AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT/ Formal

Methods in SE
LECTURE 08
FALL 2022

SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA

(CISSP, CISM, OCA, ENSA, SRWE)

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 1

Software Development life cycle
Software Development life cycle (SDLC) is a spiritual model used in project
management that defines the stages include in an information system development
project, from an initial feasibility study to the maintenance of the completed application.

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 2

Waterfall Model
• In this model, each work is divided in to phase.
When one phase complete, the move to next
phase.
• In this model, its not like that, you move to other
phase with out completed the previous state.
• It is termed as waterfall because the model
develops systematically from one phase to
another in a downward fashion.

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 3

Waterfall Model
Problems
o If your application is in testing state, you cannot move into previous state or cannot made a
change on previous state.
o It is not suitable for complex projects where requirement change frequently
o Testing period come late in the development process.

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 4

Waterfall Model
Advantages Dis-Advantages
•Before the next phase of
•Error can be fixed only during
development, each phase must
the phase
be completed
•Suited for smaller projects •It is not desirable for complex
where requirements are well project where requirement
defined changes frequently
•Any changes in software is •Small changes or errors that
made during the process of the arise in the completed software
development may cause a lot of problems

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 5

 V-Model
• V-model is same as waterfall model, the
difference is that, we can move to
previous state in V-Mode
• Under the V-Model, the corresponding
testing phase of the development phase
is planned in parallel.

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 6

Waterfall Model VS V-Model
o in waterfall model, the testing activities are carried out after the development activities
are over. On the other hand in V model, testing activities start with the first stage itself.
o waterfall model is a continuous process, while the V model is a simultaneous process.
o In waterfall model, the number of defects in the software made using V model are less.
o This is due to the fact, that there are testing activities, which are carried out
simultaneously in V model. Therefore, waterfall model is used, when the requirements
of the user are fixed.
o If the requirements of the user are uncertain and keep changing, then V model is the
better alternative

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Spiral Model
• In spiral model, we can update the information in
every track.
• It is a type of evolution model.
• The spiral model has four phases: Planning, Design,
Construct and Evaluation.
• A software project repeatedly passes through these
phases in iterations (called Spirals in this model).
• The Spiral Model repeats steps of a project.

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 8

Spiral Model
Advantages
1. Software is produced early in the software life cycle.
2. Risk handling is one of important advantages of the Spiral model, it is best development
model to follow due to the risk analysis and risk handling at every phase.
3. Flexibility in requirements. In this model, we can easily change requirements at later
phases and can be incorporated accurately. Also, additional Functionality can be added at
a later date.
4. It is good for large and complex projects.
5. It is good for customer satisfaction. We can involve customers in the development of
products at early phase of the software development. Also, software is produced early in
the software life cycle.
6. Strong approval and documentation control.
7. It is suitable for high risk projects, where business needs may be unstable. A highly
customized product can be developed using this.

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Spiral Model
Disadvantages
1.It is not suitable for small projects as it is expensive.
2.It is much more complex than other SDLC models. Process is complex.
3.Too much dependable on Risk Analysis and requires highly specific expertise.
4.Difficulty in time management. As the number of phases is unknown at the start of the
project, so time estimation is very difficult.
5.End of the project may not be known early.
6.It is not suitable for low risk projects.

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 10

Linear Process Model
o Linear process models follow a pattern of phases
completed one after another without repeating prior
phases.
o Waterfall approach was first SDLC Model to be used
widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the
project.
o The Waterfall Model was the first Process Model to be
introduced. It is also referred to as a linear-sequential life
cycle model.
o It is very simple to understand and use.
o In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed
before the next phase can begin and there is no
overlapping in the phases.

INSTRUCTOR: SYEDA WAJIHA ZAHRA ([email protected]) 11

Linear Process Model
Advantages
• An advantage of linear model communication is that the message of the sender is clear
and there is no confusion .
• It reaches to the audience straightforward.
• A linear model of communication envisages a one way process in which one party is
the sender encoding and transmitting the message and another party is the recipient
receiving and decoding the information
Disadvantages
• there is no feedback of the message by the receiver.

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Prototyping Model
Prototyping is the initial stage of software,
on the basis of which software evolution
start.
Instead of developing a software, firstly,
make a software prototype.
Prototype means the process in which
developer create a model of the actual
software.
Prototype are the set of rules for developing
a software.

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Iterative Process
o In this process, developers create, test, and revise the processes again and again until end-
users satisfied with the end result.
o When one phase compete, we can go to next state/ previous state.

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Incremental Model
This model combine the linear and parallel
process models
This model have best features of both models.
Divide the software work into smaller modules
and according to scenario, we worked on it
according to user need
◦ What user need first
◦ Which module should test first
◦ Which module deployed first.

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Evolutionary Model
We developed an application and then we updated it according to scenarios when user need.

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Code and Fix Model
o Developed the product with out planning or algorithm.
o With out steps
o Directly move state-1 to state 5, then state 5 to state 2.

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Goals of S/W Process
o Quality of Software
o Productivity
o High Product Quality
o Ability of plan time
o Budget Requirement

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