URBAN DESIGN THEORY

MODULE IV
• Understanding Urban Design Projects through case studies:
Brownfield development (Urban redevelopment-revitalization-
renewal-regeneration-rehabilitation, Urban Conservation etc.)
• Greenfield development, urban water front development etc.
• Urban design process, structure plan,
• development control guidelines -master plan/development plan -
zoning regulations-formulation of policies for landscape,
infrastructure & built-forms, relevant acts and regulations, Art and
Heritage commission, other government and non-government
agencies, Urban design project implementing agencies, financing
agencies etc.
BROWNFIELDS
History of Brownfields
History of Brownfields
History of Brownfields
Types of Brownfield land
• Vacant.
• Derelict.
• Contaminated.
• Partially occupied or utilized.
Benefits of Brownfield cleaning up and
redevelopment
GREENFIELDS
• A greenfield development is a real estate construction project on
previously undeveloped land. Examples of typical greenfield
development sites are:
• Agricultural fields.
• Forest land.
• Unused land parcels.
• A greenfield site is often at the edge of a city, town, or suburban area,
on a waterway, or near a highway off-ramp. Those locations make
them ideal spots to construct new commercial buildings to support a
region's growth.
• Restricted closed properties with no development often owned by
the government are also Greenfield lands
COMPARISON
 URBAN DESIGN PROCESS
PHASE 1
1. Secondary study
2. Site visit
3. Defining the Site boundaries
4. Detailed site study and documentation
5. Stakeholder meetings

PHASE 2
6. Site model
7. Site study analysis and stake holder analysis
8. SWOT, Issues and potential
9. Macro level structure plan(EXISTING)

PHASE 3
10.Vision, Strategies, and objectives
11.Macro level proposed structure plan
12.Micro level proposed structure plan and demarcation of intervention areas
13. Detailed intervention areas
(Detailed site study) including Existing plan-sections, elevations and 3D massing
14.Proposed Plan section elevation and 3D massing.
ANALYSING THE CITY

1. REGIONAL CONTEXT
2. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
3. EVOLUTION
4. ECOLOGY
5. MORPHOLOGY
6. HOUSING
7. INFRASTRUCTURE
8. TOURISM
1. REGIONAL CONTEXT
2. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
• Literacy rate
• Work classification
• Economic base
• Growth pattern
• Religion category
• Potential elements
which influences the
future growth of the city
3. EVOLUTION
4. ECOLOGY
1. Ecological components of the city
2. Types of open spaces
3. Flood impacts
4. CRZ restrictions
5. Rainfall study
5. MORPHOLOGY
SUBCOMPONENTS OF MORPHOLOGY LAYER
• Urban form and grain study
• Street character (identification of major streets – stitched elevations and
sections, transformations)
• Architectural heritage (transformations)
• Architectural character (influenced styles, style based elements)
• City planning (comparison with sister city, planning components, planning
principles and philosophies)
• Imageability (skyline study, major vistas and focal points, its transformations)
• Character districts(detailed study of each district, determinants of each districts)
• Cognitive mapping
• Activity ( identification of types of activity, detailed mapping of each zones in
different time intervals, )
• Activity mapping
6. HOUSING
• Community structure
• Cluster study
• Community
structure
• Occupational
structure
• Determinants
which shaped each
zones
• Transformations
and its impacts
• Typology analysis
7. INFRASTRUCTURE
• Physical infrastructure
8. TOURISM
• Tangible and intangible elements which defines the culture of the
place
• Annual tourist population
• Types of tourism – cultural, pilgrim, backwater etc
• Foreign and domestic tourism ratio
• Tourism calendar and tourist corridor
• Event calendar
List of maps
1. EVOLUTION LAYERS
2. BUILT AGE
5. BUILT USE
6. BUILT HEIGHT
7. FIGURE GROUND
8. OWNERSHIP
9. CHARACTER DISTRICTS
10. ACTIVITY MAPPING
11. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
12. CLUSTER TYPOLOGY
13. ROAD HEIRARCHY
14. TRAFFIC NODE,PARKING AND CONJESTION POINT MAPPING
15. TOURISM CIRCUIT MAP
16. OPEN SPACE MAPPING
17. FIGURE GROUND – RELIEF OVER LAY
Structure plan
• A structure plan is a framework to guide the development or redevelopment of
an area by defining the future development and land use patterns, areas of open
space, the layout and nature of infrastructure (including transportation links), and
other key features and constraints that influence how the effects of development
are to be managed.
• Structure plans comprise one or more maps, plans or diagrammatic
representations of the proposed layout, features, character and links for areas
being developed or redeveloped.
• The maps or plans in structure plans do not typically go into such detail as to
define individual lot boundaries or the physical form of buildings and structures.
• The maps, plans or representations are usually supported by text explaining the
background to the issues that initiated the structure plan and the approaches to
manage those issues.
Issues that may be managed through a structure plan
include:
• urban consolidation and greenfield expansion
• the type and location of land uses that will be permitted, including development type, density and staging
• multi-modal transport links and connectivity (such as road, rail, sea and air links, public transport, cycle and
pedestrian access)
• the location, type, scale and staging of infrastructure required to service an area, including storm water,
water and sewerage
• integration of new development and growth with infrastructure and existing urban development
• landscape character and amenity
• reserves and open space networks
• natural hazards
• the provision of community facilities
• the protection of sites, features or values (which may be cultural, ecological, historical or amenity related)
• areas of contamination
• provision and location of network utilities.
Evaluation of UD projects
• What is Impact Assessment?
• Impact assessments are carried out to assess the consequences of individual projects
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a
proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-
health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.
• UNEP defines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool used to identify the environmental, social
and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making.
• It aims to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning and design, find ways and
means to reduce adverse impacts, shape projects to suit the local environment and present the
predictions and options to decision-makers.
• By using EIA both environmental and economic benefits can be achieved, such as reduced cost and time
of project implementation and design, avoided treatment/clean-up costs and impacts of laws and
regulations.
Although legislation and practice vary around the world, the fundamental components of an EIA
would necessarily involve the following stages:
• Screening: First stage of EIA, which determines whether the proposed project, requires an EIA and if it does, then the level of assessment
required.

• Scoping: This stage identifies the key issues and impacts that should be further investigated. This stage also defines the boundary and time
limit of the study.

• Impact analysis: This stage of EIA identifies and predicts the likely environmental and social impact of the proposed project and evaluates
the significance.
• Mitigation: This step in EIA recommends the actions to reduce and avoid the potential adverse environmental consequences of
development activities.
• Reporting: This stage presents the result of EIA in a form of a report to the decision-making body and other interested parties.
• Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy and effectiveness of the EIA report and provides the information necessary for decision-making.

• Decision-making: It decides whether the project is rejected, approved or needs further change.

• Post monitoring: This stage comes into play once the project is commissioned. It checks to ensure that the impacts of the project do not
exceed the legal standards and implementation of the mitigation measures are in the manner as described in the EIA report.
EIA - steps
Strategic Environmental Assessment
• Sadler and Verheem (1996) define Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as the formalized, systematic
and comprehensive process of identifying and evaluating the environmental consequences of proposed
policies, plans or programmes to ensure that they are fully included and appropriately addressed at the
earliest possible stage of decision-making on a par with economic and social considerations.

• Since this early definition the field of SEA has rapidly developed and expanded, and the number of
definitions of SEA has multiplied accordingly. SEA, by its nature, covers a wider range of activities or a wider
area and often over a longer time span than the environmental impact assessment of projects.

• SEA might be applied to an entire sector (such as a national policy on energy for example) or to a
geographical area (for example, in the context of a regional development scheme).
• SEA does not replace or reduce the need for project-level EIA (although in some cases it can), but it can help
to streamline and focus the incorporation of environmental concerns (including biodiversity) into the
decision-making process, often making project-level EIA a more effective process.

• SEA is commonly described as being proactive and ‘sustainability driven’, whilst EIA is often
described as being largely reactive.
Urban Project Financing Agencies
Definition: Financial agencies refers to the bodies responsible for the regulation, supervision, and
oversight of the financial and payment systems, including markets and institutions, which aim to promote
financial stability, market efficiency, and client-asset and consumer protection.

Context: Some countries have an agency that has been established with responsibility for regulating and
supervising an array of financial institutions (banking, insurance, and securities firms) and markets
(securities, derivatives, and commodity futures). For most countries, the oversight responsibility for the
financial sector is shared among several agencies.

Thus, responsibility for the conduct of bank regulation and supervision or for bank deposit insurance
policies in some countries may be assigned to the central bank, or to an independent bank supervisory or
deposit insurance agency, or split among several units of government.

FUNDING
Providing financial resources to finance a need, program, or project. In general, this term is used when a
firm fills the need for cash from its own internal reserves, and the term 'financing' is used when the need is
filled from external or borrowed money.
1. Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)
• Founded 1970
• Headquarters New Delhi
The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) is a government-owned corporation in India. One of the public sector
undertakings, it is wholly owned by the Union Government and is under the administrative control of the Ministry
of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. It is charged with building affordable housing and carrying out urban
development. National Games Village at Bengaluru

HUDCO describes its mission as:

▪ To provide long term finance for construction of houses for residential purposes or
finance or undertake housing and urban development programmes in the country;

▪ to finance or undertake, wholly or partly, the setting up of new or satellite towns;

▪ to subscribe to the debentures and bonds to be issued by the State Housing (and/or Urban Development) Boards, Improvement Trusts,
Development Authorities etc.; specifically for the purpose of financing housing and urban development programmes;

▪ to finance or undertake the setting up of industrial enterprises of building material ;

▪ to administer the moneys received, from time to time, from the Government of India and other sources as grants or otherwise for the
purposes of financing or undertaking housing and urban development programmes in the country and;

▪ -to promote, establish, assist, collaborate and provide consultancy services for the projects of designing and planning of works relating to
Housing and Urban Development programmes in India and abroad.
• HUDCO was incorporated on April 25, 1970. In 1972, HUDCO catalyzed innovative housing schemes with well-known architects such as B.
V. Doshi, Charles Correa, and Christopher Charles Benninger.
• More recently, the HUDCO has focused on the creation of urban infrastructure .
2.Rajiv Gandhi Swavlamban Rojgar Yojna (RGSRY)
developed and promoted
Rajiv Gandhi Swavlamban Rozgar Yojna has been designed,
by the Delhi Khadi & Village Industries Board, with the help of
Government of NCT of Delhi,

• to provide the employment opportunities to the unemployed youths,

artisans, trained professionals, skilled technocrats
and entrepreneurs by promotion/expansion of permissible industries,
professions, tertiary and service sector in the UT of Delhi.
 3. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM)
• is a massive city-modernisation scheme launched by the Government of India under Ministry of Urban Development.
• It envisages a total investment of over $20 billion over seven years. Named after Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, the scheme was officially inaugurated by
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 3 December 2005 as a programme meant to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities.

• JNNURM is a huge mission which relates primarily to development in the context of urban conglomerates focusing to the Indian cities.
• JnNURM aims at creating ‘economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive Cities’ by a strategy of upgrading the social and economic infrastructure in cities,
provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP) and wide-ranging urban sector reforms to strengthen municipal governance in accordance with the 74th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1992.
Mission Objectives

- Focused attention relating to infrastructural services in the context of integrated

development is to be covered under the Mission.

- Make efficient and increase self-sustaining capabilities of cities as per the sector proving infrastructural services
by securing the linkages between asset creation and asset management

- Ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfill deficiencies in the urban infrastructural services.

-Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban

areas, out growths, urban corridors, so that urbanization takes place in a dispersed
manner.
Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor.
- To take up urban renewal programme, i.e., re-development of inner (old) cities area to reduce congestion
4. AMRUT(Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)
• The scheme was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in June
2015 with the focus of the urban renewal projects is to establish
infrastructure that could ensure adequate robust sewage networks and
water supply for urban transformation.
• Rajasthan was the first state in the country to submit State Annual Action Plan under Atal
Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).

• The scheme Housing for All by 2022 and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation (AMRUT) were launched on the same day. The scheme is dependent with
public private partnership model(PPP) model. If required, various other schemes
like Swachh Bharat Mission, Housing for All 2022, along with the local state schemes like
that related to water supply and sewerage and other infrastructure related schemes can Proposal at Thrissur.- walkway
be linked to AMRUT.

• About 1 lakh crore (US$16 billion) investment on urban development under Smart Cities
Mission and the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation of 500 cities has
already been approved by the government
 5. ADB
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development
bank established on 19 December 1966,which is headquartered in the Ortigas
Center located in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The company also
maintains 31 field offices around the world to promote social
and economic development in Asia. The bank admits the members of
the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.

• The ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank, and has a similar weighted voting
system where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital
subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations, budget
and other materials for review by the public.

• The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in
academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. Upon completion of
their study programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social
development of their home countries. ADB is an official United Nations Observer.

• As of 31 December 2016, Japan and United States hold the largest proportion of
shares at 15.607%. China holds 6.444%, India holds 6.331%, and Australia holds
5.786%
ADB Financings

• The ADB offers "hard" loans on commercial terms primarily to middle income countries in Asia and "soft"
loans with lower interest rates to poorer countries in the region. Based on a new policy, both types of loans will
be sourced starting January 2017 from the bank’s ordinary capital resources (OCR), which functions as its general operational fund.

• The ADB's Private Sector Department (PSOD) can and does offer a broader range of financings beyond commercial loans. They also have the
capability to provide guarantees, equity and mezzanine finance (a combination of debt and equity).

• ADB obtains its funding by issuing bonds on the world's capital markets. It also relies on the contributions of member countries, retained
earnings from lending operations, and the repayment of loans

Aim

• The ADB defines itself as a social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific
through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional
integration.

• This is carried out through investments – in the form of loans, grants and information sharing – in infrastructure, health care services, financial
and public administration systems, helping nations prepare for the impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources, as well
as other areas.
6. Housing Development Finance Corporation
Limited or HDFC
Type Public company
• is India's largest mortgage company based in Mumbai, India. It was
founded in 1977 by Hasmukhbhai Parekh. HDFC's distribution network spans 318 Financial
Industry
outlets that include 77 offices of HDFC's distribution company 'HDFC Sales Private services
Limited'.
Founded 1977
• In addition, HDFC covers over 90 locations through its outreach programmes. Hasmukhbhai
Founder(s)
Parekh
• HDFC's marketing efforts continue to be concentrated on developing a stronger
distribution network. Headquarters Mumbai, India
• Home loans are also sourced through HDFC Sales, HDFC Bank Limited and other third
party Direct Selling Agents (DSA).

• To cater to non-resident Indians, HDFC has an office in London, Singapore, and Dubai
and service associates in GCC countries.

• The company provides housing finance

to individuals and
corporates for purchase/construction of residential houses
7. National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA)

• National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) is a leading Institute for research, capacity
building and information dissemination in urban development and
management sectors.
• Established in 1976, as an autonomous body under the Societies Registration Act, the Institute enjoys
the support and commitment of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoH&UPA)
and Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India as also State Governments, Urban
and Regional Development Authorities and other agencies concerned with urban issues in India.

• Over the last 31 years, NIUA has distinguished itself through its involvement at the national, state and
local levels in pro poor urban policy development, municipal finance and financial management
reforms, decentralization and governance, and inclusive service delivery.

• The Institute has extensive experience of managing large projects/ programmes both in the urban
variety of
sector and otherwise. During its years of existence, NIUA has completed a wide

research and evaluation, and consultancy assignments for

the Ministries of the Central Government, National Planning Commission,
State Governments, Development Corporations and Municipal Bodies.
• Projects have also been undertaken with support from a number of International Organizations.

• NIUA is also in the forefront as a Training Institution in the fields of urban management
and urban poverty alleviation in the following areas of municipal finances and accounting;
management of urban environment and urban services; financing of urban infrastructure, etc.
8. Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP)

• Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP) is a ADB assisted Project.

• covers five municipal corporations in Kerala: Kochi, Kollam, Kozhikode,
It
Thiruvananthapuram and Thrissur.
• KSUDP was initiated by Government of Kerala with financial support from Asian Development Bank .
AIMS

• Improve and expand urban infrastructure and services

• Improve urban management, planning, and financing capacity of sector
institutions for sustainable provision of urban infrastructure and services
• Livelihood promotion and income generation capacity for poor.
PROJECTS
• Water Supply
• Sewerage & Sanitation
• Drainage
• Solid Waste Management
• Roads and Transport
EXAMPLE: Vytila Mobility Hub.
9. The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)

• The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) is an independent federal agency in the United
States created as the successor regulatory agency of the Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB), the Office
of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development government-sponsored enterprise mission team
• Department of Housing and Urban Development government-sponsored enterprise mission team, absorbing
the powers and regulatory authority of both entities, with expanded legal and regulatory authority, including
the ability to place government sponsored enterprises (GSEs) into receivership or conservatorship.

• In its role as regulator, it regulates Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the 12 Federal Home Loan
Banks (FHLBanks, or FHLBank System).

10. Japan International Cooperation Agency

• The Japan International Cooperation Agency known by the acronym

"JICA” is an independent governmental agency that coordinates official development
assistance (ODA) for the government of Japan.

• It is chartered with assisting economic and social growth in developing

countries, and the promotion of international cooperation. Campus Development Project of Indian Tamil Nadu Urban Health Care Project
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
Zoning & regulations.
•Zoning is a planning control tool for regulating the built environment and creating functional real estate markets.
permitting particular land uses on
• It does so by dividing land that comprises the statutory area of a local authority into sections ,

specific sites to shape the layout of towns and cities and enable various types of
development.
•Zoning has a relatively short history as a tool for land-use planning.
•It determines the location, size, and use of buildings and decides the
density of city blocks

Zoning in Kerala context

Development control guidelines

• Town planning schemes.

• Zoning regulations.

• NBC

• KMBR

• KPBR
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITIES
Development Authorities in India have played a very significant role in carrying about planned and organized growth. The basic premise of all the Development Authorities in India is the
realization of the fact that there is distinction between Growth and Development and the latter has to be achieved through strategic use of the available resources. India has long been a
sleeping giant and the Development Authorities in various cities made India wake up from its slumber.

Development Authorities in India concentrate on special functions like

•Housing,
•Planning,
•Restructuring
•Urban Development

SOME URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES IN INDIA:

•Delhi development authority (DDA)

•Bangalore development authority (BDA)
•Maharashtra housing authority and development authority (MHADA)
•Haryana urban development authority (HUDA)
•Greater cochin development authority - GCDA
•Noida development authority (NDA)
•Kanpur development authority (KDA)
 DDA - DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
•the Delhi development authority was created in 1957 under the provisions of the Delhi development
act "to promote and secure the development of delhi "

•DDA has played a vital role in the orderly-yet-rapid development of Delhi . the city has
become the residence of choice for more than 11 million people

•In 1912 renowned town planners EDWARD LUTYENS and Herbert baker planned the city of new delhi.

•India's independence in 1947 and resultant migration increased delhi's population.

open spaces were occupied by migrants. civic services virtually collapsed. delhi improvement trust
and municipal body,were not adequately equipped to cope up with the changing scenario.

•In order to plan delhi and to check its rapid and hazard growth, the central government appointed a
committee in 1950. this committee recommended a single planning & controlling authority for all the
urban areas of delhi.
• Consequently, the delhi development (provisional) authority - DDA - was constituted.

• then, on 30th december, 1957, delhi development authority acquired its present name and its role as
the 9th builder of the grand city of delhi.

❑ SOME OF THE FOCAL POINTS THAT THE DDA HAS MAINTAINED IN ITS PLANS FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF DELHI:

•preservation of heritage sites

•housing schemes and plots
•reserve land for sports complex and stadiums
•commercial complexes
•children’s playgrounds
•office space
•parks
•retail outlets
•golf courses
•land up-gradation, preservation
•and beautification •gymnasiums and health care facilities
BANGALORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OR BDA

•Bangalore Development Authority or BDA instigated

operations on 6th January 1976 under the BDA Act
1976.

•BDA amalgamated the developmental duties of

Bangalore City Planning Authority and City Improvement
Trust Board (CITB).

• TheBDA undertakes various housing

projects, plans development of the infrastructure
developments for Bangalore city, recognizes newer sites
available for developmental projects.

•The main objective of BDA Bangalore is to attain a

well-planned and sustained
continuous,
•BDA Town Planning Department: This department undertakes
growth of the city. planning of mammoth tasks like green belts in the city, land prices,
water supply, transport infrastructure, population and social index,
The departments of Bangalore Development Authority urban fabrics etc.
undertaking individual developmental works include:
•Land Acquisition Department: This department is responsible to
•Engineering Department BDA: It is associated with acquire the required land for construction of any project planned in
designing the basic layouts of Banashankari extension that area from the concerned owner or occupant in Bangalore.
project, Shri M. Visveswaraiahnagar, Arkavathi Nagar,
Ananda Rao Circle Flyover and Bangalore city Ring Road.

•
 •Finance Department: The financing arrangements and managing the available
financial resources and division for various projects undertaken is the task handled by
this department.

•Law Department: They look after the legal formalities of any sale, purchase or
auction of the land under the jurisdiction of BDA Bangalore and also the legal
formalities related to the projects undertaken.

•General Allotment Department of BDA: The allotment of the various sites auctioned by
narrowing down to the most deserving public utility board depending on the location and size of
the site is done by this department.

•Public Relations: Being the central development authority for a fast developing Tier I city like
Bangalore, BDA has to maintain a dedicated Public Relations wing to attend to any PR subject.

•Environment and Horticulture: Development and maintenance of regional and district parks,
lakes construction and desilting of existing ones, horticulture grounds etc.
THE GREATER COCHIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY - GCDA

The Greater Cochin Development Authority is the planning and development Authority of the
Metropolitan area of Cochin, which is the urban hinterland of Cochin Port. The jurisdictional area of
GCDA comprises of the Cochin City, the commercial capital of Kerala, 6 surrounding municipalities and
25 intervening panchayats covering an area of 632 sq.km

•AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF GCDA

•To guide urban development by checking urban sprawl and promoting healthy growth of
urban and rural areas through long term, short term and action area oriented detailed
development plans.

•To coordinate the activities of different developmental agencies including

Government departments operating in the area.

•To take up model schemes and projects in different sectors of development.

•To monitor and implement the plans and proposals through public
participation, timely revision and by prioritizing proposals.
With the above objectives, GCDA, in consultation with the State Town Planning
Department has prepared and published the following plans:

•Structure Plan for the designated Central City of Cochin with framework of the
Regional Development Plan.

•Detailed Town Planning Schemes for the sub areas of the Region each with
emphasis on specific sectors of development viz. residential, commercial, road
development, recreational development etc.

•GCDA helps the other developmental agencies both private and public in directing
investments; takes up comprehensive sector wise studies, identifies growth
centers; creates basic infrastructure including developable land through setting up
land bank and takes up private public partnership projects.

• GCDA also takes up consultancy works in planning and engineering fields, and
undertakes studies in urban related projects.
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY -TRIDA

Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority (TRIDA) is constituted for

the implementation of planned and scientific development for trivandrum
city and adjoining area. The jurisdiction of the authority extends to the
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation and 10 surrounding panchayats.
 DELHI URBAN ART COMMISSION - DUAC

The Delhi Urban Art Commission was set up by an Act of parliament in 1973 to "advise
Some of the activities of the Commission ranged over many issues.
the Government of India in the matter of preserving,
•The new Metro lines and the Commonwealth Games projects, and extensions to
developing and maintaining the aesthetic existing institutions, were examined in
the context of the underlying
ecology and of historic neighbourhoods.
quality of urban and environmental design
within Delhi and to provide advice and guidance to any local body in • Pilot projects initiated by DUAC, to serve as templates, include the proposals on
respect of any project of building operations or engineering operations or any development
proposal which affects or is like to affect the skyline or the aesthetic quality of the
Khirkee Village and on Sunheri Bagh, and the work on a Zonal
Development Plan for the NDMC.
surroundings or any public amenity provided therein"
• Much time and thought has been given to the pressing issues of modifying and The Commission with the approval of the Government is in the process of
adding to transport-corridors. The Commission has been organizing workshops taking up important city level projects indicated below :-
from time to time on important issues concerning the Capital City.
•Site Specific designs for wards
•
•Rehabilitation proposals for Unauthorized colony/slums
•To draw attention o f all concerned to hazards involved in the issue of additions
to existing inhabited multistoried housing projects . •One proposal in respect of vision for Delhi
•With a view to promote work of Art as an integral part of public projects
•High Rise Development Proposals Along Metro Corridors

•Rejuvenation of Delhi’s Gardens

•The Commission took the opportunity of the Commonwealth Games to •Preparation of design and prototype for high-tech public toilets
showcase Delhi to the visitors to the City as well as its citizens through an
exhibition called 'Delhinama. •Unified Building bye-laws for Delhi

• Layer by layer the team unearthed amazing continuities hidden in the folds of
time, of this throbbing contemporary megapolis.
KERALA SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (KSUDP)
Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP) is a ADB assisted Project. It covers five
municipal corporations in Kerala: Kochi, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram and Thrissur.
KSUDP was initiated by Government of Kerala with financial support from Asian Development Bank.

PROJECT CITIES:
Municipal Corporations of
Thiruvananthapuram,Kollam,Kochi,Thrissur,Kozhikode

AIMS
•Improve and expand urban infrastructure and services
•Improve urban management, planning, and financing capacity of sector
institutions especially ULBs for sustainable provision of urban infrastructure and services
•Livelihood promotion and income generation capacity for poor

PROJECT COMPONENTS

Urban Infrastructure & Services Improvement

• Water Supply
• Sewerage & Sanitation
• Drainage
• Solid Waste Management
• Roads and Transport
ONGOING PROJECTS KOCHI

❑Urban Road Transport

• Upgradation of Sahodaran Ayyappan Road and Junctions-KSUDP/ JnNURM.

• Construction of New Bridge at S A Road-KSUDP
• Upgradation of Stadium link Road
• Upgradation of Edappally Highcourt Road and Junction

❑Water Supply -KSUDP

• Improvements to intake, water treatment plant and transmission main

• Strengthening of distribution network

❑Storm Water Drainage-KSUDP/JnNURM

• Urban Drainage Improvement works of Drains in Central Zone

• Drainage work along Monastry road Karakkattu Road
• Drainage work along Ravipuram road-balance portion of MG Road east
• side & culvert at MG Road

❑ Drainage work along Ravipuram road-balance portion of MG Road to Kayal

Drainage work along TA beerankunj Road

Modification to MG road Drain from Kurusupalli road to Thevara.

❑ Modification to the drains in Panampallinagar.

 Urban Design policies-
for landscape, infrastructure, built forms
 Well-conceived urban design policy is essential if the planning process is to
raise design standards.

• To bring about fundamental change, urban design policy needs to define a vision which will be realized over a time span – sometimes as long as a generation –
and achieved through a series of staged objectives focusing on short-term goals.
Urban design policies help to support the creation of an attractive city amongst other obectives, such as:

• Economic competitiveness;
• Connectivity and walking;
• Compact urban form;
• Healthy neighbourhoods;
• Use of green building technologies;
• Efficient use of municipal infrastructure; and,
• Fostering a distinct community identity.

design policies

Principles and structure

Urban design policy should be based on clear analysis of environmental, social and economic issues, and on the local authority’s considered view as to what
qualities development should achieve.

Design policies should be clear, specific, measurable or testable, and technically feasible. Each policy should provide:

first, a design objective and second, an explanation of how a solution might fulfill that objective .
An example of a clear specific policy is the following:
‘Development should incorporate the retention or provision of important routes and linkages which
contribute to the permeability of an area. Development which results in the unacceptable loss of existing
links will not be permitted.

Design objective: permeability

Explanation of criteria for solution: incorporate or retain and avoid loss of important routes and linkages.’
 landscape

Goal 1 : Protect and enhance the natural features and landmarks of the Lompoc Valley.

• Policy 1.1 The City shall define, protect, and link urban features, rural features, and open space areas including those identified
on the Urban Design Features map.

• Policy 1.2 The City shall protect ridgelines and hillsides which lie in view corridors, including those ridgelines identified on the Scenic
Ridgelines and Roads map.

• Policy 1.3 The City shall protect and enhance the views along the scenic roads noted on the Scenic Ridgelines and Roads map.

• Policy 1.4 The City shall create a visual edge to maintain awareness of the community's setting by establishing and maintaining open space buffers
along the western and eastern portions of the Urban Limit Line.
 Built forms
Goal 2 Protect and enhance the "small town" character of the Old Town.
• Policy 2.1 The City shall support the historical character, scale, and architecture of the Old Town area .

• Policy 2.2 The City shall ensure that all development in the Old Town area is designed in a manner that maintains, encourages, and enhances
pedestrian activity between various uses and activities. This includes the design of buildings, street corridors, plazas,
and pedestrian spaces.
•
• Policy 2.3 The City shall provide for sufficient and conveniently-located public parking to allow the Old Town area to function as a
pedestrian-oriented business district without on-site parking.

• Policy 2.4 The City shall ensure that parking lots in the Old Town area are located and designed to avoid breaking the continuity of building facades.

• Policy 2.5 The City shall encourage existing commercial facilities to improve their appearance and condition , and ensure that all
new development contributes toward an overall positive and cohesive visual identity.
 Built forms

Goal 3 Protect and enhance the positive identity of City ‘s residential neighborhoods.

• Policy 3.1 The City shall protect and enhance the positive identity of residential neighborhoods .

• Policy 3.2 The City shall require infill development to respect the scale and character of existing neighborhoods .

• Policy 3.3 The City shall encourage the protection of structures and neighborhoods which possess locally-significant architectural
styles or historic values. Infill development in such areas shall be architecturally compatible with surrounding structures.
•

• Policy 3.4 The City shall encourage and support the

efforts of homeowner and neighborhood associations to improve the
visual appearance of residential neighborhoods
 Built forms

Goal 4 Protect and enhance the visual qualities of urban streetscapes and public places.

• Policy 4.1 The City shall support efforts to improve the appearance of expressways and arterials.
• Policy 4.2 The City shall promote cleanliness and regular maintenance of all neighborhoods and public places.
• Policy 4.3 The City shall encourage signage which enhances the visual qualities of the urban streetscape.
• Policy 4.4 The City shall continue to encourage provision of art in public places.
• Policy 4.5 The City shall encourage the owners and/or operators of land uses and activities which are unsightly to clean up the affected area or to use
landscaping and other design measures to soften or screen the area.
• Policy 4.6 The City shall encourage the development of the urban forest along streetscapes and in public places .

• Policy 4.7 The City shall encourage the provision of open space in all public places .
Infrastructure policies.

• Providing cost effective & reliable power supply.

• Powering rural india.
• Building infrastructure for modern & futuristic india.

Expansion of Infrastructure
• a. Plans will be developed for a new bridge across the Demerara River, also to be carried out through concessioning. The Demerara Harbour Bridge has been
rehabilitated with funding from EEC. This work will extend the life of the bridge for up to another 15 years. It is projected that the current level of operation and
maintenance costs will be reduced as a result of the rehabilitation.

• B There is an urgent need to construct a road passing through the hinterland to link Lethem with Georgetown . Long and short term advantages of this road from
an economic, strategic and security viewpoint are obvious. A distance of 210 kilometers (between Lethem and Kurupukari) has been completed at a cost of US$16
million, and 136 kilometers are still pending completion. The remaining link of this road will be built as a toll road. The private sector will construct and operate it
under an arrangement that allows recovery of costs and reasonable profits.

• C. All road-related projects should conform to the findings of environment impact assessments.
 Infrastructure policies.

Public Transport
• a. Setting Fare Structures
• It is acknowledged that market forces could set reasonable price and fare structure that is fair to consumers, passengers, and operators. However, a strong regulatory body should
safeguard the public interest. The consultations with interest groups should set the fares and review them at regular interva ls. The interest of passengers and operators of public
transport could begin to look to the regulatory body as an impartial arbiter in the setting of fare structure.

• b. Service and Safety

• Safety measures are definitely required to lower the accident rate. There is also room for improvement as regard the service provided, including as regards to overcrowding. Fines
for violation of transport safety regulations will be increased and random inspections of operating minibuses will be carried out with greater frequency.
Infrastructure policies.

Drainage and Irrigation

The strategy for achieving sustainable operation and maintenance of the drainage and irrigation system will emphasize that the new formed Board
will take the lead in developing a simplified, two-tier institutional structure, which will be financially sustainable.

1. Local Level
Farmers themselves will determine the most appropriate institutional arrangement for managing the secondary systems in their locality, whether
through the existing Local Government Authorities (LGAs) or through the Water Users' Associations (WUAs).
Urban Renewal
Introduction to Urban Renewal
Definitions
Concepts
Policies/ Approaches
 Definitions
▪ A continuous process of remodeling older parts of urban areas, including their central business areas by means of rehabilitation
and conservation as well as redevelopment.
▪ The displacement of an existing low-income population, creating space for more profitable office, commercial and
luxury residential development or the provision of transport facilities.

Importance of Urban Renewal

▪ Urban Renewal is of growing importance because of:

▪ urban areas are becoming larger and older, so more and more renewal of urban fabric has to take place.
▪ constant expansion of urban areas into agricultural hinterland, while large quantities of urban land and buildings
are abandoned and left dilapidated.
 Roots of Urban Renewal
▪ Term ‘Urban Renewal’is American in Origin
▪ It emerged in the late 1940s (post-war) as an attempt to revitalizecentral cities.
▪ Site clearance program remained in practice until 1960s.
▪ Other emerging approaches came into practice afterwards.

Basic Concepts
▪ Urban Renewal programs are generally undertaken by public authorities or by local governments.

▪ The emphasis is on those parts which have fallen below current standards of public acceptability. These are commonly to be
found in:

▪ the residential parts of the inner city,

▪ in the central business district itself.

▪ Indicators for residential parts of inner cities are:

▪ inadequate housing,
▪ environmental degradation,
▪ presence of non-conforming uses.
▪ Indicators for central business district are:
▪ traffic problems,
▪ congestion,
▪ dilapidated buildings.
 Policies/ Approaches
▪ Slum Clearance
▪ Demolition of dilapidated dwellings located in a slum (an area of sub-standard, overcrowded housing
occupied by the poor immigrants)
▪ Redevelopment
▪ The demolition of an existing building and its replacement by a new building
▪ Rehabilitation
▪ The repair and improvement of existing structurally sound property

▪ Housing Improvement
▪ Improvements of dwellings by provision of essential basic amenities
▪ Conservation
▪ To retain intact or unchanged. Also meant as ‘Preservation’
▪ Environmental Improvements
▪ Main emphasis is to improve environmental conditions
▪ Economic Renewal
▪ Improvement of economic conditions of dwellers
 Urban Renewal Projects

▪ Following Projects fall under Urban Renewal:

▪ Redevelopment projects
▪ Economic development strategies
▪ Housing loans and other financial tools
▪ Streetscape improvements
▪ Transportation enhancement
▪ Historic preservation projects
▪ Parks and open spaces
Urban conservation
• Urban conservation is an approach to planning that seeks to preserve and as often necessary revitalize and transform the historic
elements of cities into hubs of urban life and activity.
• urban conservation is a long term commitment to maintain a city’s cultural and historic identity while also accommodating inevitable
transition, growth and new uses.
• it deals with questions of context that underlie a building’s existence, including issues of ownership, land division, private and public
property, the arrangement of urban space, including change of use, and their conservation by maintenance and adaptation through time.
• public property, including urban infrastructure is a measure of cultural wealth, cannot be left to decay.
• conservation not only deals with modern urban factors, but look for archeological findings and historic records for guidance and
inspiration.
• in historic sites, archeological discoveries at sites influence the course that subsequent conservation and development may take.
• the aim of urban conservation is to promote urban life characterized by a strong sense of historic and cultural vitality and continuity.
• the values of day-to-day urban qualities, economic, social and environmental are the underpinning of the urban scene and must be
rediscovered: the focus cannot be on monuments alone.
• analysis undertaken for urban conservation first seeks to gain an understanding of the urban web—the vital links of a city and its
infrastructure—and how it came into existence
• the urban situation must be thoroughly documented and analyzed accurately recording aspects that deserve and require preservation,
and how these factors relate to other less obvious factors.
• when preserving a single building, it is important to understand what authority will preserve the urban elements, both for the building and
then for its essential and supportive infrastructure.
Conservation at the urban level and context is undertaken by identifying primary urban prototypes and establishing criteria to conserve these prototypes.
this refers to urban elements, of which the individual building is a byproduct.

urban conservation includes all the desired connections between these elements:
• the web and its external links
• the blocks within the local web
• the streets
• the pedestrian realm of walks, squares, etc.
Conservation on the architectural level is based on this context and identifies the architectural characteristics to prevent stylistic distortions
and disruption of the existing architectural language.
define the underlying physical structure of a city (urban settlement).
successive phases of urban formation can be listed in inverse
chronological order.
• the urban web is the most general view of a settlement. The series of public passages create a unique format or structure that
is physically and geometrically defined.
• districts are a type of neighborhood. each district incorporates various properties within its structure.{uninterrupted acc umulation ofsimilarly featured groups (physical, restorable,
symbolic, historical)}
values in conservation
conservation must preserve and if possible enhance the messages and values of cultural property. values help systematically to set overall priorities in deciding
proposed interventions, as well as to establish the extent andnature of the individualtreatment. the assignment of priorityvalues will inevitably reflect the cultural context of
each historic building the ‘values’ come under three major headings:

(1) emotional values:

(a) wonder; (b) identity; (c) continuity; (d) spiritual and symbolic.
(2) cultural values:
(a) documentary; (b) historic; (c) archaeological, age and scarcity; (d)aesthetic and symbolic; (e) architectural; (f ) towns cape, landscapeand ecological; (g) technological and
scientific.
(3) use values:
(a) functional; (b) economic;(c) social; (d) educational; (e) political and ethnic. having analysed these values they should be condensed into a statement of the significance of
the cultural property.
 PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES
1. In order to be most effective, the conservation of historic towns and other historic urban areas should be an integral part of coherent policies of economic and social development and of
urban and regional planning at every level.

2. Qualities to be preserved include the historic character of the town or urban area and all those material and spiritual elements that express this character, especially:

3.Urban patterns as defined by lots and streets;

b) Relationships between buildings and green and open spaces;
c) The formal appearance, interior and exterior, of buildings as defined by scale, size, style, construction, materials, colour and decoration;

d) The relationship between the town or urban area and its surrounding setting, both natural and man-made; and

e) The various functions that the town or urban area has acquired over time. Any threat to these qualities would compromise t he authenticity of the historic town or urban area.

3. The participation and the involvement of the residents are essential for the success of the conservation programme and should be encouraged. The conservation of historic towns and
urban areas concerns their residents first of all.

4. Conservation in a historic town or urban area demands, a systematic approach approach and discipline. Rigidity should be avoided since individual cases may present specific problems.
 ACTION PLAN
Six critical steps can be identified for Member States to consider when implementing the Historic Urban Landscape approach. They would include the
following:

1) Undertake comprehensive surveys and mapping of the city’s natural, cultural and human resources (such as water catchment areas, green spaces,
monuments and sites, viewsheds, local communities with their living cultural traditions);

2) Reach consensus using participatory planning and stakeholder consultations on what values to protect and to transmit to future generations and to
determine the attributes that carry these values;

3) Assess vulnerability of these attributes to socio-economic stresses, as well as impacts of climate change;

4) With these in hand, and only then, develop a city development strategy (CDS) or a city conservation strategy (CCS) to integrate urban heritage values and
their vulnerability status into a wider framework of city development, the overlay of which will indicate A) strictly no-go areas; B) sensitive areas that
require careful attention to planning, design and implementation; and C) opportunities for development (among which high-rise constructions);

5) Prioritize actions for conservation and development;

6) Establish the appropriate partnerships and local management frameworks for each of the identified projects for conservation and development in the
CDS/CCS, as well as to develop mechanisms for the coordination of the various activities between different actors, both public and private;
Urban conservation and economic
considerations.
• Urban conservation is important to community in terms of savings( in both money and energy) in the resuse of older
buildings as opposed to the construction of equivalent new structures.

• Overseas estimates of the costs involved in adaptive conservation of older buildings for new uses indicate savings of upto
50 % on the cost of new structures.

• Restoration of older buildings tends to be labour intensive and some restoration projects help preserve trades and skills
that might otherwise be lost.

• Economic benefit of reviving depressed commercial areas. It encourages an inflow of higher income residents with a
greater disposable income.

• Growth in tourism sector. Tourists too are attracted to urban conservation projects.