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Graph of Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic functions are inverses of exponential functions. The logarithm of a number x with base a, written as loga(x), is the power to which a must be raised to equal x. Key properties include: 1) the domain is (0, infinity) and range is (-infinity, infinity), 2) y = loga(x) is increasing on its domain, and 3) common identities relate logarithms and their corresponding exponential functions. Examples demonstrate converting between logarithmic and exponential form and using properties to simplify expressions.

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48 views9 pages

Graph of Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic functions are inverses of exponential functions. The logarithm of a number x with base a, written as loga(x), is the power to which a must be raised to equal x. Key properties include: 1) the domain is (0, infinity) and range is (-infinity, infinity), 2) y = loga(x) is increasing on its domain, and 3) common identities relate logarithms and their corresponding exponential functions. Examples demonstrate converting between logarithmic and exponential form and using properties to simplify expressions.

Uploaded by

memaalmutiri77
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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(4.

3) Logarithmic Functions

Let 𝑎 be a positive number with 𝑎 ≠ 1. The logarithmic function with base 𝑎 denoted by
log 𝑎 is defined by
log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑥
So for every exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 , there is an inverse function 𝑓 −1 which is the
logarithmic function 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥.
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Graph of Logarithmic Functions

• Domain of log 𝑎 𝑥 is (0, ∞).


• Range of log 𝑎 𝑥 is (−∞, ∞).
• The x-intercept 𝑎 = 1 and no y-intercept.
• y = log 𝑎 𝑥 is increasing on (0, ∞).

𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ( ― ) & 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 (•••), 𝑎 > 1


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Example (1): Switch from one form to the other in the following.

Logarithmic Form Exponential Form

log10 100000 = 5
1⁄
8 3 =2
1
2−3 =
8
log 7 (3𝑦) = 2
4
Example (2): Find the value of 𝒙.
1. log10 1000 = 𝑥

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2. log 3 𝑥 = −3

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3. log 8 √64 = 𝑥

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1
4. log 𝑥 4 =
2

5
5. log 2 𝑥 = 5

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6. log 𝑥 64 = 3

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1
7. log 7 =𝑥
49

6
Natural Logarithm
The logarithm with base 𝑒 is called the natural logarithm and is denoted by ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥.
ln 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥
• Domain of ln 𝑥 is (0, ∞).
• Range of ln 𝑥 is (−∞, ∞).
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Common Logarithm
The logarithm with base 10 is called the common logarithm and is denoted by omitting the
base.
log 𝑥 = log10 𝑥
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Example (3): Find the domain of each function.


a. 𝑦 = log(𝑥 + 2)

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b. 𝑦 = ln(4 − 3𝑥)

7
c. 𝑦 = ln|𝑥| − 5𝑥−1

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d. 𝑦 = log 𝑥 + log(𝑥 − 1)

8
Properties of logarithms
a. log 𝑎 1 = 0 ln 1 = 0 log 1 = 0
b. log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 ln 𝑒 = 1 log 10 = 1
c. log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 10𝑥 = 𝑥
d. 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 10log 𝑥 = 𝑥
for 𝑥 ∈ (0, ∞) for 𝑥 ∈ (0, ∞) for 𝑥 ∈ (0, ∞)
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Example (4): Simplify each expression.
1. log 5 1

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2. log 3 3

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3. log 6 68

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4. 7log7 𝑦

9
5. ln 𝑒 8

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6. log 10 − ln 𝑒

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1
7. ln ( )
𝑒2

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8. log 3 81

10
1
9. log 4
64

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1
10. log
10000

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11. log 8 2

11
Example (5): Find the function of 𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 whose graph is given.

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Example (6): Find the logarithmic function whose graph is passing through
𝟏
the point (𝟑, ).
𝟐

12

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