Z 1 = 15 + j6 Ω star connected, Z A = 30 + j21 Ω delta connected, Z L =
0.5 + j1 Ω, V1 = 400 V.

ZL

V3 V1
Z1

ZA

Figure 8.2: Circuit for Exercise 84

Solution
Section ○
1
V1
I1 = √ = 14.29 A
3Z1
P1 = 3R1 I12 = 9.195 kW
Q1 = 3X1 I12 = 3.678 kvar
   
X1 Q1
cos φ1 = cos arctan = cos arctan = 0.929
R1 P1

Section ○
A

VA = V1
V1
IA = = 10.923 A (phase current)
ZA
2
PA = 3RA IA = 10.738 kW
2
QA = 3XA IA = 7.517 kvar
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 87

Section ○
2

V2 = V1
P2 = P1 + PA = 19.934 kW
Q2 = Q1 + QA = 11.195 kvar
p
P22 + Q22
I2 = √ = 32.999 A
3V2
Section ○
3

I3 = I2
PL = 3RL I32 = 1.633 kW
QL = 3XL I32 = 3.267 kvar
P3 = P2 + PL = 21.567 kW
Q3 = Q2 + QL = 14.462 kvar
p
P32 + Q23
V3 = √ = 454.320 V
3I3
 
Q3
cos φ3 = cos arctan = 0.831
P3

Exercise 85
In the three phase system of Fig. 8.3, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the current I1 ;

2. the magnitude of the current IC ;

3. the magnitude of the current I2 ;

4. the power factor at the beginning of the line cos φ2

Data
P1 = 1 kW, cos φ1 = 0.6 (inductive), V = 380 V, QC = −0.5 kvar.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 88

I2 I1

V IC
P1 , cos φ1

XC

Figure 8.3: Circuit for Exercise 85

Solution
Section ○
1

V1 = V
P1
I1 = √ = 2.53 A
3V1 cos φ1
Q1 = P1 tan φ1 = 1333 var

Section ○
C

VC = V
QC QC
IC = √ = −√ = 0.76 A
3V1 sin φC 3V1
Section ○
2

V2 = V
P2 = P1
Q2 = Q1 + QC = 833 var
p
P22 + Q22
I2 = √ = 1.97 A
3V2
Q2
cos φ2 = cos arctan = 0.77
P2

Exercise 86
In the three-phase system of Fig. 8.4, calculate:
1. the magnitude of the voltage V2 ;
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 89

2. the magnitude of the current IA ;

3. the value of the apparent power S3 ;

4. the values of the real and imaginary parts of the impedance Z 3 =

R3 + jX3 .

Data
V1 = 400 V, I1 = 32 A, cos φ1 = 0.8, Z L = 0.2 + j0.2 Ω, PA = 3 kW,
QA = 2 kvar.

I1 , cos φ1 ZL Z3

V1 V2

IA

PA , QA

Figure 8.4: Circuit for Exercise 86

Solution
Section ○
1
√
P1 = 3V1 I1 cos φ1 = 17.736 kW
Q1 = P1 tan φ1 = 13.302 kvar

Section ○
2

I2 = I1
P2 = P1 − 3RL I22 = 17.122 kW
Q2 = Q1 − 3XL I22 = 12.688 kvar
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = √ = 384.49 V
3I2
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 90

Section ○
A

VA = V2
q
PA2 + Q2A
IA = √ = 5.41 A
3VA
Section ○
3

V3 = V2
P3 = P2 − PA = 14.122 kW
Q3 = Q2 − QA = 10.688 kvar
q
S3 = P32 + Q23 = 17.710 kVA
S3
I3 = √ = 26.59 A
3V3
P3
R3 = 2 = 6.656 Ω
3I3
Q3
X3 = 2 = 5.037 Ω
3I3

Exercise 87
In the symmetric and balanced three-phase circuit of Fig. 8.5, using the
method of power balance, calculate:

1. the phase current Ip1 delivered to the load 1;

2. the line current I1 delivered to the load 1;

3. the voltage V2 upstream the line impedance Z L ;

4. the value of the star-connected capacitances necessary to correct the

power factor at the beginning of the line to cos φ′2 = 0.9.

Data
V1 = 400 V, Z 1 = 3+j15 Ω (delta connected), Z L = 50+j100 mΩ, f = 50 Hz.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 91

ZL I1
Ip1
V2 V1 Z1

star-connected
capacitors

Figure 8.5: Circuit for Exercise 87

Solution
Section ○
1
q
Z1 = R12 + X12 = 15.297 Ω
V1
Ip1 = = 26.149 A
Z
√1
I1 = 3Ip1 = 45.291 A
2
P1 = 3R1 Ip1 = 6.154 kW
2
Q1 = 3X1 Ip1 = 30.769 kvar

Section ○
2
PL = 3RL I12 = 0.308 kW
QL = 3XL I12 = 0.615 kvar
P2 = P1 + PL = 6.462 kW
Q2 = Q1 + QL = 31.385 kvar
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = √ = 408.468 V
3I2
Section ○
2’ (with power factor correction):
QC = P2 tan φ′2 − Q2 = −28.255 kvar
√
(V2 / 3)2 V2
QC = 3 → XC = 2 = −5.905 Ω
XC QC
1
C=− = 539.05 µF
ωXC
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 92

Exercise 88
In the symmetric and balanced three phase system of Fig. 8.6, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the current IA ;

2. the magnitude of the line voltage V3 ;

3. the real power P3 and the power factor cos φ3 .

Data
V1 = 400 V, P1 = 25 kW, cos φ1 = 0.6, Z L = 0.1 + j0.2 Ω, Z A = 12 + j18 Ω

ZL

V1 V3
P3 , cos φ3

○
1

IA Z A

Figure 8.6: Circuit for Exercise 88

Solution
Section ○:
1

Q1 = P1 tan φ1 = 33333 var

P1
I1 = √ = 60.14 A
3V1 cos φ1

Section ○
2 (I2 = I1 ):

PL = 3RL I22 = 1085 W

QL = 3XL I22 = 2170 var
P2 = P1 − PL = 23915 W
Q2 = Q1 − QL = 31163 var
p
P22 + Q22
V2 = √ = 377.1 V
3I1
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 93

Section ○
A (VA = V2 ):
q
ZA = RA 2 + X 2 = 21.63 Ω
A
VA
IA = = 17.43 A
ZA
2
PA = 3RA IA = 10937 W
2
QA = 3XA IA = 16405 var

Section ○
3 (V3 = V2 ):

P3 = P2 − PA = 12978 W
Q3 = Q2 − QA = 14758 var
P3 P3
cos φ3 = =p 2 = 0.66
S3 P3 + Q23

Exercise 89
In the three phase system of Fig. 8.7, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the line voltage V3 ;

2. the magnitude of the current I2 ;

3. the magnitude of the current I3 .

Data
P1 = 25 kW, Q1 = 15 kvar, I1 = 30 A, R2 = 2 Ω, L2 = 10 mH, f = 60 Hz.
I3 I1

V3 I2
P1 , Q1

R2

L2

Figure 8.7: Circuit for Exercise 89

CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 94

Solution

V3 = 561.1 V
I2 = 75.9 A
I3 = 102.7 A

Exercise 90
In the three phase system of Fig. 8.8, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the line voltage V3 ;

2. the magnitude of the current I2 ;

3. the magnitude of the current I3 .

Data
Q1 = 10 kvar, sin φ1 = 0.9, I1 = 25 A, R2 = 2 Ω, C2 = 1 mF, f = 60 Hz.
I3 I1

V3 I2
Q1 , sin φ1

Z2
Z2 = R2 C2

Figure 8.8: Circuit for Exercise 90

Solution

V3 = 256.6 V
I2 = 278.3 A
I3 = 274.6 A
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 95

Exercise 91
In the three phase system of Fig. 8.9, calculate:

1. the magnitude of current in the load 1;

2. the supply voltage Vin ;

3. the magnitude of current in the load 2;

4. the supply current Iin ;

Using the value of Vin , calculate the current I1sc when the load 1 is replaced
by a short circuit.

Data
V1 = 400 V, P1 = 30 kW, cos φ1 = 0.6, Z L = 0.1 + j0.2 Ω, P2 = 10 kW,
Q2 = 20 kvar.

Iin ZL I1

Vin V1
load 1

I2

load 2

Figure 8.9: Circuit for Exercise 91

Solution

I1 = 72.2 A
Vin = 427, 35 V
I2 = 30, 22 A
Iin = 102, 1 A
I1sc = 1, 103 kA
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 96

Exercise 92
In the three phase system of Fig. 8.10, calculate the magnitude of the line
voltage V and the input power factor.

Data
V1 = 400 V, Z L = 0.1 + j0.2 Ω, P2 = 10 kW cos φ2 = 0.6, Z 1 = 5∠60◦ Ω
delta connected, f = 50 Hz.

ZL

V V1
Z1

P2 , cos φ2

Figure 8.10: Circuit for Exercise 92

Solution

V = 462.76 V
cos φ = 0.506

Exercise 93
In the three phase system of Fig. 8.11, calculate the magnitude of the line
voltage V and the input power factor.

Data
V1 = 380 V, ZL = 0.1 + j0.2 Ω, P2 = 10 kW, Q2 = 3 kvar, Z 1 = 5∠60◦ Ω
star connected, f = 50 Hz.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 97

ZL

V V1
Z1

P2 , Q 2

Figure 8.11: Circuit for Exercise 93

Solution

V = 396.97 V
cos φ = 0.651

Exercise 94
In the symmetric and balanced three phase system of Fig. 8.12, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the current IA ;

2. the magnitude of the current IB ;

3. the voltage at the line input terminals V .

Data
RA = 50 Ω, CA = 63.7 µF, VA = 400 V, PB = 1 kW, cos φB = 0.8,
RC = 1 Ω, LC = 3.185 mH, f = 50 Hz
 CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 98

RC LC RA CA
IA

V VA

IB

PB , cos φB

Figure 8.12: Circuit for Exercise 94

Solution

IA = 3.267 A
IB = 1.804 A
V = 404.4 V

Exercise 95
In the symmetric and balanced three phase system of Fig. 8.13, calculate:

1. the magnitude of the current IA ;

2. the magnitude of the current IB ;

3. the voltage at the line input terminals V .

Data
PA = 1.59 kW, QA = −1.59 kvar, VA = 400 V, RB = 102.88 Ω, LB =
245.7 mH, RC = 1 Ω, LC = 3.185 mH, f = 50 Hz
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 99

RC LC IA

V VA
PA , QA

IB

RB

LB

Figure 8.13: Circuit for Exercise 95

Solution

IA = 3.246 A
IB = 1.796 A
V = 404.4 V

Exercise 96
In the symmetric and balanced three phase system of Fig. 8.14:

1. draw the equivalent single-phase system;

2. calculate the three line currents supplied by the voltage generators;

3. calculate the three line currents absorbed by the three-phase load Z A ;

4. the total real power through the section ○.

1

Data
E 1 = 230 V, E 2 = 230∠−120◦ V, E 3 = 230∠+120◦ V, Z L1 = j2 Ω,
Z L2 = 1.5 Ω, Z A = 20 + j20 Ω, Z B = 75 + j60 Ω.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 100

E1
+
Z L1 Z L2

ZB
E2
+
Z L1 Z L2
ZB

ZB
E3
+
Z L1 Z L2

○
1
ZA ZA ZA

Figure 8.14: Circuit for Exercise 96

Solution

I1 = 13.78∠ − 46.5◦ A, I2 = 13.78∠ − 166.5◦ A, I3 = 13.78∠73.5◦ A

I1A = 7.46∠ − 50.16◦ A, I2A = 7.46∠ − 170.16◦ A, I3A = 7.46∠69.84◦ A
P1 = 6.545 kW

Exercise 97
In the symmetric and balanced three phase system of Fig. 8.15:

1. draw the equivalent single-phase system;

2. calculate the three line currents supplied by the voltage generators;

3. calculate the three line currents absorbed by the three-phase load Z A ;

4. the total real power through the section ○.

1

Data
E 1 = 220 V, E 2 = 220∠−120◦ V, E 3 = 220∠+120◦ V, Z L1 = j1.5 Ω,
Z L2 = 2 Ω, Z A = 75 + j75 Ω, Z B = 20 + j15 Ω.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 101

E1
+
Z L1 Z L2 ZB

E2
+
Z L1 Z L2 ZB

E3
+
Z L1 Z L2 ZB

○
1
ZA ZA

ZA

Figure 8.15: Circuit for Exercise 97

Solution

I1 = 13.41∠ − 43◦ A, I2 = 13.41∠ − 163◦ A, I3 = 13.41∠77◦ A

I1A = 5.85∠ − 49.12◦ A, I2A = 5.85∠ − 169.12◦ A, I3A = 5.85∠70.88◦ A
P1 = 6.468 kW

Exercise 98
In the symmetric and balanced three phase system of Fig. 8.16:

1. draw the equivalent single-phase system;

2. calculate the real power absorbed by the three-phase load Z A ;

3. calculate the three line currents supplied by the voltage generators;

Data
E 1 = 230 V, E 2 = 230∠−120◦ V, E 3 = 230∠+120◦ V, Z L = j1.3 Ω,
Z A = 51 + j51 Ω, Z B = 30 + j15 Ω.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 102

E1
+
ZL

ZB
E2
+
ZL
ZB

ZB
E3
+
ZL

ZA ZA

ZA

Figure 8.16: Circuit for Exercise 98

Solution

PA = 3.861 kW
I1 = 27.10∠ − 39.82◦ A, I2 = 27.10∠ − 159.82◦ A, I3 = 27.10∠80.18◦ A

Exercise 99
Fig. 8.17 represents a symmetric and balanced three phase system. Calcu-
late:

1. the voltage at the beginning of the line;

2. the value of the current absorbed by the load A;

3. the value of the current absorbed by the load B;

4. the value of the impedance (magnitude and phase) of the load B.

Data
Pin = 20 kW, cos φin = 0.57, Iin = 45 A, PA = 10 kW, QA = 15 kvar.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 103

Iin ZB

Pin
cos φin
PA , QA

Figure 8.17: Circuit for Exercise 99

Vin = 450.18 V
IA = 23.12 A
IB = 21.89 A
Z B = 6.96 + j9.62 Ω

Exercise 100
Fig. 8.18 represents a symmetric and balanced three phase system. Calcu-
late:

1. the current at the beginning of the line;

2. the value of the line current absorbed by the load A;

3. the value of the current absorbed by the load B;

4. the real power and power factor of the load B.

Data
Pin = 70 kW, Qin = 70 kvar, Vin = 400 V, Z A = 5 + j7 Ω.
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 104

Vin
PB , cos φB

Pin
Qin ZA

Figure 8.18: Circuit for Exercise 100

Iin = 142.89 A
IA = 80.54 A
IB = 64.81 A
PB = 37.566 kW cos φB = 0.837

Exercise 101
In the three-phase system of Fig. 8.19, calculate:

1. the current at the beginning of the line I1 ;

2. the real power absorbed by the load P2 ;

3. the supply voltage of the load V2 ;

4. the power factor cos φ2 .

Data
Dati: V1 = 406 V, P1 = 50 kW, cos φ1 = 0.89, Z l = 0.1 + j0.2 Ω
CHAPTER 8. THREE PHASE SYSTEMS 105

I1 ZL

V1 V2
P2 , cos φ2

P1
cos φ1

Figure 8.19: Circuit for Exercise 101

I1 = 79.89 A
P2 = 48.085 kW
V2 = 381.51 V
cos φ2 = 0.911