Neha Maam Notes
Neha Maam Notes
4 is bemo-methhrem.
fxex [4fC) = oF
+ fxex [9-07 =
2 GL Ca) >
fen) = det (#)
feng) = det (Ae)
= [det (det)
= fen) $8)
Ker} Fre @ucenRy | FCA? 44
fp eGLOk | Bet O93
. SLC2NR)
LLU TOP PP OP oe ann--
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: Fy) = \w)
: = \xlly)
= 44h)
vege fre RA | 40033
tere fine = Gil
byes ek ee
gen = Of
2 hy’
= feof)
Yen, f Yreanornex prise +
vos free [ford
. fre yx 33
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steer 13 "|
pos, 4 = a (taco + istnod |
gee eso + isn)” |
~ as@kT) 4+ tsin(3*) 7
Ke Obes &
kerf = {ow + ist('S) | keovbaatit fSy tt WR defined by
bw = 2
doy = ey
= oy?
= go) do)
2d ic hemomoxphi'nn
Keb - fre | bw = 39
= freemen = fr-a2
e ety
= a + by
3b te act 4 bomowmasphion
all polynomial fo with
al coefficients
& foun a govp under addin
deine 4 BE > wha] by oc) gf
acts) > Ute! = fi4g!
= tg) + $3)
> —b B _homormosfhiow
Korg fF Rod | (4-08
-$gent 1 seh
2 $e oh al anslost func
PDPAPPPDDDDSEREBDEDHe
_—_—— re i Ss
© scanned with OKEN ScannerJ lh bt 2 2, be Meine By bln) = mmod nf
= Remainder when om yy divided dyn.
Gay feay) ma
aia S a F gineda)medn = AI oy
Kevd= fxez | b= 0}
> fxez| mbnods)=0}
> fxez |a=nk /KeZp = nr
Theorem: Let 4 be a hemomosphism from & 404!
et 36. Then,
0 Mes dy wee ee ome {dertitier of nit
© dev: Wo! , mez
@ $f og) =n then o(6(q)) divides
bla = 4 fF ake p= bkerd
= gtr CG) = {xe Law <9'}= gkerd.
=
we hue, Hee) * lee) => He dle) chy
> Mere = ble) die) (eT te deny of Gy
> e = dled CBy Garcellartio J
|
2) Sf n= then 05 Mel=e
we hues bt) = (ota)?
D> Resuots “holde
He ne% then for ned, the vesutt ik true
ler vow be tue for ork
fy MK) = (Oc
fox n-Kit
peg) = G9) ‘
> oy) OY (be Jpoxnomoaph im)
© scanned with OKEN Scanner= ED dG) = degike!
> HN = Cg)” ae nez
TE on egaltee rege» Hen Gon) ik posite
how by O, Tees
$0" 9")
= qty") « EOE : ;
+ bly") (80) [pes sve]
> (Or + ag ;
‘(
8 Given ofg)= » ;
> ne 4
> dy) + He 4
> egy =e Cty 0 20) 4@
> of dG) fn (0 Sf aden and aH 4
8 ta) = 6¢b) then #fn[ / ‘
& (deny dla) =e! q
<> Ot") dtad= eC by 9) “@
& gti) ~e C4 hom.) %
& va eked «
® akerb = bkerd Cu aH=bH iff ahen) a
© Given — tq) = 9’ <
fs, Og) = freq | d= 9'7 \
To show =" = ker
ft xe ots!
> dey = 9! = 49) :
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> Oty) dw =e’
> dtl = e
D gtr e ked
3 ve gketd
gr(q) ¢ gkexd
y
ye gkesd
ree ke Kes
3
Now, k € kod
> ok)-e dee =4t
, = OE
acy = bege) = a0) A peasagy
-W
from Gy and id ,we 94, cr “kerb )
WERT III IIISSSSSISSIS>
Let be a guoop homomoxphiam sem Gr to Gi!
' ser
oe Kesh is & osmal Avbguorp of &
- Proof We test shoo that Kerf & a ssxoub ob G.
Since. hte) < e”
> e@ € kesh
> Kesd it mon -empy
let uy € Kerd.
> bce. , dy)-e?
© scanned with OKEN ScannerThen, Oey) = bod dy) = e
er a
PHY ekerh.
Now yer) = Coens
> yt o¢
> ate Kerd
Te_shout Herd a povmmaf —avbgroup of Gt.
te to thow —gkerd gC ker d
let 1e gherdg”
> te gh | ke kerb
Bbw Ke Ker d | we ved to how dte)=6
ue 4G) Agha) = dg)dcey deg = 2c! bg
= ty) de) ( kerd)
~ bq") ble) . b(B) kel
,
fy ReEbMK ( os Rekerd SH
, > herd = WOK
ik 2 He
hoe en
| Thixd Tsomosphismn “Theorem :-
yt Wand k be ju nowmal dbgroups of G euch that
Hek Ten, YF H
uf Since KG, Ge defined,
Mio, Hek + for any x He gcksG we hae
grg" cH wm HAG
@) HaG
» Hak
> Ff, defined.
fy ¥4G, Sify defined.
4
o Balbo defi.
© scanned with OKEN ScannerYefing 4 Gy > 4p by plied « ka
Uh Ws Yo, 9 agen ck Co Heth ff abl CH)
2 Qyaj Ck
a kg kG
> Attn) = OCH9,)
> b B well -defined.
QtHaHa) © bCHaa) = Kaa
= kaka
= Cha) $¢Ha,)
2 O08 lw.
far oy Ke Ge eG on yf Hae GIy a4
4 (Ma) =a
Fe By Finch Romorphiion ue
Oh
ke
Be ek Ui teen tty a
H
tat by Hse)
peek = Ki
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VueVvevevvvwTewvwy wwe PF eee
tsemexphitm ftom
of & to the Indently oF &
Gr to G - Then,
) > caves the ldentity
nr dle é
2) for ewery thieges 9» and em a €G
el =» (deo
J YG & aban chen G allan and * oressely
YG mw gthe hen G th qyclic ard convertely-
SS ¥ ach ata) = oC bal)
@) for a fixed integer and fixed element beG,
athe equation ak sb hak the Same number { dol*
in G the equation «= gt) han th G
yY¥ce finite tren GG have eae tas Same ne
of ement of eve order.
) ort GG I tbormorphibre
9) Hk Ba dubgrop of G then bth)
aadgiag of G
1) Y RSG chem, OC tH a wobgroop of G.
Ww ) = 2t@)
ecol *
» have e= ee
y we Aan
S ; y= glee) bth teomerphin
> . ote ; ete Gis 4 fe cataefd
no, bel Ch 9 Ol = KOE, «Teelly oF4)
, > gor - Kade
» >? B= be (By cancalation)
,
~
?
> r
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2) fo
fo whe tive
fox ned gear
Let woot holds for
fos neki,
n=O,
have.
we Uke
> Ubtel?
nek
bore)
we
hte) = &
om.
uth held
tas) dea)
Coy Q) . So sua
wort
“ot homo)
ie Sane
= (§ter)® (bta)’
= (tay
> Reswlt holds for
mo?
fox _nzo, nez
Now
kie have
> E(t!
(ata)”
& To shou
to")
Sa’ ond 'b
where abe Gr
Show >
abs ba
<> blab) =
© pte) dy >
2 GB ablion
) To tour &= ota) 9 eps) =408
oth) 3 I= 2
Tote) me of clement =anve
Twi wo of elemarh of order S > gr etI6
Ut) as external divect Product ¢—
Def s- let K be a divisos of n.
Define Uyin) = fre Uen) |e = nod k) 4 ;
> > Get of all rote elemenh of Uln) that
. Reaver yematnder 4 when divided by
> “Teower Yet mm and in be selatively prime, then, 4
> Ula) 2 faormosphte to Un) & Un)
WD Evomple> yl) = ular) = vy @ vO
e
e
S
B
b
b
»
p
I
,
)
i
Teotem’ Let m and nde velatively gine then,
Um (ran) Uln)
Un (mn) 2 Ubon)
W095) > UES) = UG1-5) = ¥@)® US) 6 UA)
> Uslos) © ulas)
= y,tto) 2 vy
> Unlles) = VAS)
> Usui) 2 UO)
> Uggtto5) = UG)
> Uy los) = UG)
Ulo) at divectly product of Zn.
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i) voy® fo}
) ww ® a
unt) © 2, @ Zs i929
) UCH) 2 zpigns + pdt prime
Bomples- uo) = vives) = uN GO US) LZ OArse
f= A@O2y
Now, ZG 2 vet cyclic Can HY are ret velaivey
Prime)
Examples Expters ay additive EDP of cycle group af Zp,
1
‘
J vews)= (3-5-0) Ww) ® us) ® var) 1
~ 2, ® 2y © do ‘
§ wml uct. 5) UO) ® UL) O Us '
> AOMOKA By ]
UIsW= uv (
. ‘
Find tre go. of elemers af oder Y and oer A in ancy
fut(Zs0) = ULo) Uat-5) 2OA a
No of element of odes & a
Ges dale2 ob) » 1 a
Gyr fa)-® Moe » 4 a
Gut ed oo 5
Qe of clemenh— of onder “
Gx! ota)! oth
hie 2 omen os Y kg
cotel ements =
sells os
© scanned with OKEN ScannerGroup of oxdes oos- Sern which pai
4) Zim + tam eles of over he Cot
J 2sO2O2? fon(20,0,8) = 58 = No elemet of at
3) ZOZOM' Jen(5S)= 20° No element of ovdes
G Z.@ A, + bem GG2ah-10 No a
Y 2 Ds
Doo Non Abelin SL element of order 2
6 Dw @ Z e Non-fidian 11 elements of over
7 p Nene false I! elements order &
) 0; @ 2m 3M rene oe Zoo has ond 20
'
Ds @ Dr Abcion
Reyyot ned
Dp has element
pnt a
Jn in wold
U:
ERODE SECO PII II AMAAAALS—
© scanned with OKEN Scanner“Thtesnal Direct Product 2+
Degree Leh Wt ty te tuo temal ubgwor of 6
“Then Gon fren) dnd prodoct OF Hi
wen ay = Hit
ye Ht
ay wOh> tet
Bampet ) let Ge Sy
ne ccm = {tes), 901,07
ve tvhg = ARS Sm
9 blbuphar-aba) = QCREBa,-- Re)
o Ww udl- defined
Lat Une ahgy thn) CH hg p= ba
Akar ty RAE ~ ebm
Goo G in Wek Wy ty ,
we hae unas We NW = fe
le Hard K ane $40 foxmal —dubsyouph uch “ !
wok =feF then R= eh + Rey ee:
sill
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B,C Hill, lo
1 papa fa ofa
and taty CH
9 teh € Bite Mf fel
>. toh =e
3 abr = bo
Sinilaly , gy = A
9 Ry ahareerbo) =
Dd 6 one-cne-
yb aan fa ony fhe ohn -# Chyvhae
= @ Ha® --- Vn buch at
bthiharohn) = Riba, —-- bo
Re Atha, fad bb Ruy) = (nh aha yah
= Gyht hgh ~~~ baht
© (Bhp, -—— obo) Chi ha,
= BEbuhg, sf) g Chl =
© b & hemomaphirm, and here db frommoxph
hey
te
this of
© scanned with OKEN ScannerEvery qyoop of oles pa, Pp pune
to des = By” or ZO Z
| fee Ut ole)
let aeG be any element
wich at ate -
| Wer ad Jet) dl
2 ota) =p oe PS
fo Pp tee ata) 2006) > fr> dar
3G & a finite celle peer of onder f
> GYZp
Th ot f
TE ola)=) , we fleet Show that @ a nan im end 4 clemers f 0H oe
=> G2, hy 7 elemenh &F order 2
= at 20 z OAP LOZ
Fina 4 Ge me BOD OZ
=
mg Supt that the order of A0me inte abelion eet
—_ iy divi. ty Ie ioe that the guoep MA &
rae aubgirop coer 10
Ss and min then G has subgroup of
3
j i,
‘lan of ths gop.
& ” =e ai
r= $19, 16) 89) 5B, a9 BF
afi}> 0 = 8 (%, tar Pb pee)
> Gis abeltn then G & abaien
> at za
= 220 23
Element 1 4 1 ae 83 W a al
Order 4 3 3 3 3 a 3
wet Zq has
gins Gh mo element of onder @
clement of ordev 4
y at a
2 GF AeA
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poh = (OH), ghee", mone ZL.
> eHeaH 5 ye oH [ok4e > alte obi)
> arb, ay eh
Fao hy, Byrh, shee
F x-orhy , yeah.
3 tye A Rah,. [
= aR bh,
= amp a, Ur hye he 2)
Ge haa, = amr hy Cre = ZIG)
= OM
y Ayr ye
» Gfpabdliin,
© Scanned with OKEN Scanner“The
items Far omy emp &r-
©:G—s Talo) ~by
B® = gd,
Uhre de caoer vet- ew = and’ y
bt ob, i
> Ox= be
> and! 2 bab!
F dpe Bi = $40 Vaxeb
7 bs hy
Y Ola) = ob
Ow Hears, ort soo for ChE Tl) J AEG ouch,
HW, eta = -
Bb) = dy
Now, d,,(2) = @be lab)!
= (ab (bb!)
= albxb a!
=o, ae heb!
HOW = Odo)
Zbd (od Vv xeG-
> Ob =o) - bg = Hlarol
“ *
10 tha homororphinn 7 Boy by perdamustal “Shown
© Scanned with OKEN Scanner| Go “Tan (6)
fon
Te ahow = kn = ZC) -
ie kn®
Bowed. Re
cx) Sexe =
fr tye be 7
cy y= Ra VE
Ly gry! = exe!
or yxy ia
a yee > vy xe
ger) }
Yy kon = 206) -
Br aad ‘ >
By anny Deon,
De v ral
ZOD) i
D, Old) 2 >
No, 0 (25) * Fearon)”
ZL) = Thos Reued
ZU) = FR, Rissd
ZlP)* & Zing)= (RS.
> InlPd 2%
of
Tm(d) Ss
(© Scanned with OKEN ScannerExternal Dineel_Roduetes-
Me. Yet Gy, al Gy be “tuo gyoupe - The external dived
Droluc! (EO) of G £4) denstd by BG
dell © GOO, = fads) Egeln » ges?
| eamger Re > ROR * flan) laber}
|e Ut GG. Gy bem groups. The external
died proach of G, 65,60 dendd by G, 049 0-8%
it detined as,
Ou OB Obr = flgrigg—- gn) 1g ESP
| uth, :
Chr oBarem )CQ Gb. —— Ge? = Gash ger == me Babe]
tahere, (4, far a)» (Gh Qh v--- Gh) © 4848 --BG6
We product gist obtained by operation of Gj
Quy Kove tt = 60 -- OG,
onder te Composition —debined above.
Solt- Closuse let CGidg, =a) Qa , hed
Then, CG dan gol Pgs rig) = Chal pay = ange)
Se % 06.0 —. 06,
fone a group
Aspociatily $-
Lt a Gade an-- ad be Gi das == a0)
ce OB ee gt)
obec © GABP RANGA gy
Usb) GR each )
+ Cala) BGI. Lo, aelgegey
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= (hide
> albd a
3) entity: Let c= (4G, =r ea) where fe tet 4
ae> Cher satan > gree) + afr mop) ee
Sino RR=&
> ek Ment of Ql,
4) Sliwerne = MC gor
eb Hat (faces aga) nda" >
yelea, Caftigale = ge DG
ge) 2 rare) me,
Examples I) Ute) ® Uto)
uit)? {1.3.6.8 Ute) =f 457098,
cmd C8), CD, Ch) CA), C48), (0) 9
CSU CS)99, CGP GO)» COD BD, THAD CA)
63) Gd + (St, re = Cy)
cia) Ga) = (78,3, 1B.) > (8,3)
VE) Uti)
me ia) (> UG)
_ tery = (SR x Hey) = 63)
_ af, yet
=<
J 404K
w= fol} Za POl2?
aO% ECO), Cound, C02), Chol CN) C2) F
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Coie) (a
tow) we
(010) (yy) Cho)» (hl)
a ch) Coe) (012)
4) cried td Cont) Cove Cond)
aya—thn tha C08) -foul)_(0/8)
td Clo) Cel) Con) C00)
> HOA >