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DK Sir Notes

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Dushyant Rathore
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448 views26 pages

DK Sir Notes

Uploaded by

Dushyant Rathore
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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e en ae » Rommnutation, Gvoups ™ ss © Pesenstation of the sel © » tet A be any get . Ten 4 fonction wna Wb called me a fesmutotion of the st of OP “x fs one - one = qnd — oftto” » Ganble @ A= F134? ei hok > xu =3 am) 22 “(3) =4 a(Wed = MI (: 2 43 a = “\3 24 4 e Oo Ae £1218 4S] e f ae cy) 22 ACs)=3 = sue Bea) =8 eit P =? ,2 3 4 =| = fr 4 s i338 = f yw omen one and onto. en permutation of fe e ow = Pyodvet (tonpoatton) of fesmutation >~ 42908 z ie 234 ] e eae | Ble 44 23 4234 Hames A a favealeetss) 7 42 3 y a 7 fs 5.2 U3 raz g4aS6 423456 %) ebiiehd » [Ezohoel © scanned with OKEN Scanner : 6 Suse aG Sa ee ore eer uh Cee 6 et ¢ as cle Gee aus 2 ation S_ Teprh a Tx Vxed Taentity fest fox ane act A a called Taertty pinutation. Twente of fosmvtation °- fer any ack A, define et AA os, atl) =f fe wel _ Then, at yy Glled “the — Inverse of a — pesmutation Chery , wore Dede, wiation Groub 2 : anaes qgrouh of a deh A ty the et of rmytation of P thet oom: a group under nctlon composition ‘ 2 xp 2 a By) youth FrRpPrearrpHrmeranananrpnearpmgreagee eave tes a © scanned with OKEN Scanner > Symmelste (vou (8s) Let Sq denoter the — ael of all one ~one onto fendi -foom Pe oes ch ne. £12137 Half. 3 ator ea eos) eat - oi = (193) 2 oo 3] ‘ ee ee ay [$43] me [55 4] 5 ae oe (a3) =u» : wy, My XS 3) =6 ay ys xy ay us 3 ty RD ko ay _— 7 Choasty, fvom the Gxfey fable , clasure property hla 4 Sinw combotition of de the identrt oti? Ki * Sinw, YXodo= th dg = Hy ay wing © Ss 4+ ii-8 12,545. fundtion ig aggoctuhve, + fysoctatu’y folds. ¥ fearmlation ad. hid bol, eS > ak We nuerse of Xe ke oy verter Cb cd ky DB bere Oo MR, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Wy dy awe = > fnverse of Hy ay tnverde of ty by frvesse ob KS undes fonction compasitton, My tye Xe 7 us %o =e >) 1 Sy fous a group Gy is Caled - Lek A = $42, ---1m4t tations of A that form’ ‘ ot je under function composition 18 called © ayrame of degvee ‘NY densted BET oCSn) = 0} , Nok for 9928, Gn WW Nene abelian — G6 Quess- 7 7 nash’ 6] ast let a [Eta sve And a", gt, xB, Pe: ea 56] aie! pags] lees = ad 22 - an EF 24 as Mk Reliras al LY AM pao u ce) ~ teas yu 64 8 134) are pesmutation which yboa de ob Jeagth thr B ut tye alements in cyclic ements ssemnain unchanged: onder and Yematning 7 ea 24 6 fot x [S343 hs) 2 (gst) CVE) = Cas) > km gytle of Sength “4: © scanned with OKEN Scanner ; oy 2 6 S71 F497 | Cys ST ay) eee ss aa Bw a cycle of Length '% 1+ ee » Welda(gyely 9 Cycle of length “A” v= fP Tag) = OVev Ques es ciaycarend) i B> cisayco') gre eens SST oi : [i ce i‘ 5] = (WY)(a83) Ques — wks C)CXTICN SG) ER) Be (12399 (648) Cs) Sol? ks —= xB, Bae P A] = 089 Cusyesy 2 [128 i [04 ee) > (1132) (45) (68) AAPARKHHUHUTRRAR ARH © scanned with OKEN Scanner » Example [for Nex Then] * >» eS 6 8 pos pease as . = (10.56) Can (148) ~~ © Ge Smal 4 eB Rahs . ¢ . 7? 6 One . \au26 $789) Theoxent » Evesy pesrnutation of a ‘finite get Cqn be written . az 4 product of dinjoint cycles o% ag a cycle. mp {roe} * me tet Ae Lit ay ar oom 4 any ea faite eet and = «« be @ permutation on AS mu dt we oe done. mS, «(kets Xt i we (onsides ONY clement of A, Sy % = Ler ula) = ag , RQ) = a 7?! X7(Q) = Ay —_ wld) = dy = eC) — ‘ - OH = uk (a,) A we dine» pe Gequence 4 ra x(a) Ia) P a) "7 quxt have inite distinct 2 glemett . ZS Goss x(a) = 3 (a) fox Some tt Be nth) = 9) ae A (a) = % where m= fb ye e\\ i © scanned with OKEN Scanner ce Dibtind eemerth of the above seynene ate Gry) ah) 2 Pa je, far oe " thervie ot shen we aye done otherw Yo xe C1, <= )%m) aa) eee by. 8 7%) «-- 8. whe - (by) > bg - oe. © ye (b)) * bie tootinving ike “Ws we get - xe ae ta) Chiba; ibe) oe CG em an ty be written 8 4 Cycle or Therefore every permutation | oe voli of — disjoint ¢y the. Geomple- [for Next The.) Byles uccl) . oO gees a (310) ao BF 6 6] > (46S, less cic] (Meo) xB (1912)(465) Bx = (1312) C465) “Theorem? Prove that the diafotnt cycles always Commite. Sy he prin of oyele c= Ca, ,q,,---10m) & B= Cb, b,—bn) have no entrien in Common then ‘they Commute + Pog Let + Cava, am) & B= Ci yby---pba) be we Abjeint —oycles of the tet, SIG dase tn bjt yb, 2A) Cy jta, ni nee i whee cj'n are the members of felt foved by both ond §. § a © scanned with OKEN Scanner Alay) = diy Yb [yay --e) (mel) 2 klam) =a, 3 t woh 2 Caer 7 alot) ~ bi vofteld PY ee L Blbad~ br) mon > biv be teddy eo Ged » . » . . BCG) GM tele ols =—_ k 4h » TY t= fox = Some ted, 2) -—-5 hen an > (ap) tw > Faster) e — «( BCCi)) wei) = Cee ~» =~ = = oe plxcei)) - plci) = Ce =% KBCx) = PH (a) ae. Fh way for some i = |yQye-e tm then, ‘ore “Ul * f Corps) = Pla) ~ — eC LGW) = Xlal) = Aina Q . Ru (a) BCwcay)) = Plaid © Gea Baa ij xptx) = pel) ‘. de be tele * oo M epee) x(p Cb) bin) - beat Rox) > pal) Blatbi)) = BC bi) = be Bl = Boel) ap) = pals) Ye tes xP) = ae din{eint Cyole Commo 2 ll © scanned with OKEN Scanner CEO eet ae x(2)23 eyed Prati = 2 art) =3 KCD=] xO) =3 ata) = | | NCH ee XC) = | aaa KS8(a)= Q pee 30) =| ad(ajed X83 Jeg ho, La AL HCH 2/8 | mi, x: I [ Mee, x Ba Cycle of Len Ole) = 3 [va cycle of ength 3 har J onder 2, } © Scanned with OKEN Scanner “Tiere: rove that, tf &= Car ae Length n, then ol&)=n+ te a cycle of Length Proofs let ok = (a, at eo { ur _ ay, ---4n, by by ma 7 ee a ag b&b - ee M Og---4 _ [Gea crabs Cea be dg Gy Ke Mover ay A - ON by —_ bm hoc bo ---bm Agmbel thie — places along gight Alde, a --- an by by --- bm ei bs -— bm of Length ” has ofder n> olX)=n. “Fheorsem e- Te onder of & permutation of a finite Set fa ees {n dinjehnt cycles fom 3 sre. least Comer eouttible, of tre engin of the cycles. fi zante kei 7 : sein Sales Gan © scanned with OKEN Scanner okt = em (2,311) OL = 2345 67 % [a6 4 0345 = (1953) ) (26.4) ap) = Peme')3) ma) lot B= (1357 786) (24 10). What is the amalleyt Gu oe fnteger fox whith — pr ge? otf) = fem(4g) = 24 > p= > 2) > neds > ple pS Qo! let «= (13.5 44) (246) C8 Ie) = wy «um 4 S-eyde what an Jou Amy about mm, ole) = fon5)32) = 9 D> KMart 2 («JS -I 2 o( a8) =5 ig ah pa S-eyele. > {m= 26 J ot He PRES [OVHd 1 POI=37 , Prove that Hie o — pubgtoub of Sa. Ble lt «iP tH Bp too «pel and at eH ap) = «(Poy = «t= a4 P= (POY, ald) 3, > «6 eH Aro, ol) =) and (3) 2 3 ¥ a WH aei=) wladb >) aa ( 9 at(Pal ab © scanned with OKEN Scanner wick SECo tga 4 Proof af heave — Stated in fy ot c= a8 where t Qt w and Oxe disfoint , 40 at and emit Diet wtieet don pt al. > mit and n{t ; ot a)=m o(®) =n eee }t kK welt let x= (arya; ---4n) ond Pe Chi ~~ bn) MS The, < has Lenght? and Bhan Dength ‘n e ox) =m and olP)=” ’ PB tet ee femlmn) +! oi Tors PERC ots) =k, P Jd ot): t Ue red Show | Ket > ke demimn mK and Ke > > Ke om fos Some aez e atts Ke bn fos Some beZ. Bee Consides ek = et = ama = 7" 1 E eo “hi Gimnifavly = BK = ST a Ee > ok = (up = hp [ape ‘a ae eTiel ais ae r Qut, we Know ole)=t 2 tea 20) Maps, o)= t » ee me kt cl 62 x, Pe e . , , © scanned with OKEN Scanner Definittons- A cycle of Length 2 1s Known as e ot a Beeyole, Exe ge cha aus) = crs) ctu) C13) C12) > (12348) Ss! fen> == Cle) CIR) se Cacao: (apy) Qyt Cr294) 4 Gn be Theovem’- crmitition! Wn Se eae ae o . mM wodut of — tranapositions. Rhos} let x be a — permutation in Sn Cnt). Let MO (os ta'--- An) by ba —-- bm), 64 Or -— OJ 2 [ta aioe --- Caras) Corb Lbs bin )e--tbvbaI) (Cte) Gena) Gal | Net’ The Aecomboc} then of a cyele (nto tranapenition U) nat anigne, Cats) = (1S) C4) (19)C\2) | . cuNesHcoxgas | C54) CE) C049 C28) Cr9gcta) \Ise Even _ pom tation: A permutation that Con be writken as a product of even nomber of 2-tycler js called on eyen pesmutation, Odd Rexmvtations- A permutation that can be woultten as a preoduet of odd umber of 2-cyeler ty called an odd portion Teowen { a) TP K te even , then prove thet a K-cyele tt add, : yo Yks odd, then prove that a k- tyele % even. a a 2 © scanned with OKEN Scanner ————_—_ SE ———_—_ . Poot Let w= (a, a, -.. ay) be ay Sele ~ of dongth product Ten © = (Cara lade less Cau ag (kr) 2-yeles. ik a product of even Cov odd) number of d-yy eles as ke) ts even (6Y odd) ea praduct of even Coy odd) numbes off 2 oycles as kK pe odd Cot even) (rove that fnvevae, of every even (odd) pesmutahian even (odd) x= Cayb)) Carb) 22. Can by) _ Tren, a7 = (anbr)Cma bead --- Carbr) Carr) is ow ys even Cadd), then ax jg even Codd) Jjwo even permutations alto an even permutation. a F oad 8 he te clee pestmuta hang $ x and B can be expremed product of even --- Sk and be where Kk, 2 ate even, Tren, xf: 6,6. 6, ta ~~ by + ) dreycler. product of even Sine kid B even, er ponder of = 2 O4Clen eerie: con even permutations, a i © scanned with OKEN Scanner a-tycles then de tor _ Mar Dg mul a an eu oe © Ba 8 Proof Let x= im --- My ond a> By, Be 1 soe where ph and Bi", ave J eles. 7 Jo thew: Either beth y and § ase even or beth odd. tle hve, k= him%-— my = BiB ~-- Bo Seam —% = x BRB D twa--- OF ar By fa ---Rs du ky G7 x7 Br Ba -— Re erg ty ok BRE 1 1 f Peery mee De hrm et BB Re ( %, oer @ nei iiaig ~ [« Cy) ) © scanned with OKEN Scanner & Theoret Tf Ht a subgroup of Sy then Cher Membes of H wb an even permutation ove ~ of hern ave even. Me Er Golgnopt of G A: ¢T, (23%? 3 Half {1, (103), (182)2 9 A ave Se of therm axe evan, g- Paoofs: Hf every member of H ‘yee permutation, then Shes Nothing to prove let A aac be tte eet of all even permutations in H and & be the get of al odd permutation in. o(B) Jo show = oA) an odd pexmutation . We a subset of & of odd permutation and an even pesmutation d pesmutation . -p) € Of) ® ocr) 2008 OO Similar » RCA 7 ole &) < otf) OF Ue ee 2 Foor Gr>O ve get och) = 068) and half odd. 3 Exactly Wolf ave even “The group of even ‘ Adternating gop of degree n of Sm & Called the alternating group of * epmutations degeee 7’ denéked by An Poe). acne (132) NANVEE EESTI IIS WZ A ote for 7, OCPn) = A - oC& 4 } Renst © scanned with OKEN Scanner 4 96h | an gu = : peat dended a» H4 qu- tah ae {gh 1 9h» aha? tye hy Ve fg fags bap? Ererople® let G be te aa group Ceti tu Seeks emp ik = Ley kre fe -tk ie je ekte let H = f1,-42 . Then WEG . Let 9&G. Meee ah wh ¥ ged pee Ht 9G, Note* Every an G possesses afeast tu neva) Namely itself and the —GUbqroup fe? consisting of ider\ ee e alone 4 “This ane Galed improper nove] subgroups. Def”: Simple Group . group Gh a Qtoup whoge only novi 4 i al ak, W © scanned with OKEN Scanner . g ch a geo > > gig? = Hgq? > gig! =H Mero? Me cn Ne Conversely, Given 1 ghg’ cH at ge De de! | Re Ne Y 466 Y Sine gigs cH gl Ng —O > sine gigi cH Hg eG. ~ = es fin ll = = C —_ Th pasdicular. q ny)" oH je gt cH Yagi tg € 3H en re) : : for © 2@ we ge MG ogy 9¢ HAG - & a nova Theos’ Every Aub gyosp ot an abelan gt? aysbgroup - H be a dubgroup of an To show! W4h. fe gigi ch * geo fis Wahahealn, ok, oe unl gh! = (gh)s* = (hg)g" Ure heh eG 1 gea) | NGL) > fe = hel H&G atelian group © scanned with OKEN Scanner “ Teorem: A centse 2(4) oF 2 Stour Gi al Noval aubgovp « ae a ate Rea Ths gh 9eOF | We kmw, 2G) £4 | } tet geG and € 206) To thou! hg? € 204) ree fyh = gh) gt Ubgig! aw he 26 hg > heggt) a a he 20a) | 2. 2h) 4G Theowern: A gubgeoup of G of index 2 4 a reemal qubg | OF the — uoup [et G be a gwup and H ke aubgioup of G@ > L: 2 To Hove's HG fe gl=tg ¥ geG, axe-1 gel “Tren, gs H = Re 0 gH He ¥ ge6 Prd, «Hema AG Get 49 tH oeet Hd Mpa YH Tu, Ho ond gH ove two dishing Qeft cosets of H in and Gj= HUH Nise, Hand Hg are two distinet and G- Hugg HUH = HUH — ay ight cosets “of nd © scanned with OKEN Scanner Be aiid: M9 5 a 9 ae Hngh = b+ Hnkg ‘> Hg: gh gee _ te seaeidy b i ‘ le?” ) The converte may not betve fe HAG y Ge fer, at, ty, tT b He {1,19 , W4G » > » Tat) = 66). Boles 5) There may _ non abyfian — qeup each of ae im © dvbguoup ts novmal. » = $4, ti 7 TK pe jtekts -1 de ee Sk fh, Cea ° kee ys tk s G1 — non- abelian. @ To Bouse Every Subguoup of UB novrval — Lee HEG , then by Lavgrame's “Theorem, eo oth) | 0(G) = 8 e DOCH) = 124 or’ rs Te ot =] ort, ten HB trivally 4 Avbgroup of I. ag Sh ott HH TMD ny ¥ otha, then weg hal? 1 © scanned with OKEN Scanner “ Pysblemt= Lett ant Ke be athgroup of group 6 | one of them t niownal, then Wk ob eubgoup ¢ and both of hem are normal , then Hk bo Rom vigor of Prooft- Let He be noemeal dubyroup of &. and be 6 weoup of Gr ; te iy ie , a oe of Gt. Nireeetog Hg gH Yo ge G. Th pavcticulok » HR eH HM otek @ Rekeh, > ks RHO? KEG, shu, ut Has MK AG Te show | Hk 4G. Hoard by poset wy, Wea ! | let ge G and ae (ho thow! gag ¢ Hk] | actk 9 as hk he kek Hog = gt ChR)g = (gt hg)(gtkg) © Ale a gigeH , a HRG, i au qikgek a k 9G, Rioblem'~ The — Inlexsection of wo Noxmal aubgvoup ha grovp& ts a Novmal auhynoup G. _Pronft let H4G and k 8G, to _ To thow > Hak 26 “tet re NK and ye G a © scanned with OKEN Scanner KE HNK 2 xeH and ek Sine, W263 gagt eH ee ene ae re nk guy! © HK Fv ge and ete 4 oe nk 8G, Psolems- Tf H and kK ave nowmal subgroup of & qsoup > woke get, then PROVE hat tke RR Y fen # REK. ion K Golvticn’- ot he and ke oe Rihk EH a teh O K4G ond he HSG1 garth ek [ Rek > eek > ga thk eK & Rek 6) : f; Oo Ox ue taint Ae oho oe Oe cee 8 Wwe - Sette hen j¥ ek Problems Let N be a nosmal subgsoup of a group G wlth” oxdex 2. how — that N & contained tr z(G) Give, N&G . Let Ne fe,a} “To prove N€z(G) Sine ce ZG) fo Ahow ae 26 tA 96G. Sine 0 EN and N4G. F b e » ' . » . » » wm > eth cl = ~ a _ = = — — is gag €N ee gig wea ha in. -¢7. fo, 4 Pine A 7 2 oy = .gak Manel © scanned with OKEN Scanner Pe ae zl) and fence NEZG) Abe Probleme- Fro shat iB G te a fine group ant | eal, abgroup of ovder ott) hen Ho aubgroup of &. ‘ sy tat g ctr. Dele a mapping ee GhoRed o, heh G! yhe =the wf & 4th) = 4th) 3 > Te mapping fy wel defined and \-) Cleary, the mapping 4 te ono a fev thy egy, + fen > fh > 9°hy Sine f % te ard oft ,.", ol) ~ 0(g"ty) ft Hob te only » dubgnoup of ot 2 Heath. > she Hy Vo geh 4 WH a wormed —aubgroup of 4, froblem?- lek H be a avbgroup of group G& > eH + 1G. Show thot Hts @ novmal Avbgvoup of 6. Git let gee and hey (To show! The eH] D> gheG lw heWe sy hea) > (gh EH Coven) 25 gtk cH -O Mr, 945 9 BeG x qv? =9° én LGiveal @ Prom Qa . we gt afer) ey i > Ware) 2 og hahh! © RRY eH ? qhy eh © scanned with OKEN Scanner k Problem’ Prove thot all auhproup of a delle group ave So We have. query dubpyoup of a cycle group ha Sol8- B Also, every cyedle —guoup abelian, B And extry bgp ofan abpbion gyooup & Normal, AML udgropr of 0 yebe — oup AH normals oa) bles. frove that An bo noomel wbyroop of Sn. — I= sir Let fq € fy > fiand g ave even permutetin P At Sine product of & even permutation » ae » : {4 dh an even permutatin. - e +4 Gay and thug by finite qubgtoup tat Wn SSn m Nw + chow! An 48n m let fem and ge Sa mp Te Bhow'’- ate) & A mm (orelt 9 © an even permutation. on even pecrnutation, a |g an even permutation fe gtq" eh. me. att = Coxe TD - § ig an odd peemuterhion =m » gt f& om odd pesrnutation me Sty" bon even prennrtation, = * ot SF > wy 2S AP Peover’ Prove that SLO) tk a normal aubgrvoup OF Gla) Jit ve frow, SLR) ¢ GL) meeayec A > ie by] SUR) 8 odin bee Bae eee ies GLtak) 29 tr 2y #0 © scanned with OKEN Scanner “}pag) = tolintery = Teta = 2 > BABY ¢ sLcaiR) J. SLORY 2 @LCaR) “Tren pi e i © Scanned with OKEN Scanner

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