Elementary Row Operation

SSCE1023-Mathematic For Surveyor 1

Dr. Mohd Ariff Bin Admon

Presented by Group 2
 Group Member:

● Adib Irshad Bin Johan-A23BE0011

● Abu Sazwan Bin Nahurhanifah- A23BE0007
● Muhammad Syahmi Bin Salman- A23BE0253
● Muhammad Adli Bin Zainuddin-A23BE5009
● Muhammad Adam Bin Abdul Talib-A23BE0191
● Soong Kok Rui-A23BE5027
● Chew Kok Choon-A23BE0073
● Aida Nur Waffa Binti Rizal-A23BE0019
● Aisyah Nabihah Binti Rosli-B23BE0089
● Nurul Syazwani Binti Rusli-B22BE0078
 CONTENTS

Introduction Types of ERO Between Allow & Not

Allow Operation
-Theory - Difference
 CONTENTS

Echelon matrix Example

Introduction
Theory.
 What is Elementary Row Operation ?

1) A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in the form of rows and columns. The
number of rows and columns of a matrix are known as its dimensions which is
given by m × n, where m and n represent the number of rows and columns
respectively.

2) Apart from basic mathematical operations, there are certain elementary

operations that can be performed on a matrix. The elementary operations or
transformation of a matrix are the operations performed on rows and columns of
a matrix to transform the given matrix into a different form in order to make the
calculation simpler.
Types of ERO
Difference
 Types of ERO

➔ Different types of elementary operations of a matrix:

1) Interchange of any two rows.

2) Multiplication of row by a scalar.
3) Multiplication of row by a scalar and add the product to
another row.
 1) Interchange any two rows
Example: Interchanging the first row and the third row.

1 2 3 31 1
R₁⬌R₃ -1 2 0
-1 2 0
31 1 1 2 3
 2) Multiplication of row by a scalar.

Example: Multiplying the second row by 2.

123 1 2 3
R₂ ←R₂
-1 2 0 -2 4 0
311 3 1 1
 3) Interchange any two rows
Example: Multiplying the first row by-3 and adding the
product to the third row.

1 2 3 R₃ ⟵ -3R₁ + R₃
1 2 3
-1 2 0 -1 2 0
3 1 1 0 -5 -8
 Finding Inverse Matrix Using ERO
➢ When a matrix 𝐴 is changed into another matrix 𝐵 after using elementary

row operations, the matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be equivalent.

➢ To find the inverse of matrix 𝐴, start by writing the matrix in the form (𝑨|𝑰)

and change it by elementary row operations into (𝑰|𝑩). The resulting

matrix 𝐵 is the inverse of 𝐴.
(A|I) reduce to (I|A⁻¹)
 Between Allowed
&
Not Allowed Operation
 Allowed Operation
1. Row Switching (Interchanging):

➔ Swapping the positions of two rows in a matrix.

➔ This Operation is often used to simplify the structure of the matrix.

2. Row Scaling (Scalar Multiplication):

➔ Multiplying all elements of one row by a non-zero scalar.

➔ This Operation is commonly used to introduce or remove coefficients in a linear

system of equations.
3. Row Addition (or Subtraction):

➔ Adding (or subtracting) a multiple of one row to (or from) another row.

➔ This Operation is useful for eliminating variables or coefficients when solving

systems of linear equations.
 Not Allowed Operation
1. Division by Zero: Division by Zero is undefined.

➔ Division by Zero is undefined.

➔ If you attempt to scale a row by zero, it will lead to an undefined result.

2. Multiplication of Rows:

➔ Unlike elementary column operations, elementary row operations involve

only operations on rows.
➔ Multiplying rows directly is not part of standard elementary row
operations.
3. Non-Elementary Operations:

➔ Operations that are not elementary row operations, such as taking the
square root of a row or performing other non-linear transformations, are not
allowed in the context of elementary row operations.
Example
 EXAMPLE 1
1 0 0
Given A = 0 1 2 . Find A⁻¹ using elementary row operations.
0 0 1

1 0 0 1 0 0 R₂ R₂ - 2R₃ 1 0 0 1 0 0
Solution ( A | I ) = 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 -2
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 01

= ( 𝑰 | A⁻¹)

1 0 0
Hence, A⁻¹ = 0 1 -2
0 0 1
 EXAMPLE 2
2 -1 1
If A = 1 -1 -1 , find A⁻¹ using elementary row operations.
2 -2 -1

2 -1 1 1 0 0 1 -1 -1 0 1 0
Solution ( A | 𝑰) = 1 -1 -1 0 1 0 R₁ ↔ R₂ 2 -1 1 1 0 0
2 -2 -1 0 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 0 1

1 -1 -1 0 1 0
R₂ R₂ - 2R₁ 0 1 3 1 -2 0
2 -2 -1 0 0 1

1 -1 -1 0 1 0
R₃ R₃ - 2R₁ 0 1 3 1 -2 0
0 0 1 0 -2 1
Echelon Matrix
 1 0 2 1 -1 0
CONTINUE… R₁ R₁ + R₂ 0 1 3 1 -2 0
0 0 1 0 -2 1

1 0 2 1 -1 0
R₂ R₂ - 3R₃ 0 1 0 1 4 -3
0 0 1 0 -2 1

1 0 0 1 3 -2
R₁ R₁ - 2R₃ 0 1 0 1 4 -3
0 0 1 0 -2 1

1 3 -2 = ( 𝑰 | A⁻¹)
Hence, A⁻¹ = 1 4 -3
0 -2 1
 Step 3
Obtain a 1 in the
Step 1
second position on
Obtain a 1 in the
the leading diagonal.
first position on the
leading diagonal. 1 0 0
0 1 0 Step 5
Obtain a 1 in the
0 0 1 third position on the
leading diagonal.
Step 2 Finally obtain zeros
Obtain zero under 1 above all the 1’s.
in the first column. Step 4
Obtain zeros
under 1 in the
second column.
THANKS

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