Lecture 10

Telecommunication Systems
TE-406
Course Instructor: Engr. Usman Ali
Department of Telecommunication
Engineering
U.E.T Mardan
Course
Learning Taxonomy
CLO Statements Domain PLOs
Outcome level

Demonstrate a broad understanding of

 CLO-1 existing generations of mobile systems Cognitive 2 1

Analyze the radar range equation and

different types of radars for
 CLO-2 Cognitive 4 2
determination of its appropriateness for
a given scenario
Analyze the problems related to
 CLO-3 satellite communication links design. Cognitive 4 2

Demonstrate a broad understanding of

 CLO-4 optical fiber transmission systems Cognitive 2 1

Design of a telecommunication system

 CLO-5 for given requirements Cognitive 6 3

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Satellite Communication

Satellite Link Design

(Part-A) & (Part-B)
 Summary of Lecture-09

 Basic Transmission Theory

 System Noise Température (Ts), Figure of Merit
& G/T Ratio
 Expression of Carrier to Noise Ratio (C/N)
 Expression of Carrier to Noise spectral Density
ratio (C/No)
 Design of Uplink and Downlink
 Design of satellite links for specified C/N
 Related Problems

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 Satellite Link Design
Outlines
1. C/N for a Complete Satellite System
2. Carrier to Interference (C /I ratio) Calculation
3. Link Margine Calculation
4. C/I Adjustment Factor

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 Satellite Communications Signal Path

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 Types of Transponders
 Bent Pipe Transponders
• Bent pipe transponder receives microwave frequency signal.
• It converts the frequency of input signal to RF frequency and then
amplifies it.
• Bent pipe transponder is also called as repeater and conventional
transponder. It is suitable for both analog and digital signals.
 Regenerative Transponders
• Regenerative transponder performs the functions of Bent pipe
transponder. i.e., frequency translation and amplification.
• In addition to these two functions, Regenerative transponder also
performs the demodulation of RF carrier to baseband, regeneration
of signals and modulation.
• Regenerative transponder is also called as Processing transponder.
It is suitable only for digital signals. The main advantages of
Regenerative transponders are improvement in Signal to Noise
Ratio (SNR) and have more flexibility in implementation.
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 Block diagram of Transponder

 Functions
• Duplexer is a two-way microwave gate. It receives uplink signal from the
satellite antenna and transmits downlink signal to the satellite antenna.
• Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the weak received signal.
• Carrier Processor performs the frequency down conversion of received
signal (uplink). This block determines the type of transponder.
• Power Amplifier amplifies the power of frequency down converted signal
(down link) to the required level.
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 C/N for a Complete Satellite System

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 C/N for a Complete Satellite System

The downlink equation can be easily manipulated from

the uplink equation (by replacing ES by Sat)

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Example: In a link budget calculation at 3.95 GHz, for the parameters
given in the Table calculate the Downlink Carrier to Noise power ratio
Link Parameters Values in Decibels
Transmit Power (10 W) 10 dBW
Transmit Waveguide Losses 1.5 dB
Transmit Antenna Gain 27 dBi
Atmospheric Absorption 0.1 dB
Free Space Loss 196 dB
Receive Antenna Gain 40.2 dBi
Receive Waveguide Loss 0.5 dB
System Noise Temperature (140 K) 21.5 dBK
Boltzmann Constant (1.38x10-23 J/K) -228.6 dBW/Hz/K
Bandwidth (25 MHz) 74 dB Hz

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Solution:

Answer: 12.2 dB

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 C/N for a Complete Satellite System

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 C/N for a Complete Satellite System

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 C/N for a Complete Satellite System

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 C/N for a Complete Satellite System

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 C/N for a Complete Satellite System

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 C/N for a Complete Satellite System

Example-3 : Calculate satellite operating downlink EIRP (dB W)

for the satellite operating flux density -124.23 dB satellite EIRP 32
dB output back off 6 dB saturation flux density -83 dB input back
off 9 dB

Solution:
Satellite operating downlink EIRP(dB W) = Satellite operating flux
density + ((Saturated EIRP - Output back-off )-(Saturation flux
density - Input back-off))
Satellite downlink EIRP(dB W) = -124.23 + (( 32 - 6 ) - (-83 - 9 ))
= -6.23

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 Satellite Link Design (Part-B)

Outlines
1. C/N for a Complete Satellite System (Part-A)
2. Carrier to Interference (C /I ratio) Calculation
3. Link Margine Calculation
4. C/I Adjustment Factor

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 ITU Regulations

 Tolerate increase of 6% receive

Noise Temperature
10 Log (0.06) = 12.2 dB
 Interference protection criteria
as per ITU
Required (C/I) = C/N +12.2 dB

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 Calculate C/N

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 Required (C/I) = C/N +12.2 dB

Calculate C/N

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 Basic C/I Calculation

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 Basic C/I Calculation

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Frequency or Bandwidth Adjustment Factor
 Wanted Bandwidth to Interfering Bandwidth Ratio Adjustment
 Case-1:
If (𝐁𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡)𝒊 > (𝐁𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡)𝒘

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Frequency or Bandwidth Adjustment Factor
 Wanted Bandwidth to Interfering Bandwidth Ratio Adjustment
 Case-2:
If (𝐁𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡)𝒊 < (𝐁𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡)𝒘

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 Examine Probability of Harmful Interference

Margin

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 Summary
 C/N ratio calculation is simplified by the use of link budgets:
• evaluating the received power and noise power in radio link
• the link budget must be calculated for individual transponder
and for each link
 When a bent pipe transponder is used the uplink and down
link C/N ratios must be combined to give an overall C/N
 Bent-pipe configuration :
• A satellite transponder design that receives signals and
retransmits them at higher power and at a different frequency,
without any other processing.
 Carrier to Interférence (C /I ratio):
• Uplink and Downlink
 Frequency or Bandwidth Adjustment Factor
• If (𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)𝑖 > (𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)𝑤
• If (Bandwidth)𝑖 < (Bandwidth)𝑤
 Link Margine Calculation
• Negative & Positive
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