Dr.

SNSRAJALAKSHMI
COLLEGE OFARTSANDSCIENCE
(AUTONOMOUS)
Accredited by NAAC (Cycle – III) with ‘A+’
Grade(Recognised by UGC, Approved by AICTE,
New DelhiandAffiliated toBharathiarUniversity)
Coimbatore –641049.

Reg No:

Certified that this is bonafide record of work done

byMr./Ms.

Core Laboratory – 1:21PCC301– IT

APPLICATIONS (R PROGRAMMING)

1.

2.

SIGNATUREOFTHE HoD SIGNATUREOFSTAFFIN-CHARGE

Submitted for M.Com (CA) Degree I

semesterPracticalExaminationheldon

INTERNALEXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

IT APPLICATIONS (R-PROGRAMMING)

Sl. PAGE
DATE TITLE SIGNATURE
NO NO
1 1. Using Class function check the type of data contained in a
variable.
2. Usingncharfunctions find the length of a character.
2 Construct a basic data. Frame,
1. Assign the column names and row names of a data frame.
2. Using head function print out the first few rows.
3. Access entire row while not specifying any column.
4. Access entire column while not specifying any row.
5. Create a set of indicators variable using model matrix.
3 Create an element list - Single, Two, Three, Empty list.
Access an individual element of a list and Append elements
to a list.
4 Create matrix Using R function.
5 Create Arrays Using R function.
6 Read data from a csv file and database

7 Create an RData files.

8 Present simple graphs using base graphics and basic
ggplot2.
9 Using R build a function using Arguments.
10 Write a function using if and else, Switch, logical and or
operation.
11 Write a function that using for loop, while loops, controlling
loop.
12 Write a function using apply, 1apply, sapply, mapply and
aggregate.
 IT APPLICATIONS
(R-PROGRAMMING)
PROGRAM1 DATE:

1. USING CLASS FUNCTION CHECK THE TYPE OF DATA CONTAINED

IN A VARIABLE.
2. USING NCHAR FUNCTIONS FIND THE LENGTH OF A CHARACTER.
____________________________________________________________________________
AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:

1. USING CLASS FUNCTION CHECK THE TYPE OF DATA CONTAINED

IN A VARIABLE.

a = c(1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 0, -1, -3)

b = c("Red", "Green", "White")
c = c(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)
print(a)
print(typeof(a))
print(b)
print(typeof(b))
print(c)
print(typeof(c))

OUTPUT:

[1] 1 2 5 3 4 0 -1 -3
[1] "double"
[1] "Red" "Green" "White"
[1] "character"
[1] TRUETRUETRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
[1] "logical"

CODING:

2. USING NCHAR FUNCTIONS FIND THE LENGTH OF A CHARACTER

(FIBONACCI)

Fibonacci <- numeric(10)

Fibonacci[1] <- Fibonacci[2] <- 1
for (i in 3:10) Fibonacci[i] <- Fibonacci[i - 2] + Fibonacci[i - 1]
print("First 10 Fibonacci numbers:")
print(Fibonacci)

OUTPUT:

[1] "First 10 Fibonacci numbers:"

[1] 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
 PROGRAM2 DATE:

CONSTRUCT A BASIC DATA. FRAME,

1. ASSIGN THE COLUMN NAMES AND ROW NAMES OF A DATA FRAME.
2. USING HEAD FUNCTION PRINT OUT THE FIRST FEW ROWS.
3. ACCESS ENTIRE ROW WHILE NOT SPECIFYING ANY COLUMN.
4. ACCESS ENTIRE COLUMN WHILE NOT SPECIFYING ANY ROW.
5. CREATE A SET OF INDICATORS VARIABLE USING MODEL MATRIX

____________________________________________________________________
AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:
1. CREATING DATAFRAME FROM GIVEN 4 VECTORS.
# creating a vector with some value
id = c(1, 2, 3)
# creating another vector with some value
name = c("karthik" , "nikhil" , "sravan")
# creating another vector with some value
branch = c("IT" , "CSE" , "IT")
# creating another vector with some value.
favourite_subject = c("SE" ,"DAA" , "OS")
# passing the vectors into data.frame() function
# as parameters
df1=data.frame(id, name, branch, favourite_subject)
# printing the data frame.
print(df1)

OUTPUT

CREATED VECTOR WITH 5 CHARACTERS

columns= c("id","names","address","phone","aadhar no")

# pass this vector length to ncol parameter
# andnrow with 1
myData = data.frame(matrix(nrow=1, ncol = length(columns)))
# assign column names
colnames(myData) = columns
# display
print(myData)
# pass this vector length to ncol parameter and
# nrow with 6
myData = data.frame(matrix(nrow=6, ncol = length(columns)))
# assign column names
colnames(myData) = columns
# display
print(myData)
OUTPUT:

id names address phone aadhar no

1 NA NANANANA
id names address phone aadhar no
1 NA NANANANA
2 NA NANANANA
3 NA NANANANA
4 NA NANANANA
5 NA NANANANA
6 NA NANANANA

INSERT MULTIPLE ROWS IN R DATAFRAME

# creating another data frame

df2 = data.frame(num = c( 4 : 6),
branch = c("EEE", "Mechanical", "civil"))
# selecting 1-2 rows , all columns from df1
new_row = df2[c(1, 2, 3),]
# we can access data from a data frame through indexing .
# since it is a 2 dimensional one we can access data
# by row number and column number .
# here c(1,2,3) represents row numbers and we left column
# numbers as empty . then all columns are accessed .
# new_row is appended to the df1
df1 = rbind(df1, new_row)

#printing updated data frame

print(df1)

OUTPUT:
PROGRAM3 DATE:

CREATE AN ELEMENT LIST - SINGLE, TWO, THREE, EMPTY LIST.

ACCESS AN INDIVIDUAL ELEMENT OF A LIST.
APPEND ELEMENTS TO A LIST.

_______________________________________________________________________________

AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:
CREATING A LIST
# vector with names
names=c("bobby","pinkey","rohith","gnanu")
# vector with marks
marks=c(78,90,100,100)
# address vector
address=c("kakumanu","hyd","hyd","hyd")
# pass these vectors as inputs to the list
# address vector
student=list(names,marks,address)
print(student)

OUTPUT:

APPENDING DATA TO THE LIST

# vector with names
names=c("bobby","pinkey","rohith","gnanu")
# vector with marks
marks=c(78,90,100,100)
# address vector
address=c("kakumanu","hyd","hyd","hyd")
# college values
college=c("vignan","vignan","vignan","vignan")
# pass these vectors as inputs to the list
student1=list(student1_names=names,student1_marks=marks,
student1_address=address,student1_college=college)
# vector with names
names=c("ravi","devi","siree","priyank")
# vector with marks
marks=c(78,90,100,100)
# address vector
address=c("hyd","hyd","hyd","hyd")
# college values
college=c("vvit","vvit","vvit","vvit")
# pass these vectors as inputs to the list
# address vector
student2=list(student2_names=names,student2_marks=marks,
student2_address=address,student2_college=college)
# append list 1 and list 2
print(append(student1,student2))
OUTPUT:
PROGRAM4 DATE:

CREATE MATRIX USING R FUNCTION

____________________________________________________________________

AIM:

ALGORITHM:
CODING:

CREATE A BLANK MATRIX

m = matrix(, nrow = 10, ncol = 5)

print("Empty matrix of 10 rows and 5 columns:")
print(m)

OUTPUT:

[1] "Empty matrix of 10 rows and 5 columns:"

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] NA NANANANA
[2,] NA NANANANA
[3,] NA NANANANA
[4,] NA NANANANA
[5,] NA NANANANA
[6,] NA NANANANA
[7,] NA NANANANA
[8,] NA NANANANA
[9,] NA NANANANA
[10,] NA NANANANA

CODING:

CREATE A MATRIX TAKING A GIVEN VECTOR OF NUMBERS AS INPUT.

DISPLAY THE MATRIX.

M = matrix(c(1:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE)

print("Original Matrix:")
print(M)

OUTPUT:

[1] "Original Matrix:"

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 2 3 4
[2,] 5 6 7 8
[3,] 9 10 11 12
[4,] 13 14 15 16
PROGRAM5 DATE:

CREATE ARRAYS USING R FUNCTION.

_______________________________________________________________________________

AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:

1 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

m=matrix(1:12,3,4)
print("Original matrix:")
print(m)
a = as.vector(m)
print("1 dimensional array:")
print(a)

OUTPUT:

[1] "Original matrix:"

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 4 7 10
[2,] 2 5 8 11
[3,] 3 6 9 12
[1] "1 dimensional array:"
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

print("Two vectors of different lengths:")

v1 = c(1,3,4,5)
v2 = c(10,11,12,13,14,15)
print(v1)
print(v2)
result = array(c(v1,v2),dim = c(3,3,2))
print("New array:")
print(result)
OUTPUT:
[1] "Two vectors of different lengths:"
[1] 1 3 4 5
[1] 10 11 12 13 14 15
[1] "New array:"
,,1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 5 12
[2,] 3 10 13
[3,] 4 11 14

,,2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 15 4 11
[2,] 1 5 12
[3,] 3 10 13
3 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

v = sample(1:5,24,replace = TRUE)
dim(v) = c(3,2,4)
print("3-dimension array:")
print(v)

OUTPUT:
[1] "3-dimension array:"
,,1

[,1] [,2]
[1,] 4 2
[2,] 4 2
[3,] 2 1

,,2

[,1] [,2]
[1,] 4 2
[2,] 2 4
[3,] 2 4

,,3

[,1] [,2]
[1,] 4 2
[2,] 1 5
[3,] 3 2

,,4

[,1] [,2]
[1,] 3 3
[2,] 1 5
[3,] 1 2
PROGRAM6 DATE:

READ DATA FROM A CSV FILE AND DATABASE.

_______________________________________________________________________________

AIM:

ALGORITHM:
CODING:

STEP 1: SET OR CHANGE THE WORKING DIRECTORY

# gives the current working directory
getwd()

# changes the location

setwd("C:/Users/Vanshi/Desktop/gfg")

OUTPUT:

C:/Users/Vanshi/Documents

STEP 2: READ THE CSV FILE

sdata<- read.csv("SampleData.csv", header = TRUE, sep = ",")

sdata

# views the data frame formed from the csv file

View(sdata)

OUTPUT:
PROGRAM7 DATE:

CREATE AN R-DATA FILES.

_______________________________________________________________________________

AIM:

ALGORITHM:
CODING:

Step 1: Using the save() function to save the file in.RData format

gfg_data = data.frame(A = c(7,6,2,8,1),

B = c(4,2,9,7,3),
C = c(1,7,2,6,8))
print("Dataframe:->")
print(gfg_data)
save(gfg_data, file = "gfg.RData")

OUTPUT:

STEP 2: USING THE LOAD() FUNCTION TO LOAD THAT SAVED.RDATA FILE

gfg_data= data.frame(A=c(7,6,2,8,1),
B=c(4,2,9,7,3),
C=c(1,7,2,6,8))
print("Dataframe:->")
print(gfg_data)
save(gfg_data,file="gfg.RData")
load("gfg.RData")
STEP3: USING FILE.INFO() FUNCTION TO GET THE INFORMATION OF A
PARTICULAR FILE.
gfg_data= data.frame(A=c(7,6,2,8,1),
B=c(4,2,9,7,3),
C=c(1,7,2,6,8))
print ("Dataframe:->")
print(gfg_data)

save(gfg_data,file="gfg.RData")
load("gfg.RData")
file.info("gfg.RData")

OUTPUT:
 PROGRAM8 DATE:

PRESENT SIMPLE GRAPHS USING BASE GRAPHICS AND BASIC

GGPLOT2.

__________________________________________________________
AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:

COMPARING GGPLOT2 AND R BASE GRAPHICS(Bar Chart)

#Define a data vector

data = c(1,3,6,4,9)

#bar plot the vector -- simple plot with no legends and colors

barplot(height=data, main="Cancer-data", xlab="Days", ylab="Response

Index",names.arg=c("grp-1","grp-2","grp-3","grp-4","grp-5"),border="blue",
density=c(10,20,30,40,50))

OUTPUT:
BASE GRAPHICS

par(las=1)
barplot(dat$total_bill,
names.arg=dat$time,
col="#AFC0CB",
border=FALSE,
main="Average Bill for Two-Person Meal")

OUTPUT:
PROGRAM9 DATE:

USING R BUILD A FUNCTION USING ARGUMENTS.

____________________________________________________________________

AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:
ADDING ARGUMENTS IN R

# Function definition
# To check n is divisible by 5 or not
divisbleBy5 <- function(n){
if(n %% 5 == 0)
{
return("number is divisible by 5")
}
else
{
return("number is not divisible by 5")
}
}
# Function call
divisbleBy5(100)
divisbleBy5(4)
divisbleBy5(20.0)

OUTPUT:

[1] "number is divisible by 5"

[1] "number is not divisible by 5"
[1] "number is divisible by 5"

ADDING MULTIPLE ARGUMENTS IN R

# Function definition
# To check a is divisible by b or not
divisible<- function(a, b){
if(a %% b == 0)
{
return(paste(a, "is divisible by", b))
}
else
{
return(paste(a, "is not divisible by", b))
}
}
# Function call
divisible(7, 3)
divisible(36, 6)
divisible(9, 2)

OUTPUT:

[1] "7 is not divisible by 3"

[1] "36 is divisible by 6"
[1] "9 is not divisible by 2"
 PROGRAM10 DATE:

WRITE A FUNCTION USING IF AND ELSE, SWITCH, LOGICAL AND OR

OPERATION.
________________________________________________________________________
AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:

IF CONDITION

x <- 100
if(x > 10){
print(paste(x, "is greater than 10"))
}

OUTPUT:

[1] "100 is greater than 10"

IF-ELSE CONDITION

x <- 5
# Check value is less than or greater than 10
if(x > 10){
print(paste(x, "is greater than 10"))
}else{
print(paste(x, "is less than 10"))
}

OUTPUT:

[1] "5 is less than 10"

SWITCH, LOGICAL AND OR OPERATION

val1 = 6
val2 = 7
val3 = "s"
result = switch(
val3,
"a"= cat("Addition =", val1 + val2),
"d"= cat("Subtraction =", val1 - val2),
"r"= cat("Division = ", val1 / val2),
"s"= cat("Multiplication =", val1 * val2),
"m"= cat("Modulus =", val1 %% val2),
"p"= cat("Power =", val1 ^ val2)
)

print(result)

OUTPUT:

Multiplication = 42NULL
PROGRAM11 DATE:

WRITE A FUNCTION THAT USING FOR LOOP, WHILE LOOPS,

CONTROLLING LOOP.
_______________________________________________________________________________

AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:

FOR LOOP

x <- letters[4:10]
for(i in x){
print(i)
}

OUTPUT:

[1] "d"
[1] "e"
[1] "f"
[1] "g"
[1] "h"
[1] "i"
[1] "j"

NESTED LOOPS

# Defining matrix
m <- matrix(2:15, 2)
for (r in seq(nrow(m)))
{
for (c in seq(ncol(m))) {
print(m[r, c])
}
}

OUTPUT:

[1] 2
[1] 4
[1] 6
[1] 8
[1] 10
[1] 12
[1] 14
[1] 3
[1] 5
[1] 7
[1] 9
[1] 11
[1] 13
WHILE LOOP

x=1
# Print 1 to 5
while(x <= 5){
print(x)
x=x+1
}

OUTPUT:

[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5

REPEAT LOOP AND BREAK STATEMENT

x=1
# Print 1 to 5
repeat{
print(x)
x=x+1
if(x > 5){
break
}
}

OUTPUT:
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5
PROGRAM12 DATE:

WRITE A FUNCTION USING APPLY, LAPPLY, SAPPLY, MAPPLY AND

AGGREGATE.
____________________________________________________________________
AIM:

ALGORITHM:
 CODING:

Apply() function
m1 <- matrix(C<-(1:10),nrow=5, ncol=6)
m1
a_m1 <- apply(m1, 2, sum)
a_m1

OUTPUT:

lapply() function

lapply(X, FUN)
Arguments:
-X: A vector or an object
-FUN: Function applied to each element of x

movies<- c("SPYDERMAN","BATMAN","VERTIGO","CHINATOWN")
movies_lower<-lapply(movies, tolower)
str(movies_lower)

OUTPUT:
## List of 4
## $:chr"spyderman"
## $:chr"batman"
## $:chr"vertigo"
## $:chr"chinatown"

We can use unlist() to convert the list into a vector.

movies_lower<-unlist(lapply(movies,tolower))
str(movies_lower)

OUTPUT:

## chr [1:4] "spyderman" "batman" "vertigo" "chinatown"

Sapply() function

sapply(X, FUN)
Arguments:
-X: A vector or an object
-FUN: Function applied to each element of x

We can measure the minimum speed and stopping distances of cars from the cars dataset.

dt<- cars
lmn_cars<- lapply(dt, min)
smn_cars<- sapply(dt, min)
lmn_cars

OUTPUT:

## $speed
## [1] 4
## $dist
## [1] 2
smn_cars
OUTPUT:

## speed dist
## 4 2
lmxcars<- lapply(dt, max)
smxcars<- sapply(dt, max)
lmxcars
OUTPUT:

## $speed
## [1] 25
## $dist
## [1] 120
smxcars
OUTPUT:

## speed dist
## 25 120
We can use a user built-in function into lapply() or sapply(). We create a function named avg to
compute the average of the minimum and maximum of the vector.

avg<- function(x) {
( min(x) + max(x) ) / 2}
fcars<- sapply(dt, avg)
fcars

OUTPUT
## speed dist
## 14.5 61.0