Chapter (3):

Arithmetic and Logic

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 Chapter (3):

Outlines:
➢ Unsigned addition & subtraction
➢ Unsigned multiplication & division
➢ Logic instructions and sample programs
➢ BCD & ASCII operands and instructions
➢ Rotate instructions
➢ Others

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❑ Add instruction:
➢ used to addition unsigned two numbers.

➢ Two cases, we will be discussing:

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❑ Case (1): Additional of individual byte and word data. (Example cont.)

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❑ Case (1): Additional of individual byte and word data. (Example cont.)

❑ ADC AH,00 instruction: means AH+00+CF and place the result in AH.
❑ Example (2):

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❑ Case (1): Additional of individual byte and word data. (Example cont.)

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❑ Case (2): Additional of multiward numbers:
❑ If the numbers being added could be up to 8 bytes wide or more.
❑ Since registers are only 16 bits wide (2 bytes).
❑ Then the job of the programmer to write the code to break down these
large numbers into smaller chunks to be processed by the CPU.
❑ If a 16-bits register is used and the operand is 8 bytes wide, that would
take a total of four iterations.
❑ Example:

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❑ Case (2): Additional of multiward numbers: (Example cont.)

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❑ SUB instruction:
➢ used to subtraction unsigned two numbers.

➢ The following steps, To execute the SUB instruction in CPU:

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❑ SUB instruction:

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❑ Multiplication of unsigned numbers: the following cases
➢ byte x byte
➢ word x word
➢ word x byte

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❑ Multiplication of unsigned numbers:
➢ byte x byte

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❑ Multiplication of unsigned numbers:
➢ word x word

➢ word x byte

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❑ Division of unsigned numbers: the following cases
➢ byte / byte
➢ word / word
➢ word / byte
➢ doubleword / word

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❑ Division of unsigned numbers: the following cases
➢ byte / byte

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❑ We discuss the logic instructions (AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, COMPARE)
➢ AND instruction
AND used to test register
contain zero (ZF=1)

According
to result Automatically reset to
0

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❑ We discuss the logic instructions (AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, COMPARE)
➢ OR instruction
OR also used to test register
contain zero (ZF=1)
OR BL,0

According Automatically
According
to result reset to 0
to result Automatically reset to
0

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❑ We discuss the logic instructions (AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, COMPARE)
➢ XOR instruction

According According Automatically

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❑ We discuss the logic instructions (AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, COMPARE)
➢ XOR instruction

XOR also used to see if the two registers have the same value (ZF=1)
XOR BL,AL

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❑ We discuss the logic instructions (AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, COMPARE)
➢ SHIFT
➢ Two kinds of shift:
1. Logical shift (for unsigned numbers) used SHR & SHL instructions
2. Arithmetic shift (for signed numbers)
➢ SHR instruction:

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❑ We discuss the logic instructions (AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, COMPARE)
➢ SHL instruction:

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❑ We discuss the logic instructions (AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, COMPARE)
➢ COMPARE of unsigned numbers
➢ CMP instruction:

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❑ We discuss the logic instructions (AND, OR, XOR, SHIFT, COMPARE)

JA

JB

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❑ Example:

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❑ Example:
➢ Write assembly program uses the CMP instruction to find
the lowercase and uppercase ASCII characters and then
convert the lowercase to uppercase?

To change from lowercase to uppercase, d5 must be change, by

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❑ Used to rotate the bitwise of an operand right and left.
❑ Discuss the instructtions (ROR – ROL – RCR - RCL).
❑ Rotate Right (ROR)

❑ Rotate Left (ROL)

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❑ Example:

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❑ Rotate Right through carry (RCR)

❑ Rotate Left through carry (RCL)

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 Any Question?

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