January-2023

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
CEng5123
Chapter Three: Analysis of Earthquake Load
Lecture One
Duresa Dubale (MSc.)
 Contents

Chapter Three: Analysis of Earthquake Load

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Earthquake Loads
3.3 EQ load analysis according to ES EN 1998:2015

16-Jan-23 By: Duresa Dubale 2

 3.1 Introduction

Introduction:
• A structure is a system of connected parts used to support a load.

• The design of a structure should satisfy the following:-

• Safety • Economy
• Aesthetic • Environmental
• Serviceability

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 Cont.
3.1 Introduction

• The aim of structural design is to ensure that, with an acceptably

high probability, a structure will remain fully functional during its
intended life.

• The expected life time of a structure is formally known as its design

life and is usually a period of at least 50 years.

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 Cont.
3.1 Introduction

• During its design life, a structure must be capable of safely

sustaining all applied loads and other stress-inducing actions that
might reasonably be expected to occur.

• Thus, it is necessary to identify and, more importantly, quantify the

various types of load which act on its members.

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 Cont.
3.1 Introduction

• It is worth pointing out at this stage that in contrast to construction

procedure, in which the structure is erected from ground upwards, a
building structure are generally designed from the top downwards.

• This is because the magnitudes of the internal forces in members at

any level depend on the forces being transferred from the levels
above as well as the loads applied directly at that level.

• The analysis should consider strength and rigidity.

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 3.2 Earthquake Loads
• Earthquakes are essentially vibrations of the earth’s crust caused by
subterranean ground faults.
• Two distinct mechanisms cause earthquakes:
▪ Volcanic eruption
▪ Tectonic movements of the earth’s crust
• Tectonic movements are the major causes of observed earthquakes. They
are disturbances resulting from a rupture or a sudden movement along an
existing fault in the earth’s crust.

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 Cont.
3.2 Earthquake Loads

• An Earthquake is a sudden random motion, or trembling, in the

earth’s crust caused by abrupt release of accumulated strains in rocks
below, volcanic activity, landslides and collapse of underground caves.

• Earthquake loads are indirect actions. The base of the structure is

subjected to a sudden movement.

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 Cont.
3.2 Earthquake Loads

• Since the upper portion of the structure resists motion because of

inertia, a deformation is induced in the structure.

• This deformation, in turn induces, a horizontal vibration that causes

horizontal shear forces throughout the structure.

• The resulting earthquake forces are dependent on the nature of the

ground movement and the inertia response characteristic of the
structure.

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 3.2.1 The Aim of Earthquake Resistant Design

1. To prevent structural damage and limit nonstructural damage

2. To prevent collapse during the worst credible event, although

accepting some structural damage may occur (the structure must not
collapse or suffer damage that threatens life safety during sever
Earthquake)

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 Cont.
3.2.1 The Aim of Earthquake Resistant Design

• Structural damage: Vertical and lateral force resisting systems , e.g.

frames and shear walls

• Non-structural: chimney collapsing, windows breaking or ceiling

falling, piping damage, disruption of pump’s, telecommunications etc.

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 3.2.2 Design approach for EQ resistant design

• Proper initial planning of structural layout and form

• Carrying out an appropriate analysis

• Proper (carefully) detailing both structural and non-structural

elements

• Quality control ensuring that both design and construction carried

out to the appropriate standards.

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 3.2.3 Types of EQ damages to be expected depends

a) Building configuration

b) Construction materials

c) The site conditions

d) The proximity of the building to neighboring buildings

e) Type of nonstructural elements

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 3.2.3.1 Building configuration

• Perhaps, the most important in the design of a building for seismic

loads is the choice of the building configuration.

• That is, the distribution of masses and stiffness in the building and the
choice of load paths by which lateral loads will eventually reach the
ground.

• Earthquake design codes have classified buildings as regular or

irregular.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

• Irregular buildings require a more detailed structural analysis,

design provisions to reduce the impact of each irregularity, and more
detailing requirements than do regular buildings.

• Irregularities are classified as

▪ Plan irregularities or
▪ Vertical irregularities

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration
1) Plan Irregularities
a) Torsional Irregularities: Ideally, a building subjected to earthquakes
should be symmetrical- or, at least, the distance between the center of mass
and the center of resistance should be minimized.
• If there is an eccentricity as shown in the figure below, the building will
undergo torsional deflection.
• The column at A in figure will then experience larger shears than the
column at B.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration
1) Plan Irregularities
b) Re-entrant Corner Irregularity: If the plan has re-entrant corners and the floor
system projects beyond the re-entrant corner by more than 15% of the plan
dimension of the building in the same direction, the building is said to have a
reentrant corner irregularity.
• For the building in the figure below, one solution is to separate the two wings by a
joint that is wide enough so that the wings can vibrate separately without banging
together. If this is not practical, the region joining the two parts must be
strengthen to resist the tendency to pull apart.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

1) Plan Irregularities

c) Diaphragm discontinuity Irregularity:

• The figure below shows a plan of a floor diaphragm transmitting

seismic forces to shear wall at each end of a building.

• The diaphragm acts as a wide flat beam that develops tension and
compression on its edges.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

1) Plan Irregularities

• Abrupt discontinuities or changes in the diaphragms, such as a notch

in a flange, may lead to damage.

• If there are abrupt changes in the stiffness of the diaphragms,

including a cutout or open areas comprising more than 50% of the
diaphragm or cross sectional area, or 50% from one storey to the next,
the building is said to have a diaphragm discontinuity irregularity.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration
1) Plan Irregularities
d) Non-Parallel System:
• In the triangular or trapezoidal shaped buildings, the columns or shear
walls are not parallel or symmetrical about the two axis of the building as
shown in the figure. This result in high torsional forces and causes more
damage to the building during earthquake motion.
• These buildings should be designed carefully taking into account the
additional torsional forces.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

2) Vertical Irregularities

• Vertical irregularities are abrupt changes in the geometry, strength,

or stiffness of a structure.

a) Stiffness Irregularity- Soft Storey: It is commonly seen that in

multi-storey RC building the ground storey is made taller and open.

• This is done to have space for parking of vehicles or shopping

centers/halls etc .
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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

2) Vertical Irregularities

• This type of RC buildings have only columns in the ground storey

and both partition walls and columns in the upper storeys.

• This configuration results flexible ground storey and stiffer upper

storey because of infill walls.

• Thus, the upper storeys move as a single unit together and most of the
horizontal displacement of the building occur in the ground storey.
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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

2) Vertical Irregularities

• This type of building is called as soft storey building.

• In soft storey buildings, the ground storey columns will be damaged

severely if they don’t enough strength and ductility and ultimately
lead to collapse of the building.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

2) Vertical Irregularities

b) Weight (mass) Irregularity:

• A mass irregularity exists where the effective mass of any storey exceeds
150% of the effective mass of the adjacent storey.

• Massive roofs and heavy equipments rooms at upper floors are not
advisable as they may induced large inertia forces and cause collapse of
the structure during earthquake.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

2) Vertical Irregularities

c) Vertical Geometric Discontinuity:

• This type of irregularity occurs when the horizontal dimension of the

lateral-force -resisting system in any story is more than 130% of that
in an adjacent storey.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

2) Vertical Irregularities

d) Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting Elements:

• One of the major cause of damage in RC building during strong

earthquake is the discontinuity in the path of load transfer (flow of
inertia forces).

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

2) Vertical Irregularities

• The structure should have a complete and continuous path for transfer
of seismic forces i.e., floor- beams-columns and walls-foundation-
ground.

• Any discontinuity or irregular path of load transfer result in severe

damage and may lead to collapse of the building.

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

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 Cont.
3.2.3.1 Building configuration

2) Vertical Irregularities

e) Discontinuity in Lateral Strength: Weak Storey:

• A weak storey exists if the lateral resistance of a storey is less than 80

percent that of the storey above.

• The lateral resistance of a storey is the total strength of all lateral-

force-resisting elements in the storey.

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 3.3 EQ load analysis according to ES EN 1998: 2015

Fundamental Requirements

• Structures in seismic region shall be designed & constructed to meet

the following two requirements with adequate reliability:
• No collapse requirement
• Damage limitation requirement

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 Cont.
3.3 EQ load analysis according to ES EN 1998: 2015

No collapse requirement

• Design ground acceleration 475 years return period (10% probability

in 50 years)

• Withstand the design seismic action without local or global collapse.

• Retain structural integrity and residual load bearing capacity after

the seismic event

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 Cont.
3.3 EQ load analysis according to ES EN 1998: 2015

Damage limitation requirement

• Design ground acceleration 95 years return period (10% probability in

10 years)

• Withstand a more frequent seismic action without damage

• Avoid limitations of use with high costs

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 Cont.
3.3 EQ load analysis according to ES EN 1998: 2015

In order to satisfy the fundamental requirements the following limit

states shall be checked

1) Ultimate limit states (ULS)

• ULS are those associated with collapse or with other forms of

structural failure which might endanger the safety of people.

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 Cont.
3.3 EQ load analysis according to ES EN 1998: 2015

2) Damage limitation states (DLS)

• DLS are those associated with damages beyond which specified

service requirements are no longer met.

3) Special measures

• In order to limit the uncertainties and promote good behavior of

structures for larger EQ, relevant specific measures shall be taken.

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 3.3.1 Ground Conditions and Seismic Action
• Appropriate investigation shall be carried out to identify the ground
condition.
• Depending on the importance class of the structure and particular condition
of the project, ground investigation and/or geological studies to be
performed to determine the seismic action.
• Ground types A, B, C, D and E are given in ES EN 1998-1:2015 (table 3.1)
may be used to account for the influence of local ground conditions on the
seismic action.

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 Cont.
3.3.1 Ground Conditions and Seismic Action

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 Cont.
3.3.1 Ground Conditions and Seismic Action

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 3.3.2 Basic Representation of Seismic Action in ES
EN 1998-1:2015
• Within the scope of ES EN 1998-1:2015 the earthquake motion at a given
point on the surface is represented by an elastic ground acceleration
response spectrum, henceforth called an “elastic response spectrum”.

• The shape of the elastic response spectrum is taken as being the same for
the two levels of seismic action for the no-collapse requirement (ultimate
limit state – design seismic action) and for the damage limitation
requirement.

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 3.3.3 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

• For the horizontal components of the seismic action, the elastic

response spectrum Se(T) is defined by the following expressions

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 Cont.
3.3.3 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

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 Cont.
3.3.3 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

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 Cont.
3.3.3 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

• The values of period TB, TC and TD and of the soil factor S

describing the shape of the elastic response spectrum depend upon
the ground type.

• If deep geology is not accounted for, the recommended choice is to

use two types of spectra: type 1 and type 2.

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 Cont.
3.3.3 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

• If the earthquakes that contribute most to the seismic hazard defined for the
site for the purpose of probabilistic hazard assessment have a surface-wave
magnitude, Ms, not greater than 5.5, it is recommended that the Type 2
spectrum is adopted.

• For the five ground types A, B, C, D and E the recommended values of the
parameters S, TB, TC and TD are given in Table 3.2 for the Type 1 Spectrum
and in Table 3.3 for the Type 2 Spectrum in ES EN 1998-1:2015.

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 Cont.
3.3.3 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

Table 3.2: Values of the parameters describing the recommended

Type 1 elastic response spectra

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 Cont.
3.3.3 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

Table 3.3: Values of the parameters describing the recommended

Type 2 elastic response spectra

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 3.3.4 Vertical elastic response spectrum

• The vertical component of the seismic action shall be represented by

an elastic response spectrum, Sve(T), derived using:

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 Cont.
3.3.4 Vertical elastic response spectrum

Table 3.4: Recommended values of parameters describing the

Vertical elastic response spectra

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 3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
• The capacity of structural systems to resist seismic actions in the non-linear
range generally permits their design for resistance to seismic forces smaller
than those corresponding to a linear elastic response.
• To avoid explicit inelastic structural analysis in design, the capacity of the
structure to dissipate energy, through mainly ductile behaviour of its
elements and/or other mechanisms, is taken into account by performing an
elastic analysis based on a response spectrum reduced with respect to the
elastic one, henceforth called a ''design spectrum''.

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

• This reduction is accomplished by introducing the behaviour factor q.

• Behaviour factor: is a factor used for purposes to reduce the forces

obtained from a linear analysis, in order to account for the non-
linear response of a structure, associated with the material, the
structural system and design procedures.

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

• For the horizontal components of the seismic action the design

spectrum, Sd(T), shall be defined by the following expressions:

𝑇𝐶 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇𝐷

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
Seismic Hazard map along the horn of Africa

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
Ethiopia’s Seismic Hazard map in terms of peak ground acceleration

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

• Design ground acceleration (ag)

• 𝑎𝑔 = 𝛾𝐼 ∗ 𝑎𝑔𝑅
Where
𝛾𝐼 = Importance class

𝑎𝑔𝑅 = Reference peak ground acceleration which depends on seismic hazard map

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

Importance classes and importance factors

• Buildings are classified in to four importance classes depending

✓On the consequences of collapse for human life,
✓On their importance for public safety and civil protection in
the immediate post-earthquake period, and
✓On the social and economic consequences of collapse.

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

• Table 4.3 Importance classes for buildings

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

Behavior factors for horizontal seismic actions

• The upper limit value of the behavior factor q, introduced to account

for energy dissipation capacity, shall be derived for each design
direction as follows:
𝒒 = 𝒒0 ∗ 𝒌𝒘 ≥ 1.5

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

Behavior factors for horizontal seismic actions

𝒒 = 𝒒0 ∗ 𝒌𝒘 ≥ 1.5
Where;
• qo is the basic value of the behavior factor, dependent on the type of
the structural system and on its regularity in elevation.
• kw is the factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural
systems with walls.

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

Behavior factors for horizontal seismic actions

• For buildings that are regular in elevation the basic values of qo for
the various structural types are given below in the table
Table 5.1: Basic Value of the behavior factor, qo, for systems regular
in elevation

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis

• Where:
• α1 is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is
multiplied in order to first reach the flexural resistance in any
member in the structure, while all other design actions remain
constant;
• αu is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is
multiplied, in order to form plastic hinges in several sections
sufficient for the development of overall structural instability, while
all other design actions remain constant. The factor αu may be from
a nonlinear static (pushover) global analysis.

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
• When the multiplication factor αu/α1 has not been evaluated
through an explicit calculation, for building which are
regular in plan the following approximate values of αu/α1
may be used;
• Frames or frame-equivalent dual systems;
• One story building: αu/α1=1.1
• Multistory, one-bay frames: αu/α1= 1.2
• Multistory, multi-bay frames or frame equivalent dual
structures: αu/α1= 1.3

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
• Wall- or wall-equivalent dual systems:
• Wall systems with only two uncoupled walls per horizontal
direction: αu/α1= 1.0
• Other uncoupled walls systems: αu/α1= 1.1
• Wall-equivalent dual, coupled wall systems: αu/α1= 1.2

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 Cont.
3.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis
• The factor kw reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural
systems with walls shall be taken as follows;

𝟏. 𝟎, 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆 − 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒔

𝟏 + 𝜶𝒐
𝒌𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟓 < ≤ 𝟏, 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 − 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝟑
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒔

• Where;
• αo is the prevailing aspect ratio of the walls of the structural
system.

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 3.3.6 Methods of Analysis in ES EN 1998-1:2015
• The seismic effects and the effects of the other actions included in the
seismic design situation may be determined on the basis of the linear-
elastic behaviour of the structure.
• Depending on the structural characteristics of the building one of the
following two types of linear-elastic analysis may be used:
a) The “lateral force method of analysis”
b) The “modal response spectrum analysis", which is applicable to all
types of buildings

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 3.3.7 Lateral force method of analysis
a) The “lateral force method of analysis” for buildings meeting the
conditions
• They meet the criteria for regularity in elevation
• They have fundamental periods of vibration T1 in the two main
directions which are smaller than the following values

• Where
✓TC is the upper limit of the period of the constant spectral
acceleration branch
✓T1 is fundamental period of time.
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 Cont.
3.3.7 Lateral force method of analysis
a) The “lateral force method of analysis” for buildings meeting the
conditions
• For buildings with heights of up to 40 m the value of T1 (in s) may
be approximated by the following expression:

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 Cont.
3.3.7 Lateral force method of analysis
• Alternatively, for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls the
value Ct may be taken as being

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 3.3.8 Base shear force
• The Seismic base shear force Fb, for each horizontal direction in
which the building is analysed, shall be determined using the
following expression:

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 Cont.
3.3.8 Base shear force

Total mass of Buildings (m)

• The inertial effects of the design seismic action shall be evaluated by

taking into account the presence of the masses associated with all
gravity loads appearing in the following combination of actions:

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 Cont.
3.3.8 Base shear force
Total mass of Buildings (m)
• The combination coefficients ψEi take into account the likelihood of
the loads Qk,i not being present over the entire structure during the
earthquake.
• The combination coefficients ψEi for the calculation of the effects of
the seismic actions shall be computed from the following expression:

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 Cont.
3.3.8 Base shear force

• Total mass of Buildings (m)

Table 4.2 Values of φ for calculating ψEi

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 Cont.
3.3.8 Base shear force
• Total mass of Buildings (m)

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 3.3.9 Distribution of the horizontal seismic base
shear forces (Fb)
• The seismic action effects shall be determined by applying, to the two
planar models, horizontal forces Fi to all storeys.

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 Cont.
3.3.9 Distribution of the horizontal seismic base
shear forces (Fb)
• When the fundamental mode shape is approximated by horizontal
displacements increasing linearly along the height, the horizontal
forces Fi should be taken as being given by:

• The horizontal forces Fi shall be distributed to the lateral load

resisting system assuming the floors are rigid in their plane.

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 3.3.10 Accidental torsional effects
• In order to account for uncertainties in the location of masses and in
the spatial variation of the seismic motion, the calculated centre of
mass at each floor i shall be considered as being displaced from its
nominal location in each direction by an accidental eccentricity:

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 Worked Problem

Example-1:

For the two storey building shown in figure below,

which is located in Adama town; calculate base
shear force and story shear forces

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

On Roof Slab

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

𝑇𝐶 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇𝐷

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 Cont.
Worked Problem

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 THANK YOU!
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