Chapter (2):

assembly language
Programming

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 Chapter (2):

Outlines:
➢ Directives & A sample program
➢ Assemble, link, and run a program
➢ Examples of assembly programs
➢ Control transfer instructions
➢ Data types and definitions
➢ Others

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❑ Assembly language program consists of:
➢ instructions such as MOV, ADD, INC
➢ Directives (also called pseudo-instructions): statements give
directions to the assembler about how it should translate the assembly
instructions into machine code
❑ Instructions:
➢ Instruction consists of four fields:
Label: instruction operands ;comments
➢ Label field: (optional) refer to a line of code by name.
➢ The label field can not exceed 31 characters.
➢ Labels for directives do not need to end with a colon “:”.
➢ Instruction & Operands fields: perform the real work of
program.
➢ Comments field: (optional) begin by “;” at the end of line
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❑ Directives:
➢ MODEL definition or directive: selects the size of the
memory model (SMALL, MEDIUM, COMPACT, LARGE, and
HUGE).
➢ Model directive: write as

➢ Small model: is one of the most widely used.

➢ Small model: uses a maximum of 64K-Bytes of memory for code and
another 64K-Bytes for data.

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❑ Directives:
➢ Segment definition or directive: uses three directives
(.CODE & .DATA & .STACK).
➢ Every line in the assembly program must be correspond to
one of these segments.

❖ Stack segment defines storage for the stack. Ex. (.STACK 64)
❖ Data segment defines the data that the program will use.
❖ Code segment contains the assembly instructions.

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❑ Example:

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❑ Example:

Directives

Instructions

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❑ Three steps to create executable assembly program:

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❑ Run a small program by using emulator 8086

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❑ When the assembly program is executed, its often necessary to transfer control
program to a different locations by control transfer instructions.
❑ Before illustrate these instructions, its necessary to explain the concept of FAR
& NEAR.

❑ FAR & NEAR:

➢ If control is transferred to a memory location within the current code
segment, it is NEAR. Sometimes called intrasegment (within segment).

➢ If control is transferred to a memory location outside the current code

segment, it is FAR. Sometimes called intersegment (between segment).
➢ In a NEAR jump, the IP is update and CS remains the same.
➢ In a FAR jump, the IP is update and CS also is update.

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❑ Conditional Jumps:

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❑ Conditional Jumps:
➢ All conditional jumps are short jumps.
➢ In short jump, the address of the target must be with -128 to +127 bytes,
means the conditional jump is 2 bytes instruction. One byte is the opcode
of the J condition and the second byte is offset range between (00 – FF)
gives 256 possible addresses.
✓ Backward jumps (to -128)
✓ Forward jumps (to +127)
➢ In backward jump, the target address = second byte (2’S complement of the
displacement value) + IP of the instruction after the jump.

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❑ Conditional Jumps:
➢ In backward jump, the target address = second byte (2’S complement of the
displacement value) + IP of the instruction after the jump.
➢ Example:

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❑ Conditional Jumps:
➢ In forward jump, the target address = code of operand + IP of the
instruction after the jump.
➢ Example:

Target address= 000CH + 0006H = 0012H

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❑ Unconditional Jumps:
1. Unconditional jump used instruction “JMP LABEL”, and can take the
following forms:
2. SHORT jump: take the format “JMP SHORT LABEL”, target address (-128 to
+127) bytes.
3. NEAR jump: take the format “JMP LABEL”, target address can be direct,
register, register indirect, memory indirect.
A. Direct JUMP: same SHORT jump, target address (+32767 to -32768)
B. Register indirect JUMP: target address is in a register
C. Memory indirect JMP: target address is a location in memory.

4. FAR jump:

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❑ Call Statements:
➢ Another control transfer instruction. It is used to call a procedure.
➢ It can be FAR or NEAR.

❑ Assembly language subroutines:

➢ In assembly language programming, it is common to have one main
program and many subroutines to be called from the main program.
➢ This allows the programmer to make each subroutine into a separate
module.
➢ Each module can be tested separately and then brought together.

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❑ assembly language subroutines:

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❑ Data types:
➢ The data types used in 80x86 can be 8-bits or 16-bits, positive or negative.

❑ Data directives:
➢ Use the data directives to define the data types for 80x86 microprocessors.
➢ Many types of data directives can be use:
1) ORG (Origin): is used to indicate the beginning of the offset address,
the number come following the ORG may be hex or decimal.
2) DB (define byte): is one of the most widely used data directives. DB can
be used to define the number in decimal, binary, hex, ASCII.

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❑ Data directives: example:

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❑ Data directives:
3) DUP (duplicate): is used to duplicate a given number of characters. This
can avoid a lot of typing. Example:

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❑ Data directives:
4) DW (define word): is used to allocate memory 2 bytes (1 word) at a
time. It is used widely in the 80x86 because the registers are 16-bits.

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❑ Data directives:
5) EQU (equate): is used to define a constant without occupying a
memory location.

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❑ Data directives:
6) DD (define double word): is used to allocate memory locations that are
4 bytes (2 words) in size.

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❑ Data directives:
7) DQ (define qaudword): is used to allocate memory locations that are 8
bytes (4 words) in size.
8) DT (define ten bytes): is used to allocate memory locations that are 10
bytes in size.

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❑ Segment definition: two types can be used:
1) Simple segment definition: Illustrate before. Used the .MODEL & .CODE
& .DATA & .STACK
2) Full segment definition: used two directives “SEGMENT” & “ENDS”.

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❑ Segment definition:

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❑ Full Segment definition:
➢ Stack segment definition:

➢ Data segment definition:

➢ Code segment definition:

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 Any Question?

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