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Neha Maam Notes

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
147 views125 pages

Neha Maam Notes

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Dushyant Rathore
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Th G ip a geup under additfon then Left cot of Hb G f at We fat | het} te git wt Pin GR and wea = fhta | ReH3 Exarnble = ) it G=- (Z,+) let Hy az = Pan) -6,-¥-20, 24,6, --- 3 “To find , deft covet of Hin G © scanned with OKEN Scanner odwe fee, 8M -% 0, 24,6...3 = 4 ae hy Pe bo Bb ty 85,7, 7 2tn = fi ---, 7% -2, 0, 2,4,68, ---F 54 3¢h- 4tH AW PL Bat 0, 13,52 - ath AW FL ~B- Yrg 0-7 =H D> There exits only 2 cols oh Win G namely Wand 448, let G= Se £7, Chad, C19), C2, Coa WU3QF we FT {C392 “Then Rig carts WI: f 1, Ga} way = FTC , (2a02)9 [Cy 13293 Hels) = fT C1), CYC £019, cto? has) > § TAD , C9C229} » §C29) 39 © scanned with OKEN Scanner PELLEVUUUUCCEOCEL EEE RAAAVAAANANANS / Woes) 2 fx CesF, (23) 239? z = fae aa? > He? 3 Wim = Eciaey, 2) 18299 g 5 » He 2 ls Tew ae Aver iffeert Sight cael I HOD, CIS) Left Cowts + TH =u cious £12), Cesit cis) W = fc, 0307 cyn = fea, TP =H (123) We £23), C1)? = ci CBD Hs $3 OF = aig obsewations ) Ha may not be equal t al hh general - ciayee HCI) 3 Ho= Hh wen Yhough +b oO Wag) = HU23) bot 3) F C123) J bat G = Dye Efe, Rao, Rage 7 Raver Baer nyu 0? 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Sine, 4 FH, heh ad yo ft a subgroup of G aheh 2 1 eH 2 ahey New, fet 8 eH Mi, get 2 wk ey 2 he ek (HH ae subresp of G] » WAN © scanned with OKEN Scanner *. aneH TK dow (HS a (bh) let + & Cab) a= (ah, a(bh) € Gab allt (anc aC bH) let yg € albh) Dye hell atch), bel = bt e (abt > albl) © (aH (ab)H= a(bH) a= by THF lot aH = BH . Te show = BH Sw, ae all tue fave, 2 & bH Ww ae bH Cy th) (Cte sobgiob 4G) © scanned with OKEN Scanner $a Comerstly, Le ae bh = > ab, fel let xe alt x=ah, hell = (bhJh = bChh) oer Al ¢ ve EW He samy, ah ¢ bu Now, det LH > ye bh, helt =Caryh = ahh) € a 7 bh ca bi & an v) TE at bh =>, then we ave done. Now, et a OH FD. Then Same HE HN BH > re at, tebH > ae ah,» t=bhe pA he eH a= aby = (lohs hi! = behgh) a = bthshi")h bthbit © scanned with OKEN Scanner ay abt EH Chyn tly 7 2 yw a= by if la) = ar tCbH) . i (wgy = @idH > iff eH = (o4b)H : Hf Ho (eH fh eee ey . a= Ha iff (aW)at = (Haat if ata + Hear) a let a ¢H = The, aH chy) Ginn =WsaG we hae ak# ofall) = och) Siotlawly, CLAY = 0) ofan) = 6CbH) Get then Define $ by let ooh, = <> h = C BY Cancellation Daw <<) bh= by > Wan) = ptabe) bow well defied — and one ~ one for any th oe hg ahe al 5 blah) = bh 7 bm ant ? b a bijection and of). cay © scanned with OKEN Scanner Example -)) Ge Ueae) ‘naa 3,15, 1%, 278,252.29, we $1159 | tye faust He BH a= {ad St = $3,139 = 13M | she fog | ay= fuiay = tye fig = 4 | aus fuga? = 29H oan = $21,213 > 27H cans $23,957 = 25H Syorble-2) Let G = 2 vane ye 2% fae We folowing coset Same ° ) tH ond ut -\tH and Stl eo) ath and 23th 3) Say aw = Gide) TH = th CHD Set Cay bah] [ ty ate¥ Bh cet] © scanned with OKEN Scanner 2 S4H = (A +6) +H = -1 + 6H = -l+H J tH = (eritH = T4(letH) = 14H Log sange's Theosem let G be a finite group and HH be @ — dubgtoup G& then order of HH divides order of G fe atv) | 0(&) Paoeg let G be a finite guoop and et be a dubgwuh of Gr let Fah (ach? be tre get of all left costs of OH ih G. Sine G &% inte, the mo of cosets of Hy G Ae fina» Further — game of the left cota nay be identical. So, we choose —gnly he distinct nay Yet 8 fon a, — inl by dising eft covets +H WG Wt a © G Then, ae ah oy eel T ws the cet of © scanned with OKEN Scanner fle, a= a for Some fel, am Da € qh for some f > a € ah UQHU--U aml > GS anuquy--- Yow flo, aH UGH U--- U an CG QH Van --- Uamk = & Be GQ, --7 aml — being distinct = ave disjoint Hy GH => > oft) = olay) + ola 4——7 0 (amt) = ota) + OW) tm + oCH) = moll) 2 olx) \ 004) The number of distinct Left Low Right] cosets 4 Hin & Bb ola) oth) Feorn “Theosem, ol) = m.oCH) 7 04). am = No of distinct left covet of) © scanned with OKEN Scanner be a group and He be cubgroup ~ We index of Ho tn G1 dendted — 6H) [or GH] Inet Deft [ow wight] cosets of: the no. of di i in @ eh, 1 y Se" Converse — gf Lagrange's —Theosern doean’t hold. in geneval Cooudes “fy we Wwe of) = oe Lt Now, Gla ot we Ui show that Ay fea fo qulgtoup ob ndes 6 Vd be aubgroup of fy of order 6. Tren Tide WG = ol) yp og, ow % No of dilinct Left (ox pigit) copebs. of Hin Ay= 9 Nous fy tm. eft elements at oydet Vet ae ty be auth that Consider the eft coneta Ms at, Siow we have only datinet abo — ws mu he eaualh foe!) Tsay shen etl (oes) FE ea’ then att = a8 > ac Gow) Ho at-@ chen gta cy ae Citauebt 9 athen togels, hen two of Th either toe, ae. Bin. ae Ay wan abit al init v of eight clement of ad Fal to Hs Bt olll=6. pullich nak reatae “ee “frosts mo aubgteup of otter 6 > © scanned with OKEN Scanner Teowen Converse of Cyclic guovp- Lagvange!s theorem holds fox finité Copltany 2° In a fille goah, she guoup divides the oxder of each elenent of the odes of the gu fhooh Let Gr be a finite gsub , ach & de HG Vet H = 407 = far | neZ? Sine Ww oye [oh generated al olt) = ofa) Ry Lagange 's Theovem, oth) | o€8) x ola) | 0Ch) Covollaxy 22 Let G be a Finkte guup and a 64 (Gn Te, ce fel We Know ofa) | oC) eg aeG , then © scanned with OKEN Scanner baer a ofa” a [ a6 ‘ae | fe gre Cowllowy§ A group of prime ode eydlle Let G be a grovp with oC) =P, PS Prine let ae be guth tat Ae Then ola) ole) tet He 4a? ‘hen oth) =ota) > OCW) ola) > os 4 om ott P Now, ate > ofa) + 4 s oth) #4 2 ott) =P = ola) > oth): ofcar) > = af 5 1( meds) fro, 27 Obmod p> he tmeclt) ft -(bt4)maln a= “¥(imodm) vivaly ~ oe Gal) © Scanned with OKEN Scanner “Teovem ! Let H and kK be two finite Subgroup» of a gx hen atk) «= ath) otk) a acHnK) bs Dod Let Ne nie. Tren Nts a cobmoup of & and MEH © scanned with OKEN Scanner : “hon Ho can be walten a unin of deft coset ie Soe We GNU AN Une UtrN where Bin ae dtd dap J Cot. . > Oth) = OCAN) + OChN) t--- + OC hy NW) | ; > O(n) + ocw # 4 otN) © %CoCN)) | >) tase -O : , Now, Hk= fyNK U fake U tank U--- UbyNK -@ ) Claim: = NK=K : tet ek , thn &: ek € Nk > KCNK lt oo FENK 3 v= 0k . Now, weNck > as meek 9 NEE : to Nkek From - O Wk = vu Wk Now , — duppase tik ij rh EW $i hy eH ave distind toned. A > tH ote : : > otk) = oli) 4 Oly) t--- + OCAuK) * ofk) + ofk) +--- + otk) = MmOCk ‘i otk) Cby | ott) ott) -otk) OCHO) Grane Let of6) = 95. Shur tat G fre atest one ubyoop of otter 85 Let Hand Kb chin itinct Subgroup of of order 28, ' Now, Hak €H By ane Theovern, OCH) | OCH) = 25 think) = 415,25 uy eer) = 1, Ten oChk)= ofH)-OCkJ = 25-95 o(Hk) - ottgn) =@5 7 0f4) C contvadtction) TY otwnky=5 Then otk) = _OCHOLK) = 25.99 A Suny 25 s Jos 7006) (centred pA) ‘TE othe) =25 and Hak CH Hoke H Alo, HOK Ek and othe) raf, we have Hoke ke Heke cartvadithlen, ven Ld Gbe 2 guup of order 6 and H&K be Fintind wubgrovp of) Odes each Show that Hic Pritt 14 4aaaananae © scanned with OKEN Scanner 2 we't a eubgioup of G Let Hand k be tuo distinct aubgroup a G Cen, 8tH=2, KI, a G6. How, Hik=H — ) — otHAk) J ott 3 ottnk) = 4 ova. St otk) =, fen HOH wk “EK Hek, & Cortvadfch'e, 1 ) otttk) =QtH)OCky . 5, Ler otnnk) = woe we Sine 4 doe ret divide €. Ping Tene HM ME a gra gg Let a be an element of orders: fy i = Fipamonin Fin Seizes: Find oll tte PUMMPTSP SOE CEE (et 9G = xaot = " fe ato. ap F He a87 we = Now, ola) = 15 > oe 9 (af " asfre | 3) ola8) = 39 oth) * Ola) =3. He fer 05,43 ee fea °F a fai, aha = > ava - lt Sus patiaia’? @ © Scanned with OKEN Scanner fa,a’, farja,?3= aH atl be a probe ssubgpoup of Hand H be @ ‘OCk) = 42 and CG) = 420 Qar tk poeta cubgpond of GH (what ane the ponlble order of HP Sine k Bo aeigneb fH? otk) jw > oth) ik mulible ae otk) “82 -O fis, ow # x ote pee auegtorb GH. fle, HOU? obsrot) of Gi sy ocw) |eC) > ow powible dlviser og ve -@ Gur tH) Hao HG From od oth) = 84 OF 940 | um frow thd ovdey ot utr) 5 even where PEE we Know, cn) € Utn) # Aiie, (ne? = (na) ned = pears © ntnaltl ott el «dey of UC one) #2 tose of Langvange's “Theorem: Ai, bY ocr} 06 btn) i nice Se gorge ae whi 8 ait 12 Te Bom Let n be an inlays quaater thon 4. Let He fo,tmddh, 7 Gird al) Left coset of Hin 2 So We have = ktsn7 = Cngtn) + en (ng t snr) te = oli) = 4 ot} Te Ot) = 4, then Ko feF =p 1 then a WEG pwe haw H= G. Bayon’ Let oft): py, whete p aed 9 aye prim. Show tnt every prsher onbgnoup of Gr is cycle Le be a fcfer dubgreup of G By longrenge’s “Treovem, ott) ot) = 7 OW) = Sot Pp ony Ye olW=1, then H> fe} which tk cyte, Http ten pit prune, then H ih cy ¥y OW =9 | then Hs ere a 2 HB Och Lt any + $07 Sat (hy oe) © scanned with OKEN Scanner Bue. By Fermat's Little Theorem l= al te divided by P , the vomeinies de 1) Find the vernaindes hen 38° gy divided by I © Scanned with OKEN Scanner ot a \ (mod 14) 1x9 46 coe KSHG Cae, brine, {alfa ; 2g? af mod 10) + 64 meal? fe et. 9) yo aided bs peatland 1) > ys. 4 Orned m = gated Coned 1) Yee Umodi1) = 1S: yl = | (mod ) yt EP ayl = cy 5° (mod) she \ Cmnod 1) oS pots . (55)726° > 1. 428 Cimod) -6.

4 is bemo-methhrem. fxex [4fC) = oF + fxex [9-07 = 2 GL Ca) > fen) = det (#) feng) = det (Ae) = [det (det) = fen) $8) Ker} Fre @ucenRy | FCA? 44 fp eGLOk | Bet O93 . SLC2NR) LLU TOP PP OP oe ann-- © scanned with OKEN Scanner B) ft RH iH by : Fy) = \w) : = \xlly) = 44h) vege fre RA | 40033 tere fine = Gil byes ek ee gen = Of 2 hy’ = feof) Yen, f Yreanornex prise + vos free [ford . fre yx 33 © scanned with OKEN Scanner steer 13 "| pos, 4 = a (taco + istnod | gee eso + isn)” | ~ as@kT) 4+ tsin(3*) 7 Ke Obes & kerf = {ow + ist('S) | keovbaatit f Sy tt WR defined by bw = 2 doy = ey = oy? = go) do) 2d ic hemomoxphi'nn Keb - fre | bw = 39 = freemen = fr-a2 e ety = a + by 3b te act 4 bomowmasphion all polynomial fo with al coefficients & foun a govp under addin deine 4 BE > wha] by oc) gf acts) > Ute! = fi4g! = tg) + $3) > —b B _homormosfhiow Korg fF Rod | (4-08 -$gent 1 seh 2 $e oh al anslost func PDPAPPPDDDDSEREBDEDHe _—_—— re i Ss © scanned with OKEN Scanner J lh bt 2 2, be Meine By bln) = mmod nf = Remainder when om yy divided dyn. Gay feay) ma aia S a F gineda)medn = AI oy Kevd= fxez | b= 0} > fxez| mbnods)=0} > fxez |a=nk /KeZp = nr Theorem: Let 4 be a hemomosphism from & 404! et 36. Then, 0 Mes dy wee ee ome {dertitier of nit © dev: Wo! , mez @ $f og) =n then o(6(q)) divides bla = 4 fF ake p= bkerd = gtr CG) = {xe Law <9'}= gkerd. = we hue, Hee) * lee) => He dle) chy > Mere = ble) die) (eT te deny of Gy > e = dled CBy Garcellartio J | 2) Sf n= then 05 Mel=e we hues bt) = (ota)? D> Resuots “holde He ne% then for ned, the vesutt ik true ler vow be tue for ork fy MK) = (Oc fox n-Kit peg) = G9) ‘ > oy) OY (be Jpoxnomoaph im) © scanned with OKEN Scanner = ED dG) = degike! > HN = Cg)” ae nez TE on egaltee rege» Hen Gon) ik posite how by O, Tees $0" 9") = qty") « EOE : ; + bly") (80) [pes sve] > (Or + ag ; ‘( 8 Given ofg)= » ; > ne 4 > dy) + He 4 > egy =e Cty 0 20) 4@ > of dG) fn (0 Sf aden and aH 4 8 ta) = 6¢b) then #fn[ / ‘ & (deny dla) =e! q <> Ot") dtad= eC by 9) “@ & gti) ~e C4 hom.) % & va eked « ® akerb = bkerd Cu aH=bH iff ahen) a © Given — tq) = 9’ < fs, Og) = freq | d= 9'7 \ To show =" = ker ft xe ots! > dey = 9! = 49) : © scanned with OKEN Scanner Sayyid =e > Oty) dw =e’ > dtl = e D gtr e ked 3 ve gketd gr(q) ¢ gkexd y ye gkesd ree ke Kes 3 Now, k € kod > ok)-e dee =4t , = OE acy = bege) = a0) A peasagy -W from Gy and id ,we 94, cr “kerb ) WERT III IIISSSSSISSIS> Let be a guoop homomoxphiam sem Gr to Gi! 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Fen J) Homomosphe image of Avbgroup is & dubgroup: Trot, «= ACH) = FOC I het? bo eubyvoup of 4’ 2) Vomarnoephie nage of a tyclic subgroup iA oy tli: pe, GOH) fe Cycle in GR Ht Ogee ing. abliean Sobgcoup 8 abelian if Fy ababinn Ing 3) Homornoxbinie image of @ je dt 2 olgfian in Gl s e ° ° Ci} ° e s e & e 2 © scanned with OKEN Scanner ) HW ts novmal in G. Then cH) 18 nosmal in $(4) 3) Yo olkerd=n shen nto t mapping ftom G06" Ho ott =n then of bth) |. 9) Homomosthic pat Image ef a aubgeeup HF a dubytoup. 4) Vemomosbhie Pet lage of @ Normal cubgroup & Dorma) — dubg ub: Prooft-)) Let He be subgroup of Ten eeH > dee cH > ee dh Then d(H) i non-empty. Lt ny € tt) - To show my, ote acH) ay Paste No ye bt) > a a |B hyed Pty = 4th) dhs) oUivhs) CY oO tt homomorbhien) ni a ben) (as Fret and He, so Bf.eH) P= CO) © Othe) € chy Coen 8 Heg 2 OW th a dubgveub of G So, Ry! a" 2) Let H be tyelie, lot He let xe cH) Due OM, fen © scanned with OKEN Scanner Ate, fel = , do fea” 4 > ae gt = olan) = (4t)" > xe < ola)? > OW < dt) € OH) Aso, a oth) te o ubgeoup of G’ > dW = qi 4G)» 964. lt, eg’ 4g > aeqacg”! , hel > a Hg) OCH) OG)’ D> x= 4G) och) oc) 1 6 = blake ‘ © gay fie ges Fed amd tg) > gaara? c day { Satngch | 3D OCH) fs normal in 4(G) \ > athgek J Jj Wye G! be any element Ter oly) = ker 4 > o(aNg!) ol gkexd) = olkerd)en — Crolatt)= tH) ) Te clement Gea th imaye of nelemertt of 4, > ob vite 4 mapping ) Reatvietion Map! let 42 A%R be a finction, bet xch- eae fog! X98 0th thet 4,00) 40) Hxex © scanned with OKEN Scanner WVWVUUELEEEEELIDIIIIIIIIISSSSSSSS¢ “Bshow: oC4CH) divides oH) Define QF HO gt by 4,6) = oth) 4 hel Now, Cy) = $609) ay eH = 60 Cy) C2 bt hom) ' > 4, 4,0) chmy ed) : DG te homomonphirm. hts, dy 1% onto Cu» element of qo) 4 the form 40H) where feH) Let ofker 6) = t > b & aft tt. mapping Cy 5) > ott) = t olpew)) > oCdtH)) — dives oH) Wy let K be a dubgroup of 4 BH shows gtk) ie a aubgroup of 4. Sine kG! =) eek > dwek cr dee) Pee dW GGL) ten- embly rN Te show? vy x? € O° tet my & > bai, byek C7 OW «thea | Aemrend tet dG) =, , CRY) = Re 1 fr, ReEK > doy) = budy) = RR Ek Cash ky €& 2 my © Oth) on aad cod tr) = (60)? = Ri! ex ) xt e Oren) » or) 3G. © scanned with OKEN Scanner — © nosmal dvbgpoup of 4 ow 4a gern gt © gr) 4 9 €4 gorthig? @ ork) , H's tC)? whee OCg)ed kek ) 2 ging! ek/ that ny grey) = z r é Lae eee rete PLLTLATANAAANS © scanned with OKEN Scanner “Chon 4 tt wei te ele om zr HH Ak abetan thn by @» 0h abefion may nel hold tet Ge AL OW) 1 4g= oR +) giana Y ayn ay) ad-be eye (ns) = In) = lah en) $08) dlemly 4 only Here Gg? it alelian = Wt Gon aban oD Define O: G* fF by, } bay = | Then, dGy) = Gy = ayt = by dy) > be homoxphism. wo, ker) = fee HE (AT freg® [test EER oi 2 mh a HM tod mopping. td go -9. Te finds 470) We brow 4@) = ghd 9 pes gid let go = YR, ten My) > z = Zs ——<—-.-. -~§ - §- veer? eee of ho. wet, Tew tees runes ogo + tsin 30” “hen, a= tag + Leindte * ‘ yy otd> 2 oth) = tow, bw = fOCH 7 HEH > ocyw) a ocw) @) Wh 2 > Aa defined by 40) ts 4) = (ax ty) mat » (Bx mod 2 + ay mod 12) mod 12 > be B b6y 2 0 1 hemomeyphie ved Frere 1400 °°3 PeeZe [xmodi2 vel =foit} 3d Ba 34 mp. let 9! =6 Te fird 13) We know UW) = ger HL = gkesh = ye Phd EE : ayn 23x 2 3x (mod 2) (PB bbEGEBoAD 2 © scanned with OKEN Scanner wren OG) =? te, dW = 6 3 Oz 2O, kev). Soo fh let Heder, whene =a Then > £2476, 8) 10,0} > be = 67 = Fb} > othen> divider of W) Let oe oney ten UW) = Loy2, 46 Bio? Hee kK ib a aubgrovp of 2, So, ok) ka avbgerh Zn Ques’ Delevmine olf homomoxphibm fiom 2, te Zay it 6! 2m Zao be hom let gu sae a € 20 Now, fox amy FE Aa buy = OH 1) > 4b) =a Glow LE Zap ~—:MA) OLZss)_ = Se 9 ofa) = 4,235, 6,10 183°. Qieo, 462, and ot) =)0. and ab) [oct cor ob bee) | 202)) ot) | 9 oe) = 1,2) 9612 ® © scanned with OKEN Scanner Yoon @ 20, ota) = 12/416 TY olay 4, then a> 0 Sp ola) =2, chen 2215 pola) =3 Hen, as} 20 Yo of) <6 then 5,25 > AW ponisble ‘homo mox phim gtxeo OO & Atv =lox btu) = 1S dex) = doe dor ~ as [To chea Celta ged (1230) 6 ydhen dthely te : - 6 Es 4 ’ ane. “Tsomer phism Oe A mapping $5420 i Called orto hemomoxphism Th this cose G & tald to be somoxphic to G lemonphic iP ¢ ie one-one Boanple-t) lt G- (2) , Gl= (2z,4) Define $:G2G' by dG) = & ay) > = 9 TE (By cancellets) Let $00 = fos every ye oF Be uth that, oy) > > > $6 & ont. Now, d0xty) = acy) = an ty = b+ 66 2b tt homomosphitm ft ‘i and here dn Keomorphim, © scanned with OKEN Scanner f) Let G OR, , Gl = CRE) j Define 6: & 106 by Od = ] let gtx) = Oly) > f- > oga® = fog 1-4 3b & one-one lt ye! To finds eG avch Hot had = y je ay te 4: Dogg D fos each yeG! 3 logy eG auth tht bUg,y) = ated oy > d ik orto Ree egy ees gest = godly) > bw Vemonerphism, bene 4 fF Igomoxghismn, Let G= CRAY Define 1G G by a) = x3 Lt oo = &) 2 OTF 7 Faking GbE teat on beth tie, 9 078 > bw ae -one ; Nou, Te ofl ak ech ae F x8 EG auch that gu) = &)P= Now, dGty) = (ay? > aS tyPa Baty > Sug > bly) * Qo 4 Ay) 3b th not hernornorphisom herve Frys = do 4 dy) it & nut Isemoxphigm, wy let G= utr , G+ ug) Then Gf G’ Let d'G> G! be an Fsomoxphism. We know thot, at for all x ¢ UC) Conades HY = (RY = LR) + Ea) = (603))* ple, 0 = OUD = gay -d0) =(c)* a Fy do Cur Feu) > @cveucry) © scanned with OKEN Scanner ol _——=E Hew, ta) = be) — Bot 44a SP OTehe vl tenes get (emer t, Quest Sra hat any Knfinite gor Isorroxphie t% (2) SAP Let Gr dar te om cegelie UP * Petre Gz by b¢ai)= ¢ — b & will-defined Ut xg eG then yee Now, ty 7 > at-e Pe Ue je tej ten ola) = finite mt te > dtd) = acai) ‘ay ola) tt Infinite Claien) > dw = oly) — b & one-one Let den = 0) . Tet mye then teh ged ow, 8) 4), Spee) = Oca) 9 rd? alial Oxy — o & orlo oF for any tex, FatbeG such that Ace) +b it heroomoxphism petal) = belt = by peat) + det) Thesofore 1 on eronp him amples GC at), Gi= COFa) Then G #6" Suppose 44 G26" th an Gomerphism We he -166' Sine § & onto, Fach duchy “fat ga <4 > aterg)- 4 © scanned with OKEN Scanner > > > bth rat KBomerphiser bu Mt Let 0G) =” and = dat) = day > dor = oy) on) Let dtu = dy) where te ale yoat > pla = tad) 3 xe 2 ¢ B& one -one Pa OB clearly — onte auth that, Ol y ot pee ar, , (uy)= plated) 2 plait) ~ iOf / = gta) © $0) as fos any b= 2a F abeG © scanned with OKEN Scanner ll —— + WO, Oy) Example?- We have Uti = Since 009) =4 = oC UC0)) > Ut) = £37 = L717 D> Ue) Is cychle group of onder 4. $e, Ute) tk thomoxphic 24 let Ge 0€5) = £12,4, Be? 02) = 4 = lh) > be far > &b Cyclic group of order 4 > G th fsomorphic 74 £1,3,11% @roF Cayley's “Theoven* Every gop Git Proofs Let G be & sep - let 9 €6r Define Gi 4G by Goo a ght ¥ acl show tht Ty ob & permutation 0” G- We wilh rege tet ey wy eH bet iy ec d A qu yo One-Ore @ Let GO) = \y) BY gu = oF One One ai Ag (hy Left Cancellation) Onto. fase exth yes Ff dome eG auch that qo cy te Rd te x 9g 9 fos eth yea Ft gy eh auth that qty) * auras tae) vir ier ye permutation on G&, © scanned with OKEN Scanner ksomosphic te Some perrutation gtoup-, Br EZ ige) be the vel ef all | eB tw gop tae feulin Sapa F f Hew there gh € Tee, Ge = Bw) > Flex) = dhe) = ghey > Ty 6B Cm ghe@ Let ot Te © scanned with OKEN Scanner > Gh eG > closure > Sing function tompsition te lwayt associative, $ Se adycciatly hole. guch thet fing 2 €&, eG 4g G fr ¢ gt €G uth Hat gg7se « 9 Ty fh inverse Of fr all % 6G. DG ir 4 guy wnder fonction competi Hen, Define 0! GG Y 4G) = To thew! 9 Ban tSomorphicm Well defined Ded ore -one. : ; > D p p me it £ p & Je Brie es a P jy ® Te = res ee 5 & dq) = 4) | Me SS oy px each Bea tet OQ) 3) 9) [semosphi Clennly, tk ont These exist» 964 em mh: Th mevphitro and hene and G be a grop of G Remarks let G be 2 geP permotations then vee oD ee © scanned with OKEN Scanner ot & be co guoup a ba defined ber Gy) iy, Yiara by Ty 7 so, TYI,> Ty and y= Ts is Called Left equi — steppeamtation of Bvt © scanned with OKEN Scanner he oe a : Example? Let G= uta) = {usa To find @: . yh 1h HT] , , ; ) ) ) ) Tess Gs = 4 Comet) ata t Gramps Let Go $L.c0i) : let McG , Deine bu GG by OMY = Mam Sine AM € SLCQIR) + MT © SL Cane) . AMAT ae 2x2 watvicen with veal enter, Py Maw! a 22 rete wath veel enteree . fie, det tym) = det Cr) det CA) det con!) det Cm) ———E—_ nd go, by is Wel defined. Let, dylan) = yy (8) > Maw = MBM" > A= 8B > dy Bone -one, let Beg » To show 3 AEG ach that baa) = 8 ie Maw! = B 2 p= MRM Pfev each BEG , J mameG at dvinea) = MaigmyM* = B 2 OB onto (AB) = MCAR)MT = MAM" Mg) M7 2 (MArryCmBM) = dyCHd OCR) Hence i fan {gamoaphib Ker Oy = LRG Le HATZ = CheGIMANT EAT? ofneG IRoT? Quer Fivct Tsomorphisw Thecrern, Tet 42474! be 2 gwep homomorphism Then @ = fa) fe Gate Se kerf abe (Gor be b Beretta ast Gr iy Ben 7 Glee % defined. TE HAG then, Sct Sim 12k -ekesh Ha (aeG? or fan | a€G) Define 42 GI > FCG) iG aes 3 by blew = fla) ,aeG ech) © scanned with OKEN Scanner ZLPLPPLPF PP PP PP PEPPER ORERR ewe ewes let ak = bk > al Ek okaf Cv ate bi Hf a*bew) nae iae 5 et the dently oF 6 CO £ 8 Wome) & {FW * & fw)" fH =e’ Co f te home) & jw fo ( Pee mutkply of (21) & baw = 00 © bth ell defined, and one-one. +b ts cleady ote as for any 0) € (4). and go ak & Al at Sah = fla) DLakbK) = dLabk) YH wan hemomesphitm — then Remark * 1) The fiast Gornoaphion — Aheoter Ahecvern — of hornernsxbhitm 2) TE f1bsG? ork hom. then Gs lak) - Akbk) iy famorbhm, 1Komos} ref WS) 9 we have 264 = fla) = ff) Co Ft hom.) known as fordamental pric #04 © scanned with OKEN Scanner a z Seton Tsorowphign Tienrens- 3 ist Koad ke ben eyes of @ ok hat HH 4s noma in Ger, Hk # re hk aa aofs- we have wok ck. Ako HK Sk are 45 ay tet ae HO od eK a > 1gek then rel! 4 > gygt ek Can ger, nee ad K BS Pt 1.) unk gk 4 i’ Wag madre 3 gyteH > gig’ € How “aa Also, fox ong eH, we have e fe fe € Hk om eek s > Henk « Yt ze , getk a Neu. geWkcG and HaG oo a > gay ew > HAHK S, we tan tik about HI and u HnK Define! ko Me by bth) = BR le Rk? > diz well defined, (eke) ~ Wrikg 7 HR 2 AR, Hy ( + Ck) b¢hy) DOW on hamernerplienn, tet fe & BK where € Hk W > ate, heh, kek Nw, = xe HK ~ > te >the = Wye HR, > OCR) = Ole) Hk m4) C86 Hoff eat) Y fox each Hx CWK Ff pek sich thot f ts q b(k)= Hx 2 bg arto By fivat tsomenphie theorem, Fe 2 lik Mrfo show kerg = lnk St re wed MH '

kel , fy ReEbMK ( os Rekerd SH , > herd = WOK ik 2 He hoe en | Thixd Tsomosphismn “Theorem :- yt Wand k be ju nowmal dbgroups of G euch that Hek Ten, YF H uf Since KG, Ge defined, Mio, Hek + for any x He gcksG we hae grg" cH wm HAG @) HaG » Hak > Ff, defined. fy ¥4G, Sify defined. 4 o Balbo defi. © scanned with OKEN Scanner Yefing 4 Gy > 4p by plied « ka Uh Ws Yo, 9 agen ck Co Heth ff abl CH) 2 Qyaj Ck a kg kG > Attn) = OCH9,) > b B well -defined. QtHaHa) © bCHaa) = Kaa = kaka = Cha) $¢Ha,) 2 O08 lw. far oy Ke Ge eG on yf Hae GIy a4 4 (Ma) =a Fe By Finch Romorphiion ue Oh ke Be ek Ui teen tty a H tat by Hse) peek = Ki © scanned with OKEN Scanner “Ticayem’> [et be an VueVvevevvvwTewvwy wwe PF eee tsemexphitm ftom of & to the Indently oF & Gr to G - Then, ) > caves the ldentity nr dle é 2) for ewery thieges 9» and em a €G el =» (deo J YG & aban chen G allan and * oressely YG mw gthe hen G th qyclic ard convertely- SS ¥ ach ata) = oC bal) @) for a fixed integer and fixed element beG, athe equation ak sb hak the Same number { dol* in G the equation «= gt) han th G yY¥ce finite tren GG have eae tas Same ne of ement of eve order. ) ort GG I tbormorphibre 9) Hk Ba dubgrop of G then bth) aadgiag of G 1) Y RSG chem, OC tH a wobgroop of G. Ww ) = 2t@) ecol * » have e= ee y we Aan S ; y= glee) bth teomerphin > . ote ; ete Gis 4 fe cataefd no, bel Ch 9 Ol = KOE, «Teelly oF4) , > gor - Kade » >? B= be (By cancalation) , ~ ? > r © scanned with OKEN Scanner a _ 2) fo fo whe tive fox ned gear Let woot holds for fos neki, n=O, have. we Uke > Ubtel? nek bore) we hte) = & om. uth held tas) dea) Coy Q) . So sua wort “ot homo) ie Sane = (§ter)® (bta)’ = (tay > Reswlt holds for mo? fox _nzo, nez Now kie have > E(t! (ata)” & To shou to") Sa’ ond 'b where abe Gr Show > abs ba <> blab) = © pte) dy > 2 GB ablion ) To tour &= «Then 7 df) © 46) = > abtay c& - $C) bla) tf & aeG be G dtxd=b. eG 2X0? 2 xe ak > od) ~ bat) Let Since we oF Nowy > ble) = (tor) dean) dC") Gta) * Comme Cba) ( wer -nr0 Ca (Cary? lay” 4 do Be well detined one-one? Is ababian, HE & =

FeG < Gc aed, > 47 6G m aa) ot eG > SMa? a) = (ato) 2 dG) = at) rity 2 ght m& one-one) Pv 4 & 40> 7 GC G= are 5) bet ola)=n 7 dla) = Hed > Cbcor" > AE pew, fer OtaJK =E 9 da) = dle) 9 akee But ofa)=n , & Nk > of dla))= 0 6) lot ube the Gl” of aK =b inG 5 uk ab > blak) = deh) > Catwk = geo 27 heed a gol of aK ~ gC) in —covreaponding te uf ake b in Nor, Set v be a aom of we 4) mG. y veo © scanned with OKEN Scanner — —— J we auth that d(ule0 Neo, bot , vee > tun © =40) fotwd® = acu Rieu = b > wee a gl b Corresponding te gt!” of = bth) tn where ve de) H let G hoe element x of ordes tren (dt) = Coys) Re, hee ik a etlon between the Set of clement of ode on Gy guck and che set of element — of oda 1G Tos Gard GH have ame —tumber of elements aie ees: § Gr ik igomexphitm, let abe’ Wel Defined? Shee G'G 2G It tte aay dtd -a Oty) = b let a=b 2 bed = ky) ae = \| Cod im one-one) > &@ = gy 7 ot ue = defined, $B one - one: a 7 4: du! let (0) = ge) = 4) C24 ut © scanned with OKEN Scanner bt te onto et ge Gr» then 4(g) EG 3 % fw ath geG F og) eG a ah 4G) = Fe ; “tet humomaphitm® 1D = 6 (Ao: da) i gr (4oy) Cb itha) i je ed 5 ro gi) 8 a) bt kee Tren, gu) = FAK) ) [kek] o_show* otk) <@ Sine, eek, Oe = = € ott) > b¢K) te non-empty let muy © otk) pow el Ca i) Be) er oe) = CR) € OK) C a» Rice > b&) ayy) ek Ck sa) > ty ck C11 i home) Daye HW Now, oe Otek) > 400 ek ony om > oe ee RLA D> het) © Cob it home) > xt e gE) ao) <4. ) dtzta)) = ez) dtd © A (zc) > re ZG) L> ge = 1g > glgu = 40g) 2 ay) ty = de) bg) & Co) 26) 2 dag) = 206) » < 4 ge +g EG at 4) 6G gyent Define 6 Som? 22 by om Ye)= for o ft even i , # odd Show thet =a 4 Pn e fat show tral 4 ft homemoxphism. es (yee? 2a Li © scanned with OKEN Scanner =o= ogo + as 0 ein) both edd, Then oy tt ame been) = 0 11 = 46) OM) Qin «t een) th odd oF Uke verte, “3 ep te odd, eR OCR eIICLCR © Scanned with OKEN Scanner > bb hemmomorplin. ; > > w& Clearly arte By Fandarnental ahesvem Of hetvomorpliton Smee: Ze Yerd , , . , ) : 7 / Pwd = Ce es [eda 7 festa & een} = An \ : ‘ 5 . y We & le, es Cote.tt Qre-m ab ker q Sv G cs Ty & Sy 11) beth even. Ther Men) = 4. txt ein both odd. “then Qten) = oe red ein fe even and odd Men) st > axed hom. ts clearly onlo « on ie ew, = ble) ¥ bl) on th edd, ven bee) x b(n) ‘Yoop Then en ib odd, > ble *40n) Fondamertal theerem of Hom & £6 Kerd =fe edn | deed =19 + fe Eh) = fh eent = fin 2 Sg 7 Sn + o(\ « olla) ot) > oCRn) = 0) -An eee ones sess © scanned with OKEN Scanner Dain arash Tether bg ; th) = QHN ih y we = 4a) aH) 7 ; | © scanned with OKEN Scanner DP Ow he . Ker def ged | OGDEN + fyee Thy wayyy & 4 a SEE Siutomoxphizme — DA" Str tromarptim fom a grew onto helt Called an automorghixm fe B mapping 1696 One-one, onto —homornorphitm is avtomoxphitm eo & x4 1G Bw defined by amples) The map tan automomorpadem, a Oreo by — dtapis) = ath DY let = arth goccetd. > be one-one , wol defined. y crib ee $F Clb EF ath ep = etid, tary) = dlarin) + Cor )) = db (@te) + iCbt)) late) - fh brd) > tb) + Ce-ld > dx) + bly yb oh tom and hence cutomorphiam , dt orto on + nee Hono mexghi © scanned with OKEN Scanner > darib) « = Ox) ty) © scanned with OKEN Scanner Db te hom and alto mere avd onto ,fe 1 automephibm. 4) O:(Z4) > Cea) by dG) +28 b ip not onto, at - any ye Z Cto-domain) “Thee must exibt 467 (domain) ot Oly) = ate) °9 a got FZ My. Codd wd a Yer, | tet automorphism, 5) pmo by blab) = Chia} blxay) = OCAd) + Gay) = bUlatd, Chia) = & (btd, Card = (hay + 4,0) = blab) + Cod) Hence jit hemomorphizm, One- One, bts) = OG) daw ~ 4 Cad) (bra) > (de) ee ee 3) (ab) = Cd) =) nay. a—<—<. ~~» wee’ Pree WeShow het 1696 defined 4» us absflan beret eon quomophim =P 4 Git Suppee G abelian, ~ Oe- One! oto = dy) 2 wp Now, pr eath x eG (o-domain) ber) = (yt oH x bb ob dey) = Cay)" > be On cutmonphi, Conuntely, Let > be an > thy = 4 » wy) + doyle. j yy ety era . ey. yxt 2 rete j = ayy cee) > G th abelian CAPPPPAPPPP PP PO BBEEBoea-- - © scanned with OKEN Scanner TTheenern:- fox any group Gut (b) form a geoup. undes -function composition - + th - a al) avbroorphirm of G ‘ “fo O14:G9G B avtorrorphtem ? Dt me, ans mr ” 167 ni Dy) closove fige Ath ‘a thou! fg € Auth y= tee) . We hove fog 67Gb (fog) ( - p thw $y aufomorphitm. » > » p b , © scanned with OKEN Scanner ion fg Clwaye absotiati 9) fggcctarvtty > Gree fonction composition jaye associative 3) cestene_2} Lael We haw L696 defined by, yo 7 FEN uy 206 gh cel, (Yo) * fim) > f.tet Sinitoty ET 14) Exittene of Tnveste let 4 “Then 42694 % Kooy 3 $4 ioe 5 alee on Inomosphitin, buch thet ge Tit > Put(G) fe a group “Tnes Aatornorphibm:- let Gr be a group ond aeG be feed 0 woygg: be :G9G defined by dat) > Guat ¥ EG piled the tones automox phism of Gr thduced by a. © scanned with OKEN Scanner © scanned with OKEN Scanner gee fhe The mapping bq 8 Qutomoxphibm, - ) defend mms =} ™ b ax = ay wraret = ayat © dtd > 4a) Onto! fx every YEG there exie aly eG uth Ahad yt alge) > alate) ey dq onto — alts) ~ alxy)a . an (etayjrt 3 = xa’) (aye) | ae dente the det of nmev aubworphleme — by Tro Ch) Brey for any grove, bh TG) a greoeP fo To prove tt Tf) 0 0 POMP we only ad fo Show tat = TrnlG) be & Tmt “oad 2 > Bae) on emply Now, Jet be 1d, € Inne) — be ubifvary elements « car ers (de din > (0,0) = 0, Unb) = albub?) ba » Ab) (x) Cota? = bbls) (ab a bay OO) 4 XG Dd hob > taé Ton (4) arbeG 2 ab CG) Nau Gab \ - }, (atxa) pou. dat bar C= oy 9 dards =E ’ ar = dye @Tmnlt) — (ae G>.a"e6) vajat=a 5 Trnttss fot (6) que'- ant) 4 tC) © scanned with OKEN Scanner . pte) = {|e #72 Sy Romoeprion 3 deht(D pi ZAZ Tomorphabrs | Uae oak She ae omens ape 4p bier 9Gl 7% an Vonertions a ee ie ify €0= codonrcn 8S Ba Atizy & Gl) =) ort Ge Le oe~l ee, dor IY) nF > dureguy 1) wn Berea - x gdH = 7 o-2 Geek, CUD a REGU? = Jee > Tos Fe aitlzg = tel = G Scanned with OKEN Scanner 9 Shoe Gee In bin) 2 pe’ Aero oe) @ Wo Gy € Tm (om) nol gene Pi bee . hewe asl 3aehn g: Goh & oon Shomssphinny Te nh 5 gege rete) egw = 9 balgien. ~ gdp | Cytergd Taber s gly. , yaa? Cg bens) F glad x teeny «bel sue Lege =< dpm - | yuee 4b 4 & mC) 2 Mt Lint) 2 hot Cr). (© Scanned with OKEN Scanner Quay Fea Ad: (2) Sort, Let he Ad lay FO Zo Zp Bor emer fr xc Ziq ; tn) = eaten tl : 2 ne gues * ce = x Ql. 5 Doms Dene 4 in Spranahor ef Zar 9 : Uy te qennatr of Ze? UP Y bt = 19377 lt dit tai (40 21) bs: | 23 (019 = 3) &:1oF (0,0) = 7) Ar Vat (On = 19 > dire XGUD = edie bo = eal dm = 2D = % Syne 10 = Ix mado 4, (29 = Ja med bo dt = qx rod lo - Sine Gy dp leah, cap. De yt FS .an ordBerohin To ahs yr On domeepiann , ey DB Semad lo = med Io - > Gd = sty) 7 Os So vel dapat (© Scanned with OKEN Scanner nf, Bro a, poate clsand, fen yet et 9 OD4 Brey Oo G24 4 OE ea by (a 27 Aes Pies cy ee ee fib 7 Dy bis one - Ore, PLP = 200259 malta = (2 mel lot 29 rol) Rtose deemaglg 47 MEIC Hi 7 tee) dylan vig Petal pide ™ ow 2% sare atl : ab, co © scanned with OKEN Scanner Exe Déltmine, Jan (04) ” >plergy epi a. eee Pes) foe] ua ie : V3 2g [si 2) i. 2 22]. 8f! za ei] Zl, = Rey Ring — (nb of ran, ee yr ee %, 1 es Pann, > Pe, 1 Oe oa Ob: G3 . y oe, l= axed OL ing whi Sof Shue ane dishing b= Raed py ig ob, bea = Rakes Rw R, Ries = Ra Rin = Ry, Py = ReRict “= bot sx=bis Op 0 = Bang Ran = Rg Bao ®RaoRaof ba = Ray Rizo % Pipa Rare = Po Res = OR ya) RoR " s by,G0~ Ft! = Gah) (ge fo? © Bea Fu % i! Ryo! hy bo = Bhs UfeFi) (fro Fs sy! = Rao by xy = Rat Fis Rana Rew bos = Fox Pas het) © scanned with OKEN Scanner Borer Fae oveng sporibive Faby ot Aa (a) 2 Ubo bet, Defra a MOP Te Aut (Zz) —> Vl) by - Te = iD ee ee ee cee Diner 5 Zo an opnarited $y 4. Di1) din qpredin of Zn. > OU =k) he ga lkn=4 4 Kén, 7 keV) % Gu) € Ver) DT an elt dif» Teg) = TY), Ope Atl2,) > = Yo > xu = 2Yl) » Vv xreB, Y bwoe Yoo ee So: Y PT we om me Tie oly Dee P23 zy be aad m= ka med a . F sash hy € ed (any © oe Befrd= biuly) F kee mada = by red (ny) => Cher'kg) mada = 0 (© Scanned with OKEN Scanner > Klag) mraln =) [leg nik om gealem a4 y ugee 2 uy F Oy ip ore Ore Pha Za tm bei) yn ore Qe l4B,y> = Klay) mredn = [eal meds) + kg (rod) roe = dk) &, Oxly)- Ss dy an a Howomosghinn > oC Ax (2) > Tog? = Dell = ky Llwodn) = Krebs F Fer KevlD » B de AT (2.9 aah that Now TCH) = ke > T hn ote New Toy = (BIW) = $C yu3). = (tae 4 Wud, = du+guy- Poy, yoo Siew = 49 Ya = 74) THY FT de tromamerphisiy anal hance “jbenweplinn (© Scanned with OKEN Scanner a Torr, Ty Si Cyphic dun Ga obeba., Pa > Lk Zzay=H then, Sie cal - lt G)y.= > aeG. “To shoo, tn dr abalion. La oy et, thin #H yh e Gyh =
    poh = (OH), ghee", mone ZL. > eHeaH 5 ye oH [ok4e > alte obi) > arb, ay eh Fao hy, Byrh, shee F x-orhy , yeah. 3 tye A Rah,. [ = aR bh, = amp a, Ur hye he 2) Ge haa, = amr hy Cre = ZIG) = OM y Ayr ye » Gfpabdliin, © Scanned with OKEN Scanner “The items Far omy emp &r- ©:G—s Talo) ~by B® = gd, Uhre de caoer vet- ew = and’ y bt ob, i > Ox= be > and! 2 bab! F dpe Bi = $40 Vaxeb 7 bs hy Y Ola) = ob Ow Hears, ort soo for ChE Tl) J AEG ouch, HW, eta = - Bb) = dy Now, d,,(2) = @be lab)! = (ab (bb!) = albxb a! =o, ae heb! HOW = Odo) Zbd (od Vv xeG- > Ob =o) - bg = Hlarol “ * 10 tha homororphinn 7 Boy by perdamustal “Shown © Scanned with OKEN Scanner | Go “Tan (6) fon Te ahow = kn = ZC) - ie kn® Bowed. Re cx) Sexe = fr tye be 7 cy y= Ra VE Ly gry! = exe! or yxy ia a yee > vy xe ger) } Yy kon = 206) - Br aad ‘ > By anny Deon, De v ral ZOD) i D, Old) 2 > No, 0 (25) * Fearon)” ZL) = Thos Reued ZU) = FR, Rissd ZlP)* & Zing)= (RS. > InlPd 2% of Tm(d) Ss (© Scanned with OKEN Scanner External Dineel_Roduetes- Me. Yet Gy, al Gy be “tuo gyoupe - The external dived Droluc! (EO) of G £4) denstd by BG dell © GOO, = fads) Egeln » ges? | eamger Re > ROR * flan) laber} |e Ut GG. Gy bem groups. The external died proach of G, 65,60 dendd by G, 049 0-8% it detined as, Ou OB Obr = flgrigg—- gn) 1g ESP | uth, : Chr oBarem )CQ Gb. —— Ge? = Gash ger == me Babe] tahere, (4, far a)» (Gh Qh v--- Gh) © 4848 --BG6 We product gist obtained by operation of Gj Quy Kove tt = 60 -- OG, onder te Composition —debined above. Solt- Closuse let CGidg, =a) Qa , hed Then, CG dan gol Pgs rig) = Chal pay = ange) Se % 06.0 —. 06, fone a group Aspociatily $- Lt a Gade an-- ad be Gi das == a0) ce OB ee gt) obec © GABP RANGA gy Usb) GR each ) + Cala) BGI. Lo, aelgegey © scanned with OKEN Scanner 1 Go) Cage 1B o> 7 ede ge) = = (hide > albd a 3) entity: Let c= (4G, =r ea) where fe tet 4 ae> Cher satan > gree) + afr mop) ee Sino RR=& > ek Ment of Ql, 4) Sliwerne = MC gor eb Hat (faces aga) nda" > yelea, Caftigale = ge DG ge) 2 rare) me, Examples I) Ute) ® Uto) uit)? {1.3.6.8 Ute) =f 457098, cmd C8), CD, Ch) CA), C48), (0) 9 CSU CS)99, CGP GO)» COD BD, THAD CA) 63) Gd + (St, re = Cy) cia) Ga) = (78,3, 1B.) > (8,3) VE) Uti) me ia) (> UG) _ tery = (SR x Hey) = 63) _ af, yet =< J 404K w= fol} Za POl2? aO% ECO), Cound, C02), Chol CN) C2) F © scanned with OKEN Scanner (0.0) (0s Coie) (a tow) we (010) (yy) Cho)» (hl) a ch) Coe) (012) 4) cried td Cont) Cove Cond) aya—thn tha C08) -foul)_(0/8) td Clo) Cel) Con) C00) > HOA > D BO 2, we a aye quoup of ovder 6 3) 20%? 2 flO), (011), Coto, CHF we, doa) > 4 ator) *3 a alot) af Cho) = 2 ol = >A GA br w elenert bo, O% & Mon oye, ( fu, 0m FM of onder, Ge do iff Gay) © scanned with OKEN Scanner Quot Ld G ard Ho be tue gioupt «Then, GO Ho ‘abjlian iff ond Hake abillan. i Let G and Ho be abebion « ut Gil» Gin) € GOH, uhere gy ge 4, eH Tens Gaal, GU = (ga! fF) sgl > Uggs fh) Coda is ab ) = tgash tah) > GOW Babee. Conversely, Get GOW be abelian ey (gh) Gi) = Gy. 8) (Gh) where, & > (athe) = cla FH) > 9g 83 od HR > a B abtiton ad HF gan woh ’ abelian ) oom * rone abelfan > fthaugh both ave groupe of order 4, bet ty we inon~ _ ismorpmlton FFeoxemt- Let Gu bg, —-, Sn be ‘n’ finite groups Wt oe Gata, ---) te) © GB Ga @ --- ® Gy fen, abe) = fran bu) yotta) , olay. , old) te We first prove the yesultr when the diveet product for only v0 fidott « Lar (ab) € GO Gy, ae Gy beds. hy 6 66H 2 WR abeltan. © scanned with OKEN Scanner SS a a let ola) = m 1 ob) =” and k= ftm Cnn) B shout altars) fem (ata), (6) = flew (mn) > K Now, Carpi (ak, bi) + &ie) Co ee oteent | TH (bh = se) vodka wet ve) > cab bh) = Ce ead y abey . Beey > mlb. ye Ch olelew, olblen) > Leon m,n) Io | > RID dS allew) 7K. Ae Noy fet te yy tapers ta) 6 6y OO --- GG le ott) = ah and KE Joon (myth » = -- 1 Ta) Th thew oxsl=k, Nowy 2 Cotas rm) e Gch ve 2 (ee, se) (on ols) = mj and ~k) ) CeCe Co) > Cer Cay ver bn) > é 2 , > de © scanned with OKEN Scanner Sf Boa’ Pind the ber of elements of order ¢ In al Sols let (ab) & 2s O Zs whee aeZe be Zir- Now, —alarb) * 5 > fem (ae), 008) *§ ° om-2 otal 4 albl= § dal=id geo ih Zs o(b)=5 > No of fossibifities of b = gts) = TH te & tle queer of order n and d]o Hen qd - no. of elements of order d th G & a> ree pe apne “Bil pe of elements = 4 wet: WS, olb=t slalss 9 Nes of Possibibitian of a > o(s=4 abled 9 bee spol no of elements =4 Gye Dole) =f, olbd> £ olay 2 Now of fosellilthes of a=4 otbye5 + Ne of fagsbifis af b> Total nor of elemenfe Ue ' p ) ) » . b > > p 4 p , “etel_res_ok_lements_ofevdey oe ; Bem vw agate oo 2 2 % idm b ae Dy Oty robe © scanned with OKEN Scanner 8 Dekewmine no. of element of order Sn Zip OFF, of order 10 in Zrap Digg* Theorem’ Let fy and Gq te fie elie, groupe» “then, & Oly oyelle Hf oCle) and olla) ave sedative, pine. Rroofe Given Grand Gy ave yt det g Gus GP, Gg aie Lot of= my and obig) = My shen, olg)=m, and olga) = Ma Suygote, gam, jime) = 4 2 GO Gy & tyelle. We Krew, Cb Oy) = MM. Now, Gaogal™ = Gh gt) > (, G)") (2 Relay fa) = (em, ef feed Suppose (G3) = G,8) > (gtgt) - wed > gt-« and gir & > mtt ond mg) t (LY olglem then raft) > mm lt (at gdlmym) =4) gad) = mma = 04s) > Gy Oty 1 yale © scanned with OKEN Scanner = (Co yl wn)” = (es) Conversely, 7 Let GO Ga Is yelie. Jo shaw’ gator ym) > p Let Ke gtd (mana) Sand fet Gu Ge Slant? (GAG: be “apie ov. Cab) AE cgrnmsle yom) 1 a generator GAB ) oltaw)) | tm e peo, 06 ©) > 3 olearbr) = ma ol tae) = mm 2 veut | Se + ae | > 9 Reno “5 ZO mm o eye OF qd dm) = 4 ond a Pn @ Zn & Zan Ayo’ Uhot ib the order of omg n BOOB? We love Saetti §— 024 O ZO, )°3. Orde of ang non- identity elemert = 3,029. non identity ceteme st fol’ © scanned with OKEN Scanner SSS a Sina, 2, @ Zz @ Zs bot eytlic, ie hor me element of order of. let labo) ¢ 20 2% % “Then, ofa) sotb) = ole) > fox > Qonl ota, o€b) vole) tor > olabyc) 3 Give an esrafle of a nm-abelin of order Ye JO YO Poles oczjew D nO % 3 Ody oCDy) = & 5 26 38m MO | ee oy os Q.trowe hat yO 22 AOA fae Ze @ 2, hay a7 cement ew) & w= WY uiheveat, 24 © za hae om element of (at) of afayb)) =8 oder tO 3 hem Cotas, tb)» # Hh net poralble of otder 8. ofa) = o(b) =! ov Ler, Qo Peeaat of ebement t= (8, 8, C128) (61) én ol) ow US ba (a %@,9=4) wb Za BY (4 90202@,, Wer) to SH dew (Ha) =o cs (os) > Qom( 2146) 2 1a, © scanned with OKEN Scanner Gun, Find all qubgroup ef oxder 3 tn Zq OZ ~BSine a group of prime oxder always eyclic. TWrergore aft a augtoupt of order 3 a wif be eget tet Cab) € 20 Zs ~~ dlement in art rl elements =a toay elements fn a> & elements inb=1 Foul element + 2 ee Gaye cha 2 ote No of element gla) Q0b) > Bxa=4y Clement ave CAN C32), COuldy (6,2) ie, a whgwog gered fy element and Hs {y one fame. Invest. W the fale {nverte are 3 con to (02) a @ Gy CH) Caio) (6s oA Gu), (62) Go, yt eabgeonp DLLLLL Ebb 4 f Oddd ee yeapse © scanned with OKEN Scanner Quer Find all avbyroupt of order Hn Ze OZ fos hig we fivct find yes of emer of ovter in 2G 2, Lek (ap) € 24 @2- “Tren, ottabl) = 4 Dew (tad ,ot)) = 4 Gael, —ota)=4, ——olbd=} Nh of elements = CRN) x e(N)22. Cobh = C12) 80) Quel: aals4 , ot) 2 No: of element = ply) Xe) = 2 Cab) = Ch, GD Also, Got = C30) cut = GD D> Uythe gioop ae — 2ayo)> UN)7 Now, w= foo, Cov 10,0), )), 9, Wa HE Coo), Com, ¢2,0), C29} 391 (Uf Ten WH ih a “Ton yeh Qa Lk Gs 2,8 2p. Grd a wbgtoy of GF tomer fe 2 O2, let oH = 497 = 1S) 118, 2.250} 4 @ awhyorp of Zo OF older 6. he, HE % Us tubgroup of BH 0z,, avy act © scanned with OKEN Scanner Let ke 48> = 860407 8 a tabyroup of Za oder ; fe. KE Ay: > Hak = 20%: Gi find 0 aubgrovp Pr B&O 4x ony qeviot w dor LX BLor @ Ls> abou gy ge OAH Ceanorphie to whereas Zin 4 does 7a Za haven? y doer 2 OF have, Zr 2q & nen-tyehic a eel dement of order rrany cenerft of oxdey at -2Q 2 be vot gle? 82 = qe ach ten Un) ¢ OZ ty wt yelle nd abies) oop 4 O2" Ht Garorght fo }) 20% yd Ay 4) De Qedeonine which one. by elimination fu hh me demerrt of onder 6, but 40% by tn dement of onda S- (C08), al) Ou Te 9 © scanned with OKEN Scanner Qua'> Pome stat 6,0 Gy i ftaronphit fe G44) © Quer ad at eg anbgoupe of order fo on t to in, Zor OZae-” finst, indy. of elements oF onder ee We Krow o> of elements of order fo in Each boop of euler 40 Ciyeht) tl have cqD)= 4, Pie, none. of He Huo anyroupr tan hve the, ene element of onder 40, 0 if EH, and vek auth thet olxl lo He os oslo, we hoe He

    ota) 9 eps) =408 oth) 3 I= 2 Tote) me of clement =anve Twi wo of elemarh of order S > gr etI6 Ut) as external divect Product ¢— Def s- let K be a divisos of n. Define Uyin) = fre Uen) |e = nod k) 4 ; > > Get of all rote elemenh of Uln) that . Reaver yematnder 4 when divided by > “Teower Yet mm and in be selatively prime, then, 4 > Ula) 2 faormosphte to Un) & Un) WD Evomple> yl) = ular) = vy @ vO e e S B b b » p I , ) i Teotem’ Let m and nde velatively gine then, Um (ran) Uln) Un (mn) 2 Ubon) W095) > UES) = UG1-5) = ¥@)® US) 6 UA) > Uslos) © ulas) = y,tto) 2 vy > Unlles) = VAS) > Usui) 2 UO) > Uggtto5) = UG) > Uy los) = UG) Ulo) at divectly product of Zn. © scanned with OKEN Scanner “Wen Ulm) at divectly product of Zn i) voy® fo} ) ww ® a unt) © 2, @ Zs i929 ) UCH) 2 zpigns + pdt prime Bomples- uo) = vives) = uN GO US) LZ OArse f= A@O2y Now, ZG 2 vet cyclic Can HY are ret velaivey Prime) Examples Expters ay additive EDP of cycle group af Zp, 1 ‘ J vews)= (3-5-0) Ww) ® us) ® var) 1 ~ 2, ® 2y © do ‘ § wml uct. 5) UO) ® UL) O Us ' > AOMOKA By ] UIsW= uv ( . ‘ Find tre go. of elemers af oder Y and oer A in ancy fut(Zs0) = ULo) Uat-5) 2OA a No of element of odes & a Ges dale2 ob) » 1 a Gyr fa)-® Moe » 4 a Gut ed oo 5 Qe of clemenh— of onder “ Gx! ota)! oth hie 2 omen os Y kg cotel ements = sells os © scanned with OKEN Scanner Group of oxdes oos- Sern which pai 4) Zim + tam eles of over he Cot J 2sO2O2? fon(20,0,8) = 58 = No elemet of at 3) ZOZOM' Jen(5S)= 20° No element of ovdes G Z.@ A, + bem GG2ah-10 No a Y 2 Ds Doo Non Abelin SL element of order 2 6 Dw @ Z e Non-fidian 11 elements of over 7 p Nene false I! elements order & ) 0; @ 2m 3M rene oe Zoo has ond 20 ' Ds @ Dr Abcion Reyyot ned Dp has element pnt a Jn in wold U: ERODE SECO PII II AMAAAALS— © scanned with OKEN Scanner “Thtesnal Direct Product 2+ Degree Leh Wt ty te tuo temal ubgwor of 6 “Then Gon fren) dnd prodoct OF Hi wen ay = Hit ye Ht ay wOh> tet Bampet ) let Ge Sy ne ccm = {tes), 901,07 ve fc29 2), Ct, = feoy 29, G9) O32 1 OD eS and Hy. Wecc> k= S097 tite) , 92)2, £02),i0$ fe , Boxed Sir, 006) 9 9 WSS ot) lt 9. Wes ae (DEK gy? = cad) = x tk DK fh not 4 normal ing. D9 GE Hx fit, GP WOK ordes of Had , OcH=A — Soy, gtd (U6tH), ob ky) » 7 Me, HE Kate ydie 2 NOK b cycle. Qot $5 Seng Nom abelin mane cyclic, df eal © scanned with OKEN Scanner Rotige , Rig Rito + Rayshaws PRs + Res Rover A Rink RawoF J = Dd Lites Raow Ree» RaoP 1 Roo 1 Reo 2) Dye XK tet gs at + UGt) Tle, gt) = Ustse) x Oe : steeped yeep) 1 13,1816, 1) 19904 be relahvely pine. UE) = £1, 24 G6 % lov 2) =< Pho, 1306164 wo E83 Use) and U,021) aye —aubgroup ef UCI) « Algo, U2!) & — abslian > Wl) 4 ue) i vO! 4 Ue) fio, UsC21) 1 0,(20 = $19 Now, C2) Ur) » f 19 61,1614) 21h 1 oar Evy subgouy of « wernt ai Bompe-2 Ge oo - me i nor Rue 1 Bal Poul f 4 kee Rey Rite? oD) 9 , Hae oC) k= 2Ch) , bok 4G fim, OK > TRF Pe ee } ee las ag athe Rove Pe » » » = = = = 2 e o e e 5 ep nema uc) © scanned with OKEN Scanner Se one UU = War) x hla) Qs Us cone Ym A Aiea different ways | yues) = Uns) a Ugtto8) XUas 08) | + Uy Clo) ¥ Us C108) = Uyglios) x uatios) (Jos) x U4 (195) ip U(a-15) Uy los) x Us4 Quy Write —Uti6s) on an Sr TP of 1 Proper sen oY different way, 3 ) » Unies) (ed Ua Clos) Zo wer kev Mes ret 2 Hk Bb Zw -wre Jina, Z & abelian,, HEI axe ermal wee fhytk [hel kek} sPRA Vat czy sna qatsis! 9 5 mn e2 awh dy bsiops PPPPR Pra ana. _ _ Smt Ine 4 Let 1%. Teh 22k © Sm ator ef fe, WE EZ ? Zetk zt —_—— © scanned with OKEN Scanner Sine wk =< ff a 3fe WOK q > 2+ UXK Quest — Show that pee rt x theif SPF Since RE atolin, RY anf fl ave rowed, ubpeup fie, wetatiae = U3 Te shows IR* = Ww fil we he Rt ti crt let cem® Yow, tee dl eR fil? xo then 176 F tay) et fel TP pe 2 RE xt 4 gb jot J abe € 27 under. mubtiplotin He 5% eee | abe] under mutha. Ge 87 eb KLIO7 He

    tvhg = ARS Sm 9 blbuphar-aba) = QCREBa,-- Re) o Ww udl- defined Lat Une ahgy thn) CH hg p= ba Akar ty RAE ~ ebm Goo G in Wek Wy ty , we hae unas We NW = fe le Hard K ane $40 foxmal —dubsyouph uch “ ! wok =feF then R= eh + Rey ee: sill © scanned with OKEN Scanner ie B,C Hill, lo 1 papa fa ofa and taty CH 9 teh € Bite Mf fel >. toh =e 3 abr = bo Sinilaly , gy = A 9 Ry ahareerbo) = Dd 6 one-cne- yb aan fa ony fhe ohn -# Chyvhae = @ Ha® --- Vn buch at bthiharohn) = Riba, —-- bo Re Atha, fad bb Ruy) = (nh aha yah = Gyht hgh ~~~ baht © (Bhp, -—— obo) Chi ha, = BEbuhg, sf) g Chl = © b & hemomaphirm, and here db frommoxph hey te this of © scanned with OKEN Scanner Every qyoop of oles pa, Pp pune to des = By” or ZO Z | fee Ut ole) let aeG be any element wich at ate - | Wer ad Jet) dl 2 ota) =p oe PS fo Pp tee ata) 2006) > fr> dar 3G & a finite celle peer of onder f > GYZp Th ot f TE ola)=) , we fleet Show that Algo, obs") ath) oléas) = ola)= 3 oh cbib">) =} tee EK (as) » se, Wok —& —&— aubgtoup of bath a> acy) [ott) > otk) \ on H and Je ue pr @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 8 Fundamental Theorem of inte. Abeblan Group 6! ; Every finite abehion group fsa direct product of finite ce groups of prime. power os order. Moveouer if ) a a Rc of the number ob groom ote Unig" determined by the yours the, une Boe otha chelhnllgreey and old )=m a i ee ee tail” whee Gy ane ayelle grow and « i fintte eke goop of order on 4 Teomexphic a de Zo. Hevefore fran abuve Theorem » a U8 a fy Hind abiDae grap G3 onerphie POF © ofthe fort . a Zar Q He @ 2 a = 2) ritieg of @ gto ip abe form in called cient tre emosphi clo» of G. UF onder of Gon. Then deterinining the romoxphism clan of Gy 1 finding grep Ub — tkemorphitm ef order 1 steams finding a poulble on- ftomorphic groups Cabebiion) of order in We (on Ue the theorem ay al abelion group of gin an abjortthn, 4. condhry ovdey © scanned with OKEN Scanner — Rartition of Flt nm patie Inger: nf " I ines mmr <== with My 2 nz Fe hone am bon Caled ten The number of fantition of 0 it demoted by Examples = ta faye oN eit nae 2 Pla) = 3 = ts prime enn Contider the cote wien of) PE , whee ach np We -m FM Tren RTT ponte inkges ay 2R8 2 0-8 2k oo al of cider fhe. be © scanned with OKEN Scanner 2 A at i HW 2X0 2 s 3 2p ¥ ant Zh 02 Via) Zeln Oz, " 4 a % i Fy He op in ty Ww 2y0 ee). ZO2%@ Ze oe Zp OZp Po congider an abelian gyoup of certain ordey thee on hos 2 ok ere distinct pxime — divixet " wie ops p=. ph formal abelian group 5 al a finlly fovrm all te of svete ft” and inal pose Epes yoy . 2 a N BZZPPPP Pr sccecccanae--- © scanned with OKEN Scanner The bint of on iRemoxphie Zr®@ Zs OL @ nO 2zOXm 2OB OM bOnm @20% @ 294 On ODO OZ of order 8 and isomoxp hie an element oder U4. Goppose G has Jo ubich of he gu? 4 Sins ofly groer 2 2 hme element of ordes & , the cor, Out of Tenalning gUPs sot of penbidly vole \ 22 ofl ger 4 hay clement of oder ya. &, Gt nA Qa oG & qd damougen ol ely gre @ 2 qn odes ate Corptine of order So: J) Deerwine —_upte 4) Debenrine esmnorsphitm of Ur + i) of) = 360 = gex exo fee 2.2. 2 - ap O. ye Pie tat tr aye AOA Broa) sf > 2 a © Scanned with OKEN Scanner SS ——E—aEE= abolion groups The Lit of ten inept i 0 ae um Oa O* ! Ou an Oa 1 6 1 O% : a OA OK \ ? a2 p29 O25 5 2202 @ ' fed of Ute ’ oe atelon Prous ~ Pla Pa) KY) of B.ay © scanned with OKEN Scanner ated Tp Ga | md tee , feet Hoe hes 4 dubgo’ of tans Ths theorem fells us that Convertbe bs Polds for fire actin gaoyp Qu Find The amallerd toe inkger ad thls J Too none hhomexphit groups of ordey n+ @) Tree non iomorphtt abebiam grovp! of rea of oyder n 5 £3) fur nen ttemoyphi abelian group ned their gre tuo nen Hamoyphre abelion pri) fo poe qd “AO 2) fos 28, their are three ton Mtomoxphic abelion grocpy uw nen, GAG 22 Q) for no olal= a* 3% = 2% Mla) Pla) = 4 z wen * 2x Zi OD, O2 ZOOM Z O28 & Ze G2 gu we tee upto Iomorphiam Qua tow many abelian ) onder 16 a) wder 6 gy asler 42 y ower ft GS omer pyr here pipe ane pame. for evay Om , here is nly 1 abelian gro opto isemesyltion . me ‘Note - 4f their facto ave chistince prime — member 7 theiy my 4 belie am > a 7 Ae anixt, bana, Ieee T= xT © scanned with OKEN Scanner Quer-ipet & be Om aber grout oh otder 40. frove Ht Ghar te clement of oder ao The eng abltin gar *f order Wf has of —ontey 4 in element of order 0 havlig g let & be an abelin gro enh elemen of ret a Determine the imypir clow of 6. ize 4x0 WB x 6x3 er, 4 O24 ‘ D2, OX 4 ‘ ‘ | Se: of 4 z € . ‘ - 4 mq elemen f ovdey 4 6 5 * e f W 6 « @ uch that WW) = few C,49eay « h an clement Jer : {over 4 < tor ne element of Order 4 ae 9. 4 fra @ 2G 4 td 4 Joon (ole), 0, 4 © scanned with OKEN Scanner 3-2. Golt2 Zand Zs «Hae «to element of orden ‘ Sy hee Gq hax ce dubgrouP owes Sine Jo} of) y Therefore by covellany of oder aH and oti)=lo ogee =a 2.0 2s 2 Zo 1 yoie ill © scanned with OKEN Scanner conhin® Za day @ a nan im end 4 clemers f 0H oe => G2, hy 7 elemenh &F order 2 = at 20 z OAP LOZ Fina 4 Ge me BOD OZ = mg Supt that the order of A0me inte abelion eet —_ iy divi. ty Ie ioe that the guoep MA & rae aubgirop coer 10 Ss and min then G has subgroup of 3 j i , ‘lan of ths gop. & ” =e ai r= $19, 16) 89) 5B, a9 BF afi}> 0 = 8 (%, tar Pb pee) > Gis abeltn then G & abaien > at za = 220 23 Element 1 4 1 ae 83 W a al Order 4 3 3 3 3 a 3 wet Zq has gins Gh mo element of onder @ clement of ordev 4 y at a 2 GF AeA © scanned with OKEN Scanner

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