Paste thumbnail here

MASTER CLASS
TEACHER TEACHER
Post-class: doubt solving

More than 2 Million doubts solved

Assessment: regular tests
How To Enroll into Multiple course

https://youtu.be/F1YYhnJ1S7Y
Solutions and colligative properties
Lecture 2
 Let’s Solve!

Q MX2 dissociates into M2+ and X- ions in an aqueous solution, with a degree of
dissociation (∝) of 0.5 . The ratio of the observed depression of F.P of the aqueous
solution to the value of depression in F.P in the absence of ionic dissociation is
___________ . JEE Adv 2014
 Vapour Pressure

Pressure exerted by vapour at equilibrium.

At equilibrium,
Rate of evaporation = Rate of condensation
Vapour pressure depends only on temperature.

V.P. ∝ Temperature

At 250C, V.PH2O = 23.8 torr

 Relative lowering of vapour pressure

When a non-volatile solute is added to a

solvent, the vapour pressure decreases.

Solvent molecule Non-volatile

solute particles
 Relative lowering of vapour pressure

Some important terms:

P0 = V.P for pure solvent
Ps = V.P for solution

Can you answer, why does the vapour pressure of the

solution decrease on adding non-volatile solutes ?
 Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Comparative Analysis:

Pure Solvent: Solution:

Surface area is occupied only by solvent molecules. Surface area is occupied by both molecules. So
So more surface is available. the tendency to escape out is very less.
Therefore evaporation is more and hence vapour So evaporation is less.
pressure will be more compared to that of a Hence V.P. decreases due to decrease in
solution. available surface area for evaporation.

So, Ps < Po
𝝙 P = Po - Ps (lowering of vapour pressure)
 Raoult’s Law

It is applicable only for ideal solutions

When non-volatile solute is added, vapour pressure

of solution is the product of vapour pressure of pure
solvent and mole fraction of solvent in the solution.
 Raoult’s Law

It is applicable only for ideal solutions

 Let’s Solve!

Q Urea is dissolved with 180 g of H2O . Calculate VP of solution ?

[VP of H2O = 24 torr ]
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :
 Let’s Solve!

The vapour pressure of a dilute solution of glucose is 750 mm Hg at 373 K.

Q Calculate :
a. Molality
b. Mole fraction of solute IIT 98
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :

Water boils at 373 K, when P = 760 mm of Hg = V.P of water at 373 K

RLVP : ΔP/Po = Xsolute ∴ 10/760 = Xsolute = 0.0132

Xsolvent = 1 - 0.0132
= 0.9868 = 17.7 g H2O

Solution = H2O + Glucose

∴ m = ( (0.0132) / 17.7 ) × 1000

= 0.74 molal
Relative lowering of vapour pressure

Solvent molecule Nonvolatile solute

particles
Elevation in boiling point
 Elevation in boiling point

Boiling point:
Temperature at which liquid starts boiling
At T = B.P
Liquid phase ⇌ Vapour phase (Equilibrium between them)

Or
Temperature at which vapour pressure over liquid
becomes equal to atmospheric pressure/ External
Pressure
 Elevation in boiling point

Nature of liquid
The volatility of the liquid increases, its boiling point decreases
and vice versa.
Less Volatile High Boiling point
More Volatile Less Boiling point
 Elevation in boiling point

Ex: H2O (liq) ⇌ H2O (Vap) (ΔH = +ve)

If T ↑ K↑ i.e, (ΔH = +ve)

If T ↓ K↓

Also, for H2O (liq) ⇌ H2O (Vap)

Case 1. P↑ BP ↑ Pressure Cooker

Case 2. P ↓ BP ↓ Mountain Area
Elevation in boiling point

Pure solvent Solution

VP = Po VP = Ps
 Elevation in boiling point

Ps < Po

Solute ↑ VP B.P

For pure solvent, B.P = To

For solution, B.P = Ts (higher)

Therefore, Ts > To
 Elevation in boiling point

ΔTb ∝ molality (m)

ΔTb = Kbm

Where kb is the molal elevation constant. Its unit is C

Kg mol-1 or K Kg mol-1 . Its value is different for
different solvent .
For eg: Kb (H2O) = 0.52 K Kg mol-1
Elevation in boiling point

R = gas constant
To = BP of pure solvent
lv = Latent heat of vaporization
M = molar mass of the solvent
𝚫Hv = enthalpy change during
vaporization
 Let’s Solve!

Q 60g of Urea is dissolved with 5 Kg water. Calculate BP of Solution ?

[ TO = BP of pure water = 100oC
Kb = 0.52 K Kg mol-1 ]
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :

60/60 = ⅕ = 0.2
5

ΔTb = Kb × m
ΔTb = 0.2 × 0.52
ΔTb = 0.104

ΔTb = Ts - To
0.1 = Ts - 100oC
Ts = 100.104 oC
 Let’s Solve!
A solution of 122 g of benzoic acid in 1000 g of benzene shows a B.P
Q elevation of 1.4oC. Assuming that the solute is dimerized to the extent of
80 % . Calculate that the solute is dimerized to the extent of 80 % .
Calculate the normal B.P of benzene.
ΔHvap of benzene = 7.8 KCal/mol
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :

2A → A2

∴ i = i + (n-1)α = i + (½ - 1 ) α = 0.6

molality = 1
ΔTb = i Kbm
1.4 = 0.6 Kb

Kb =

= 1.4 / 0.6

Tb = 418.3 K
Elevation in boiling point
Depression in Freezing Point
 Depression in Freezing Point

Freezing point:
Temperature at which liquid starts freezing.

At T = F.P
Liquid phase ⇌ Solid phase (Equilibrium between them)
Or

Temperature at which there is equilibrium between liquid

and solid phase.
 Depression in Freezing Point

When non volatile solute is

added in pure solvent, its
tendency to get solidified
Adding solute
decreases. So more cooling
will be required to solidify the NaCl

solution. And hence freezing

point will decrease.
This is called depression in Pure solvent Solution
(Water) (Water + NaCl)
freezing point.
F.P = To F.P = TS
 Depression in Freezing Point

Note:
Solute ↑ VP ↓ BP ↑ FP ↓
For pure solvent, F.P = To
For solution, F.P = Tf
To > Ts
Hence depression in freezing point, ΔTf
ΔTf = To － Ts
 Depression in Freezing Point

ΔTf ∝ molality (m)

ΔTf = Kfm

Where Kf is the molal freezing point depression

constant.
Its unit is C Kg mol-1 or K Kg mol-1
Its value is different for different solvent.
Depression in Freezing Point

R = gas constant
To = FP of pure solvent
lf = Latent heat of fusion
M = molar mass of the solvent
𝚫Hf = enthalpy change during
fusion
 Let’s Solve!
Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 60 g of glucose
Q (Molar mass =180 g mol−1) in 250 g of water
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :
Depression in Freezing Point
 Solutions

Case: When two or more volatile compounds are mixed

Pure A Pure B
VP = P°A VP = P°B
 Raoult’s Law

PA = P°A XA

PB = P°B XB

Vapour Pressure = VP of Pure component × mole fraction of that component

in the solution
 Dalton’s Law

Ptotal = PA + PB
 Dalton’s Law

B
0 . XA
P A
=
PA
P
B = PO
B. X
B

0 1
1 0
Types of Mole Fraction

Vapour
X’A , X’B

A+B Liquid
XA , XB
 Let’s Solve!
1 mole of A + 1 mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.
Q VP of A = 20 torr
VP of B = 80 torr
Which has more BP ?
 Let’s Solve!
1 mole of A + 1 mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.
Q VP of A = 20 torr
VP of B = 80 torr
Which is more volatile?
 Let’s Solve!
1 mole of A + 1 mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.
Q VP of A = 20 torr
VP of B = 80 torr
Mole fraction of A in solution?
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :

XA = nA/ntotal = ½ = 50 %

XB = ½ = 50 %
 Let’s Solve!
1 mole of A + 1 mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.
Q VP of A = 20 torr
VP of B = 80 torr
Total Vapour Pressure?
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :

PTotal = PA + PB

= PoAXA + PoBXB

=(20× ½ ) + (80× ½ )

= 10 + 40 = 50 torr
 Let’s Solve!
1 mole of A + 1 mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.
Q VP of A = 20 torr
VP of B = 80 torr
Mole fraction of A in vapour?
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :
 Let’s Solve!
1 mole of A + 1 mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.
Q VP of A = 20 torr
VP of B = 80 torr
If all vapour is condensed in another container, calculate new total
pressure?
 Fractional distillation

When two or more components have difference in B.P. they can be

separated by repeated heating and condensing the vapour.
 Fractional distillation

Pure B can be separated as the curve is moving towards XB= 1

 Let’s Solve!

1 mole of A + 1 Mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.

Q (V.P. of pure A = 20 torr ; V.P. of pure B = 80 torr )
Calculate total pressure when first bubble is formed ?
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :

PTotal = PA + PB

= PoAXA + PoBXB

=(20× ½ ) + (80× ½ )

= 10 + 40 = 50 torr
 Let’s Solve!

1 mole of A + 1 Mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.

Q (V.P. of pure A = 20 torr ; V.P. of pure B = 80 torr )
Calculate composition of vapour in first bubble ?
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :

XA = 10 / 50 = 0.2
XB = 40 / 50 = 0.8
 Let’s Solve!

1 mole of A + 1 Mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.

Q (V.P. of pure A = 20 torr ; V.P. of pure B = 80 torr )
Calculate total pressure when last drop of liquid is remaining?
 Let’s Solve!

Q Solution :

X’A = 1 / (1+1) = ½ X’B = ½

X’A X’B 1
+ =
PoA PoB PTotal
0.5 0.5 1
+ =
200 800 PTotal
4+1 1
=
160 PTotal

PTotal = 160 / 5 = 32 torr

MASTER CLASS
TEACHER TEACHER
Post-class: doubt solving

More than 2 Million doubts solved

Assessment: regular tests
 Let’s Solve!

1 mole of A + 1 Mole of B are mixed to form ideal solution.

Q (V.P. of pure A = 20 torr ; V.P. of pure B = 80 torr )
Calculate total pressure when first bubble is formed ?
Join Vedantu JEE
Telegram channel
NOW!
Assignments
Notes
Daily Update

https://vdnt.in/jeepro