CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the Related Literature, Related Studies, Conceptual

Framework, Research Hypothesis, Research Paradigm, and Definition of Terms.

RELATED LITERATURE

Social Media

In today's environment, social media is playing an increasingly important role in

students' behavior to accomplish long-term education. The impact of social media on

long-term schooling is becoming an increasingly important and motivating

component. Through social media and how it is transforming instruction, it has become

a global village, and technology use has made it a smaller world.

Hansen et al. (2011) stated that the development and variety in social media paved

the way for new interaction choices among users and this can be assumed to be

achieved through hundreds of social media settings such as sharing texts, photos, and

videos. This definition can be between positive and negative qualities of social media

and students' behavior along with long-term education described by Abbas et al.

(2019).

Limayem and Sangari (2011) successfully defined social media as the extent of

cognitive absorption that determines the frequency and duration of usage. However,

they add that level of cognitive absorption is in turn defined by self-control and other

personality factors. While multitasking skills do nothing to reduce the frequency and
use of social media among students, they moderate the effects of social media and

reveal that among these students’ performance by tuning the cognitive absorption.

When this variety and increase is considered, identifying which purposes social media

is used for by teenagers will contribute to its effective use in the students’ learning-

teaching processes. Thus, it will contribute to educational leaders in developing

policies and to teachers as implementers in designing the teaching-learning processes.

In addition, it will shed light on clarifying student behaviors in high school

concerning social media. Fernández et al. (2011) explained that when this variety and

increase is considered, identifying which purposes social media is used for by

teenagers will contribute to its effective use in the students’ learning-teaching

processes. Thus, it will contribute to educational leaders in developing policies and to

teachers as implementers in designing the teaching-learning processes. In addition, it

will shed light on clarifying student behaviors in high school for social media. Verduyn

(2017) interpreted active social media usage as the online behaviors that facilitate

“direct exchanges” among users. Such behaviors include liking, commenting, sending

messages, and otherwise engaging with other users.

In contrast, Clark et al. (2016) defined the surge in popularity of social media as a

way of transforming the landscape of consumer marketing. This development has had

an impact on how higher education institutions interact with their constituents.

However, Terreza (2015) explained that social media are a significant part of our daily

lives, changing our habits in many different ways. As with anything new, there are

positive, but also negative effects on their wide implementation.

 Defining social media is argued to be elusive as characterized by Tess (2013) such

as other social media plat forms are weblogs, podcasts, pictures, videos, social

bookmarking and WhatsApp. Social media are Internet-based channels that allow

users to opportunistically interact and selectively self-present, either in real-time or

asynchronously, with both broad and narrow audiences who derive value from user-

generated content and the perception of interaction with others according to Carr and

Hayes (2015).

To sum it up, social media is a vast resource that may benefit everybody. Social

media has a variety of capabilities that can improve a person's life. Social media is

extremely versatile, and it plays a significant role in people's lives. People's daily lives

are being influenced by social media. It serves as a way for people to communicate

without having to see each other, and it also serves as a repository of memories due to

the pictures. Social media has a significant impact on a person's life. We are all aware

that social media is divided into blogs and micro-blogs like twitter; social networking

sites (SNSs) like Instagram, MySpace, and Facebook; and content platforms like

YouTube. However, the concept of social media can be summarized as Internet

applications that support the creation and exchange of user-generated content, that

require some degree of self, and that allow for some level of social presence.

Socializing

Socialization is the process to be socialized or having the quality to be accepted in

society. In this way, social media gives the utmost platform to interact with different
people, scroll through their daily activities, venture into a new world of different

possibilities, etc. Social media also provides us the opportunity to be informed and

updated, allowing us to tinker with the world at our fingertips as specified by Sentinel

Digital Desk.

In addition to that, Pew Research Center defined social media usage by students in

different ways, depending on their interests, communities, friends, and family which

include ways of showing their behavior such as organizing a catch-up with friends.

Accessing content from articles and videos, or from events they may not be able to

attend in person and to communicate and connect with family members.

According to Reach out Schools, an online journal article. Social media access by

students makes it happen exactly where and why students are socializing online, as

well as why and how they are using the various platforms as students use social media

in different ways, depending on their interests, communities, friends, and family.

Meanwhile, Bartleby Research (2021) defined primary socialization in sociology as

the time when a person starts to acquire knowledge and skills through experiences in

his/her environment when they are young. This process begins at home where one

learns about the social norms and cultural practices that are accepted in the society.

According to Leung (2013). The use of social media is associated for socializing and

experiencing a sense of belonging and for staying in touch with and communicating

with friends.

Schroeder (2018) writes that in order to understand online socializing, we must

know also the differences between broadcasting and social media. Broadcasting is

neither a form of interpersonal communication nor social media. Social media requires
people to spend much time monitoring what others do. From the perspective of a user's

Facebook page, we have the online presence of the self and from the perspective of

those they are showing themselves to, we have the concept of audiences.

In highlight, social media is one of the most popular tools for socializing with others

since it allows you to see what is going on in someone's life daily. Social media can be

used for a variety of purposes, including communicating, socializing, and sharing

information, as well as depending on your interests.

Studying

Popular social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram transforming how

teachers teach, how kids learn, and the very foundations of education wherein

controversies surround the integration of social media in students’ lives. The past

decade has brought increased access to new media, and with this new opportunities

and challenges for education. Social Media offers a learning environment for learners

to manage and sustain their behavior of learning. It offers learners a time and space-

independent opportunity to contact their peers and to manage their learning activities

defined by Selwyn, et al. (2017).

In this book, leading scholars from education, law, communications, sociology, and

cultural studies explore the digital transformation now taking place in a variety of

educational contexts. A pretty new concept of social media in the world of education,

social media has become a tool not just for communicating, but for gathering

information, sharing ideas and creativity as more and more students have started using
social media according to .Sanjukta (2013). The contributors examine such topics as

social media usage in schools, online youth communities, and distance learning in

developing countries; the disruption of existing educational models of how knowledge

is created and shared, privacy, accreditation and the tension between the new ease of

sharing and copyright laws concluded by Greenhow et.al. (2016).

According to UW Information Technology (2021). Social media when used in the

learning setting for educational purposes has the potential to facilitate communication,

augmenting the student experience and improving outcomes encouraging interaction

and engagement among students Nurturing a student-centric learning setting.

Extending the learning environment beyond the classroom Facilitating the flow of

information between students, faculty, and the campus community. The Internet and

its increasing use for educational purposes as determined by Jaiyeoba and Iloanya

(2019) and Stavroulia et al., (2019) have become a lifestyle issue in the developed and

developing world.

Its popularity today is credited to the increasing availability of digital mobile

devices like phones and tablets that are convenient for surfing the World Wide Web

and its ubiquitous character. This may appear strange to have a section on learning

theories in a workbook on the study and research abilities, and yet it is important to

have a basic understanding of the types of teaching, acquiring knowledge, and

scholarship that are best supported by social media will help you create the most out

of the social media in your educational pursuits according to Poore (2014).

Furthermore, social media use supports identity exploration and formation,

technological literacy, learning and the development of positive self-esteem claimed

by Agosto and Abbas (2013).

As more and more students use social media, it has evolved into a tool for gathering

information, sharing ideas, and creativity. The contributors look at topics like social

media usage in schools, online youth communities, and distance learning in developing

countries. The disruption of existing educational models of how knowledge is created

and shared; and the use of social media in schools, online youth communities, and

distance learning in developing countries.

Entertainment

Solis (2012) defined entertainment in social media as more than just a digital water

cooler. The global debate about events and the experiences people have depending on

what they watch educates us about consumer preferences. Social media is the

connective thread that allows consumers to multitask during their entertainment

experiences by connecting with others and sharing their ideas. More significantly, their

actions have an impact on behavior as some people consider social networking sites

like Twitter and Facebook to be a new kind of entertainment. According to Reach Out

School, social media in students' entertainment include some ways of sharing small

funny moments with friends via a meme or video or following popular cultures, such

as bands, fashion, and sport. Students' use of social media and entertainment includes

talking, online discussion, file sharing, and information sharing, as well as

entertainment and enjoyment while learning as stated by Eid & Al-Jabri (2016).
 Interestingly, across the global divide, the youth who are mostly in school acquiring

knowledge and vocations depend on online technologies described by Watjatrakul

(2020) to meet digital goals (e-aspirations), particularly for social, entertainment and

academic benefit added by Al-Qaysi et al., (2020), Spante (2019), and Al-Qaysi and

Al-Emran (2017). On the other hand, Westerman et al., (2013) describe the use of

social media for leisure and entertainment. For this study, social media will be defined

as any use of social media or online platforms that allow audiences to engage with

films, whether that is through following a movie Facebook page, tweeting with their

favorite films, or exploring an interactive movie site stated by Duffy (2016).

People will continue to discover various things to entertain themselves as social

media emerges over time. In addition to watching videos or sharing something to

lighten up the mood, social media allows people to be more interactive. It also helps

people share some ideas that will also benefit others. In the case of students, they use

online platforms like social media to communicate with their friends.

Social Behavior

Studies in literature, Rubenstein, D. (2013) shows that social behavior can be

defined as a regulation by the social neural networks that process the emotional

significance of social stimuli and their rewarding values. Like all behavior that

influences, or is influenced by, other members of the same species. Borghans et al.,

(2011) explained that social behavior and peer problems are important correlates of

academic development; however, these effects vary by achievement measures and

social behaviors. Although social behaviors are an indirect predictor, they can broadly

predict future academic success. However, because of their indirect nature, large-scale

research is needed to determine the differences in the association between social

behavior.

According to Scholarship, an online published article. There are types of social

behavior a student lacks including interpersonal skills like working with others,

waiting in line, and sharing. Problem-solving skills like making decisions, apologizing

to others, asking for help, and coping with consequences, and conflict resolution skills

like peer pressure, interacting with othervital and losing. Humans are known for their

emotions and their abilities to express their feelings. Positive social behaviors are

considered to be the most effective way of dealing with other people as it involves

empathy- a feeling that is intended to help others in whatever means possible according

to Ecole Globale.

Wentzel (2018) stated that there are two specific types of behaviors that can be

linked to social behavior and peer problems. These two behaviors have been linked to

various academic skills such as study habits, classroom behavior, and peer interactions,

which in turn affect students’ behavior. Even after controlling for other characteristics

such as personality traits and IQ, they found that social conduct remained a strong

predictor. Additionally, the presence of social behavior and the absence of behavioral

problems in students with social media seem to be particularly important for social

participation according to Schwab et al. (2021). Human social behavior includes

shaking hands, flirting, conversation, and religious rituals, snubbing or "putting down"

another person, exchanging nonverbal signals like smiles or frowns, offering

reassurance or consolation, sharing a meal according to the published online article,

Enotes (2020).

As mentioned by a published journal article, Social Media Entertainment (2021).

Behavior in social media describes an emerging and rapidly accelerating global

industry operating with distinction from legacy and interactive media industries.

Alternatively known as influencers, YouTubers, vloggers, and live streamers, creators

operate as both cultural producers and social media entrepreneurs across social media

platforms including YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and more. Harnessing

the technological and commercial affordances of platforms, creators engage in social

content creation, e.g., vlogs, tweets, stories, streams, and snaps, along with interactive

practices including liking, commenting, and sharing.

To sum it up, social behavior is a set of actions performed by individuals of the

same member when they interact with each other. Like how humans can be engage in

social behavior, and social interaction can be both verbal and nonverbal. Some

examples of human social behavior includes shaking hands, conversation, religious

rituals, snubbing or "putting down" another person, exchanging nonverbal signals like

smiles or frowns, offering reassurance or consolation, sharing a meal and etc.

Emotions

As indicated by Gerben et al. (2021). The impact of emotional expressions on

spectators' affect, cognition, and conduct is documented in the developing literature on

the social effects of emotions. Across various domains, including close relationships,
group decision making, customer service, negotiation, and leadership, we uncover

convergent evidence that emotional expressions influence observers' affective

reactions, inferential processes, and behaviors.

According to Hyvärinen and Beck (2018). Emotions are inextricably linked to how

humans behave and make use of social media. While a more cognitive perspective on

social media dominated early research into knowledge exchange, the topic of emotions

and their significance on social media is gaining traction. Emotions are widely felt and

expressed in human society, but their implications for economic behavior have

received little consideration as stated by Drouvelis and Grosskopf (2016). What's more

is, the definition of social media impact on personality are defined by four main social

media factors that influence personality development including culture of popularity,

unreal standards of appearance, approval seeking behavior and prevalence of

depression and anxiety explained by Wankhade (2019).

In terms of how is social media defined by emotional support, It may be that

electronic social networks mimic face-to-face social networks, which are known to

increase emotional support. Consistent with this, some findings suggest that larger

social networks and perceived audiences predict higher levels of life satisfaction

according to a literature review of Shensa et al., (2016). Emotions are inextricably

linked to how humans behave and use social media. While a more cognitive viewpoint

dominated early study into knowledge exchange on social media, emotions and their

impact on social media is gaining attention describe by Chai et al., (2017).

 In summary, social behavior in terms of emotions is influenced by social media is

thought to be at ease with a variety of social media platforms and active social media

users. However, consistent with previous observations, it is believed that digital

natives rarely reflect on what they are doing or sharing on which social media site, and

the implications for their own behavior or the environment. As previously stated,

positive experiences and emotions associated with entertainment, relaxation, and

convenience are good predictors of recurring media use. Thus, the focus on negative

emotions and the link between these and activity in online discussion forums, as well

as research on positive, negative, or conflicting emotions as part of frequent social

media use, remains scarce.

Motives

This definition of motivation about Essentials of Understanding Psychology (2019)

defined that motivation as one of the factors that direct and energize the behavior of

humans and other organisms. Motivation involves the biological, emotional, social,

and cognitive forces that activate behavior. In everyday usage, the term "motivation"

is frequently used to describe why a person does something. It is the driving force

behind human actions as mentioned by Cherry (2020).

The well-being and happiness of an individual can also be achieved with the

cognitive approach. On the other hand, the cognitive approach to motivation suggests

that motivation is the outcome of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals

explained by Feldman (2017). The amount of motivation a person has will depend on

their expectations of the circumstance that they are dealing with. For example, a person
is motivated to study for a test because they understand the concept that studying will

pay off by achieving a good grade.

According to Seifert, K. & Sutton (2012). When it comes to motives as behavior,

sometimes it is useful to think of motivation not as something “inside” a student

driving the student’s behavior, but as equivalent to the student’s outward behaviors.

This is the perspective of behaviorism, which is a way to think about the learning

process. In its most thorough-going form, behaviorism focuses almost completely on

what can be directly seen or heard about a person’s behavior and has relatively few

comments about what may lie behind (or “underneath” or “inside”) the behavior. When

it comes to motivation, this perspective means minimizing or even ignoring the

distinction between the inner drive or energy of students, and the outward behaviors

that express the drive or energy. The two are considered the same, or nearly so.

Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

It is what causes you to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or

reading a book to gain knowledge.

As said by Alhabash & Ma (2017). Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat

diverge from similarity when it comes to other use motivations. Following

convenience and entertainment, participants reported they use Facebook for passing

time, medium appeal, information sharing, self-expression, social interaction, and self-

documentation, respectively. In accordance to a literature review of Folmer (2016).

Motives or social motives in particular has a reflection the way people value these

interests in relation to their own. How they do so has a crucial impact on their

understanding of the interaction and on the decisions they make within its context. For
this reason, understanding social motivation is crucial for understanding social

interactions. This entry explains how social motivation may be shaped by the features

of the people who compose the interaction and the features of the interaction situation.

It addresses how social motives may affect social behavior and, finally, explains social

orientations.

What’s more is, we may be familiar with the perspectives on motives and their

sources, such as how we refer to the topics of motives. Students' motivations are

influenced by the types of goals they set for themselves, whether they are oriented

toward mastery, performance, failure avoidance, or social contact explained by Seifert

(2012).

In conclusion, motivation can be critical because it is the focal point of behavior

that directly influences a person's daily emotions as well as long-term hopes and

dreams. It can have a positive or negative impact on our behavior due to a lack of

motivation. In other words, motivation is critical because of its impact on goals,

emotional behavior, and happiness. It has a direct impact on not only our daily

behavior, but also our mental health. Motivation influences an individual's hopes and

dreams by driving thoughts and efforts in the pursuit of those dreams. When a student

listens to the teacher's comments during a lecture or discussion, this indicates an

increase in motivation.

Social Norms
 According to a literature review by Masur et.al (2021). Social norms are rules or

standards that are understood by members of a group, and that guide and/or constrain

social behavior without the force of law. Whereas collective norms refer to an

established code of conduct or the actual prevalence of a behavior and operate at the

societal level or the level of the social network, perceived norms capture individual

perceptions of behaviors and pressures to conform. Meanwhile, Cameron (2019)

defined social norms are rules of behavior. They inform group members how to

construe a given situation, how to feel about it, and how to behave in it. They exert

social influence on group members by prescribing which reactions are appropriate, and

which are not.

According to Kuntsche (2021). Social norms hence direct individuals’

cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. They also serve as evaluative standards, against

which individuals’ reactions are judged. However, we do not always explicitly

articulate the behaviors one would see if those values were successfully adopted. It’s

almost certainly not enough to simply say what we value, such as respect,

responsibility, or courtesy. We need to be explicit about what these values look like in

practice. For example, we could think about what it would look like if we embodied

these values during task transitions or moving around the school stated by Rose, N

(2011).

In social situations, social expectations are the rules by which people act. While

serving as an assessment criteria, it guides people's cognitive distortions, attitudes, and

behaviors. The conduct of students is governed by social norms in schools just like in

other cultural organizations mentioned in the literature review by Krauss and Chiu
(2012). According to the published book, Management Association's Information

Resources (2015). Technologies and digital media enable the expression of a broader

range of opinions and viewpoints, exposing children to new ideas, information, and

social norms. Social media texts allow students to collaborate on issues, discover new

sources of knowledge, build on each other's ideas, and discuss disagreements in

acceptable, constructive ways. Students can also demonstrate their willingness to learn

from one another through their texts.

Social norms are learned through social exchanges with others, deeply ingrained in us,

and critical for healthy social interaction. Social norms are constructed over time, and

conformity to these norms increases the longer group members interact with each other

described by McLaughlin and Vitak (2011). In person, norms become represented in

societal rules and laws while on social media, these rules are reflected in terms of

agreement and community standards published by platforms. Violations of these

standards result in sanctions of varying severity against the user.

Clearly, social norms are subject to agreement within specific groups; for example,

eating with a fork is appropriate in some groups while eating with sticks is more

appropriate in others. Social norms are the often unwritten rules that govern how we

behave in social situations, such as queuing or saying 'please' and 'thank you.' Schools,

like all cultural institutions, have social norms governing student behavior. These are

frequently articulated in schools as the ethos and values that we want students to

embrace.
RELATED STUDIES

Social Media

Once the use of a specific social media becomes routine for an individual, the habit

of using it should lead to an additional force that increases behavioral intention and

has consequences on the use stated by Hu et al. (2018). Because of its ease of use,

speed and reach, social media is fast changing the public discourse in society and

setting trends and agendas in topics that range from the environment and politics to

technology and the entertainment industry according to Asur and Huberman (2011).

In the last ten years, the online world has changed dramatically, thanks to the invention

of social media, young men and women now exchange ideas, feelings, personal

information, pictures, and videos at a truly astonishing rate according to Oberst (2011).

Mim et al. (2018) stated that due to students' excessive use of social media networks,

a considerable percentage of respondents reported negative consequences such as late

assignment submission, reduced study time, and poor academic achievement.

 Bagget and Williams (2012) described social media as providing an opportunity to

multitask because students do not want to spend time creating multiple individual

messages. For this study, social media will be defined as any use of social media or

online platforms that allow audiences to engage with films, whether that is through

following a movie Facebook page, tweeting with their favorite films, or exploring an

interactive movie site concluded by Duffy (2016).

On the other hand, Siddiqui and Signh (2016) stated that since small

communication systems have been introduced to technology, we can access social

networks from anywhere and at any time, as these gadgets include pocket computers,

laptops, iPads, and even simple mobile phones (that support internet), among other

things. The use of social media for educational purposes has been creative. It is obvious

that social media users are often goal-oriented, actively select social media that best

fulfills their individual needs such as information, entertainment and socialization

among others.

Research studies on social media mentioned the use among younger generations

shows that the purposes for using social media is similar to other age groups and

generations explained by Bolton et al. (2013). Young adults use different social media

sites as sources of information as concluded by Kim et al., (2011). Even though

researchers seem to find it hard to agree on any general patterns of activities and types

of consumption behavior in social media among younger generations many agree that

young adults engaged as described by Widén et al. (2018) and the fact that social

media is use extensively and frequently. Young adults are prone to a heavy reliance on

technology for communication, entertainment and socializing and this may lead to
long-term effects on their mental health according to the research study of Bolton et

al. (2013).

Subsequently, social media rapidly alters public discourse and establishes trends

and agendas in a variety of fields ranging from the environment and politics to

technology and the entertainment industry. It demonstrates that, in general, high school

students do not see social media as a tool for limiting or distorting identifying

information posted online, but rather as a way for them to express themselves.

However, there is a possibility that social media can have a positive impact on young

people's physical health because social media sites are an efficient way of

communicating and possibly creating an interest in, for example, exercise and health

information.

Socializing

The academic research on social media on public relations as well as professional

claims about the value of social media as a public relations tactic are reviewed. And

that social media can be used through mobile devices, that it is interaction, user and

society-based, and that it is user-friendly have been effective in it becoming

widespread according to Taylor and Kent (2011). As indicated by Lin et al. (2017).

This study looks at how social media users' personality qualities and motivations for

using two different social media sites, Facebook and Pinterest, affect users' unpleasant
emotional experiences. The data imply that the amount of time spent on social media

is linked to unpleasant feelings.

Tomer (2015) said that as citizens, netizens, researchers, or emergency responders,

we use social media platforms in almost every aspect of our daily life. Lessons learned

from catastrophes and emergencies around the world in recent years have proven that

social media technologies may be an important and vital part of crisis response. This

looks at one aspect of how public relations students are socialized in their view of the

value and power of social media in the field. The positive effects that social media

have on students are better communication, timely information, socializing online,

learning, enhancing skills, making a career among others, a new related study

concluded by Singh (2021).

As a result of this, "social media" becomes the conquest of society by corporations.

The concept of "social media" emerged when businesses realized they could leverage

what people were already doing, simplify (some of) it, label it "content," and turn our

habits into income. Compared to more fundamental concerns such as ownership,

rights, and power, the phrase "social media" emphasizes what individuals do on

platforms. Researchers of social networking sites frequently address these issues in

some kind of a similar manner, investigating how individuals use the services or even

what the consequences were. Just as some of us recognize the importance of networks

as stakeholders in this socioeconomic system. Our job is required by society to start

questioning what we have been researching explained by Baym (2015).

As Koch et al. (2013) said that embedding social media into employees' daily

routines may contribute to organizational socialization since social media is a tool used
by most people. While time spent on social media is classified as one form of use,

consumers utilize social media for various reasons. In one instance, the social media

platform was strictly prohibited from being utilized for cooperation and data

dissemination. However, some researchers perceive Internet-based communication as

platforms wielding opportunistic interactivity, discriminatory self-presence in real-

time interaction, targeting asynchronous audiences driven by online user-generated

marketing content as figured by Lund (2019), Carr and Hayes (2015) and Rothschild

(2011).

In terms of the relationship between the use of social media and the possible impact

starts on social interactions, Hundley (2018) defined it as a way to explore how social

media platforms such as Facebook, Snap Chat and Twitter have changed the way

people conduct social interactions with one another daily. Just like how human

socialization begins at birth. During the first weeks of life, interactions with parents

and siblings teach infants basic human emotions such as happiness, anger, fear,

surprise, and joy. Early interactions with family members and caregivers provide

children a foundation to build on as they grow. Interactions during the first years teach

skills such as self-feeding, communication, and friendship.

Those who use social media also use some online platforms to interact with others

and socializing encompasses a wide range of interactions between people. Socializing

increases the likelihood that people will utilize social media to connect and engage

with others. People tend to socialize online and discover trends that influence them as

well by interacting on social media.

Studying
 As stated by Granic (2011). If you saw three teens in the back of a classroom

playing games, watching videos, and checking text messages, you would likely assume

that little learning was going on. If you were in a classroom at most schools, you would

be right. But there is another possibility. These students may be at one of a growing

number of schools that are incorporating technology in exciting and productive ways.

You could have observed the same three students in a coffee shop rather than the

classroom and they may be deeply engaged in learning activities unlike any you have

ever experienced.

A related study by Flook et al., (2019) concluded that social media in terms of

studying supports students to be creative, organized as they combine studying and

socializing for maximum advantage. Dabbagh and Kitsantas (2011) state that social

media supports formal and informal learning and enables learners to arrange their

learning settings. It offers a learning environment for learners to manage and sustain

their learning. It offers learners a time and space-independent opportunity to contact

their peers and to manage their learning activities according to Selwyn (2017).

Meanwhile, researchers from the University of Science & Technology of China and

the City University of Hong Kong (2013) found out that social networking sites can

help students to become academically and socially integrated, and may even improve

learning outcomes as mentioned by Stenger (2013)

While a related study of studying in terms of social media is perceive as an

acceptance in higher education according to Dumpit and Fernandez (2017). Social

media for learning is students' satisfaction as described by Orús et al., (2016) as there

is determinants of students' intent and use of social media while in the opinion of
Balakrishnan and Griffiths (2017). It's among others seek to understand the social

media phenomena among consumers such as students across countries. For example,

with the advent of the corona virus (COVID-19) in the early part of 2020, the social

life of people globally was disrupted, denying them from gathering for any activity

including education.

Consequently, while some of the new pedagogical technology users easily

navigated their way into the new platforms, majority of the users faced significant

problems that stalked the learning process. These further raise questions regarding the

role of media in education policies clarified by Liu et al., (2019). In accordance with

Cotton et al., (2013). The focus on partial aspects, rather than an integrated view of

social media in education, prohibits understanding of what is known as the hidden

curriculum: societal, institutional or lecturers’ values that are transmitted

unconsciously to students. In contrast to these barriers, a research study of Piotrowski

(2015) reports affordances, such as engagement and student motivation. Reviews often

also reported uncertainty about the effectiveness of social media for improving

learning results. Nonetheless, social media are imputed with great potential for

improving education.

On this account, students may attend one of an increasing number of schools that

use technology in innovative and useful ways. Learners can create their customized

learning environments via social media, which facilitates both academic and informal

learning. It also allows students to communicate with their peers and manage their

learning activities regardless of time or location.

Entertainment

According to a study of Edelman (2018), consumers believe social media delivers

a higher value experience as a kind of entertainment. The fourth annual trust in the

entertainment industry poll also finds that the internet is only second to television as a

source of entertainment. While social media sites are yet considered entertainment

firms, they are setting the standard for adding value to the entertainment experience. It

was believed that all businesses today operate in this new era of social entertainment

and that it will continue to have an impact on how people interact with entertainment

and one another. According to McCool (2011). It has shown that social media can be

used in administrative processes, social needs, searching for information, and

entertainment for educational purposes.

Kamiloğlu and Yurttaş (2014) conducted a study on Turkish Culture and

emphasized that the most commonly used social media was Facebook and was

primarily used for acquiring information, entertainment, and free time. In many

respects, journalism and media have been subordinate to digital networking, which has

become the primary means for individuals to obtain information. Social media lives

economically by becoming "sticky" and capturing our attention as many times as

possible. And one effective approach to do so is to provide engaging material, which

pushes journalists and content creators further still lack access to education toward

entertainment according to Green ( 2019).

As reported by Beemt et al., (2017). Social media (SM) entertainment partly

mediates the link between social media content and social media performance of

students, suggesting that social media entertainment is almost indispensable in creating

social media content to achieve optimum performance among tertiary students.

Another study was done by Benage (2011). It indicates that social media rapidly alters

public discourse and establishes trends and agendas in ways ranging from the

environment and politics to technology and the entertainment industry. Oliver and

Raney (2011) state that the purpose of this research is to broaden the definition of

entertainment selection to include not only pleasure-seeking known as hedonic

concerns as a motivation, but also the possibility that people use media for "truth-

seeking" known as eudemonic concerns.

In conclusion, the annual trust in the entertainment sector poll is that the internet is

only second television as a source of entertainment. And for the educational objectives,

social media can be employed in administrative operations, social requirements,

information searching, and amusement. Facebook was the most widely used social

media platform and the users mostly used it to obtain information, enjoy themselves,

and pass the time.

Social Behavior

Human social behavior changes more as we experiment with technology,

particularly social media. People's everyday use of social media has grown to the point

where it is gradually infusing an inflection into our actions as stated by Jain (2018).

Nowadays, social media has introduced new modes of communication for us, which

has had a significant influence on people's daily lives such as how social media has

brought people with similar interests together and broadened the scope of ideas
throughout the world. However, social media has influenced human behavior and

society. Spending so much time on social media sites can also be difficult for some

people to spend their time doing their tasks and sometimes neglect to do it. The term

to describe it is called social displacement. Fears about social displacement are

longstanding, as old as the telephone and probably older according to Kapoor et al.,

(2018).

This issue of displacement has gone on for more than 100 years. That's why no

matter what the technology is there is always a cultural belief that it's replacing face-

to-face time with our close friends and family, in relation to the study concluded by

Allen (2019). Some researchers that investigated the impact of social media usage

have revealed that social behavior had a significant value through the availability of

materials online according to Aligwe et al. (2016).

As indicated by Maslin et al. (2021). Increasingly interested in the usage of online

social networks (OSNs). Student behavior in online social networks has recently been

studied in depth. However, only sporadic attempts have been made to assess and

systematically review the current state of research to provide insight into prior study

findings. Social media use becomes “problematic” when it causes distress to users,

including impaired social and emotional functioning, and lower subjective well-being

according to Marino (2018). Numerous studies have found an association between

PSMU and several psychosocial health outcomes, such as depressive symptoms and

social isolation concluded by Marino et al., (2018) and Shensa et al., (2017).

In essence, a child's social skills will benefit him or her in school and beyond.

Children who use appropriate social behavior are more likely to be able to manage
their aggression and persevere in the face of adversity. On the contrary, students who

struggle with behavior are frequently rejected by their peers and face lifelong

challenges. Students who exhibit poor social behavior can have a negative impact on

the entire classroom environment. In a charged environment, not only do other students

face more academic difficulties, but socially challenged students are also more likely

to perform poorly on intellectual challenges. However, promoting positive social

behavior in the classroom is understood because, aside from academics and extra-

curricular activities, there may be several other situations where, as a fellow, you

would agree that it is critical. For example, it is a teacher's responsibility to instil in

their students positive social behaviors. Pro-social behaviors emerge during early

childhood and adolescence, when adults model them.

Emotions

In the last decade, a growing research effort in behavioral sciences, especially

psychology and neuroscience, has been invested in the study of the cognitive,

biological, and evolutionary foundations of social behavior. Differently from the case

of sociology, which studies social behavior also at the group level in terms of

organizations and structures, psychology and neuroscience often define “social” as a

feature of the individual brain that allows an efficient interaction with conspecifics,

and thus constitutes a possible evolutionary advantage according to Matusall (2016).

In another experiment, Tamir and Bigman (2017) recruited 159 more students, to

look at how expectations about anger might affect performance on a first-person

shooter video game. Half the group was led to believe, via accounts from previous

players, that feeling angry would help them kill more baddies, while the other half was

led to believe that feeling calm would be beneficial. Those who expected anger to

boost their performance played better if they felt angry, rather than relatively calm; in

contrast, angry participants in the “calm is good” condition didn’t show this advantage,

discussed by Young (2016).

Emotional responses to social evaluations by others are modulated by gender. They

found that positive evaluations expressed by men elicited stronger facial

electromyography responses in both genders, whereas arousal was higher when

positive evaluations were expressed by the opposite gender. These results suggest that

emotionally evocative processes unfold differently depending on the gender of the

interaction partners argued by Kleef et al. (2016).

As discussed earlier, social media use encompasses an array of behavioural

processes, activities and psychological factors that frequent social media users most

likely are not aware of. This is true especially for young people who are using social

media as a natural part of their everyday lives as stated by Creighton et al. (2013). On

the other hand, Bolton et al. (2013) discuss several shortcomings of previous research

within social media use among young people. Social media use might also have a

positive effect on young peoples’ psychological and emotional wellbeing and help

them to strengthen and nurture supportive relationships with family and friends.

Status updates to be largely similar in emotional profile to emotional life in general,

though Facebook posts are more positive on average, and tweets are more negative.

Both Facebook posts and tweets exhibit higher levels of emotions associated with
activation (energy, alertness) and lower levels of emotions associated with

deactivation (drowsiness, sleepiness) than emotional life in general. In the second

analysis, I find that the emotions we express in status updates have a low-moderate

correlation with day-to-day emotional life, suggesting that efforts to infer emotional

life from the emotions we express in status updates have some validity concluded by

Thomas (2017).

To put it simply, the authors emphasize the need for more research on social media

use among digital natives, the positive and negative effects on their behavior and

health, as well as the impact on society in general. We believe that listening to how

young people describe and experience their personal (social) media behavior is one

step toward gaining a better understanding of the effects that extensive social media

use may have on them. Their own recollections and perceptions of their social media

use can help us understand how they perceive things like collective norms and

conflicting emotions.

Motives

Viewing the motives to find a mate, keep a mate, and care for kin as distinct because

they correspond to distinct adaptive problems. This approach allows for the prediction

of individual differences in social motives based on factors that shape life-history

strategies (e.g., age, sex, relationship status, parental status, childhood environmental

instability), thereby providing a framework for understanding changes in social

motives over the lifespan and emerging work shows the utility of the fundamental
social motives framework for understanding the psychological aspects of situations as

said by to Neel et al. (2016).

In accordance to Baumeister and Leary (2015). The motive might decrease as

people grow older and sufficiently achieve those other goals. Alternatively, affiliation-

related motives might remain stable across the lifespan, given the centrality and

universality of this concern and the potential utility of social alliances for managing

several other adaptive problems. Funder (2016) concluded that the individual

differences in persons’ fundamental social motives will help extend this approach to

understand more fully the personality triad of situations, persons, and behaviors.

Emphasizing the significance of having an online presence of the university

community as stated by Mehta and Aguilera (2020). Researchers have shown how

digital ethnography motivates individuals and corporate organizations to leverage

daily, if not hourly, on social media to satisfy e-aspirations. As indicated by Neel et

al., (2016). Motivation has long been regarded as a key factor in how people differ and

are alike. The current study uses a biologically based fundamental social motives

paradigm to better understand individual differences in social motives. It assumes that

human motivational systems are functionally structured to manage the key costs and

advantages of social life.

According to the research study of Kennedy (2019). In terms of social media as an

entertainment demonstrates that in general, high school students do not view social

media as a tool for limiting or distorting identifying information posted online but

rather as a means for expressing themselves. For example, a high school student was

motivated to visit Facebook to pass the time. Conversely, high school students were
most motivated to visit Facebook for the purpose of maintaining relationships. Media

is used by individuals to satisfy their wants or needs, according to the uses and

gratifications theory. Specifically, it focuses on the motives for certain types of media

use, the factors that influence these motives, and the outcomes of media-related

behaviors explained by Hart (2011).

Digital ethnography has been shown to motivate individuals and organizations to

utilize social media on a daily basis, if not hourly. Most high school students visited

Facebook for the purpose of maintaining relationships. In accordance with the uses

and gratifications theory, individuals use media to fulfil their wants or needs.

Social Norms

As presumed by Young (2015). Within a group, social norms are self-enforcing

patterns of behavior: everyone conforms, everyone is expected to comply, and

everyone wants to conform when everyone else is expected to conform. Multiple

mechanisms, such as a desire to coordinate, fear of being sanctioned, signalling

membership in a group, or just following the lead of others, are often used to maintain

social norms. McDonald and Crandall (2015) described that the force and reach of

social norms have long been demonstrated in psychology; their importance cannot be

overstated. We examine two sectors where research continues to highlight the potency

of social norms: bias and energy use, to demonstrate their enduring influence on a

broad variety of social phenomena. In recent years, social norms as a research issue

have gotten a lot of attention from a lot of different people.

 Because of the growing interest in social norms among scholars from other

disciplines, it concluded that there is sometimes a lack of clarity on what comprises

social norms and how essential concepts are operationalized in this field of the study

concluded by Chung and Rimal (2016). Just like what Yamin et al., (2019) indicated,

policies do not change behavior spontaneously; therefore, "behavioral change" has to

be designed. Due to this, even the most sophisticated management systems, policies,

laws, or programs require some behavioral change in their target audience to succeed

and can fail if these changes are not made. Burke (2015) state that individuals in a

group strive to conform to social norms, which are typical or ideal patterns of behavior.

From an analytical standpoint, social norms are important because they create a

positive feedback loop between individual and group behavior: the more broadly a rule

is followed by members of a group, the more strongly others are encouraged to follow

suit.

On the other hand, Rose (2020) indicated that information about social media use

among adults was provided via a social norms message. Interventions were compared

to control messages (no information about excessive use) as well as generic messages

(general consequences that can be experienced from excessive use). According to the

study on social media and social norms by Ajzen (2019). Behavior feedback has more

of an effect on attitudes, whereas social norms have more of an effect on intended

behavior in the future such that one may lead to attitude change before behavior

change, while the other may lead to the opposite.

This summarizes how will examined the one of the most popular theories of

behavior and behavioral change, that of social norms. Social norms are self-enforcing
patterns of conduct within a community. Multiple factors, such as a desire to

coordinate and a fear of being sanctioned, are frequently utilized to keep social

standards in place. We look at two areas where research has shown the power of social

norms, prejudice and energy consumption in terms of using social media.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework of the study consists of two variables, social media as

an independent variable and social behavior as the dependent variable.

A study in literature according to Hashim et al. (2016) shows that social media

pertains to an individual's activity that supports, modifies, or otherwise affects the

actions of another individual. Social media enables students to be more flexible in their

learning, encourages new thinking, and enhances interpersonal relationships.

Another variable, social behavior refers to a set of actions that represent a person's

external influence or manner of behaving toward others. It is often identified as the

result of an interaction between the individual and its environment. Human social

behavior includes shaking hands, flirting, conversation, religious rituals, snubbing or

"putting down" another person, exchanging nonverbal signals like smiles or frowns,
offering reassurance or consolation, sharing a meal according to published online

article, Enotes (2020).

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant relationship between social media and the social behavior of

students.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

(IV) (DV)
Social Media Social Behavior
Studying Emotions
Socializing Motives
Entertainment Social norms
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Social Media: operational:

It could be in terms of websites and applications that focus on communication,

community-based input interaction, content-sharing, and collaboration.

Social Media: theoretical:

It is a collection of internet-based services that allow users to interact with each other

through online platforms.

Social Behavior: operational:

It could be in terms of thoughts, emotions, and habitual patterns of behavior that are

relatively stable over time.

Social Behavior: theoretical:

It either influences or is influenced by other members of the same group.

Socializing: operational:

It could be in terms of action or practice of participating in social activities or mixing

socially with others.

Socializing: theoretical:

It is a lifelong process of an individual or group learning of the expected norms and

customs of a group or society through social interaction.

Studying: operational:
It could be in terms of reading, practicing, or memorizing.

Studying: theoretical:

It improves the memory performance of common learners.

Entertainment: operational:

It could be in terms of attention, the interest of an audience, pleasure, and delight.

Entertainment: theoretical:

It affects the thinking and cognitive ability of people.

Emotions: operational:

It could be in terms of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality,

mood, and motivation.

Emotions: theoretical:

A complex state of feeling results in physical and psychological changes that influence

thought and behavior.

Motives: operational:

It could be in terms of something that moves a person; an inducement, something that

leads a person on; an incentive, something that inspires a person.

Motives: theoretical:

It is concerned with what moves people to action, what channels their action in some

directions rather than others, and what sustains their actions.

Social Norms: operational:

It could be in terms of observation, imitation, and general socialization.

Social Norms: theoretical:

It influences people's decision-making.