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e/; izns'k iVokjh dEI;wVj uksV~l

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

฀Unit฀-฀1
dEI;wVj฀%฀ifjp;฀฀
dEI;wVj฀'kCn฀dh฀mRifr฀vaxsth฀Hkk"kk฀ds฀^Compute*฀'kCn฀ls฀gqbZ฀gS฀฀ ftldk฀vFkZ฀gS฀&฀x.kuk฀djuk฀;k฀fxurh฀djukA฀฀฀

dEI;wVj฀,d฀Lopkfyr฀bysDVkfud฀e'khu฀gS]฀ftlesa฀ge฀vifj"d`r฀vkadMs+฀nsdj฀izksxke฀ds฀fu;U=.k฀}kjk฀mUgsa฀vFkZiw.kZ฀lwpukvks฀
esa฀ifjofrZr฀dj฀ldrs฀gSaA฀฀฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
vif"d`r฀vkadMs฀(Raw data)฀vkadM+ksa฀vkfn฀ds฀:Ik฀esa฀dEI;wVj฀dks฀fn,฀tkus฀okys฀vkxe฀(Input)฀gksrs฀gSaA
fu"d"kksZ฀vksj฀lwpuk฀(Information)฀vkfn฀ds฀:I฀esa฀dEI;wVj฀ls฀izkIr฀fd;s฀tkus฀okys฀fuxZe฀(Output)฀gksrs฀gSaA฀฀

Computer

C&฀Calcutation&¼x.kuk½฀Common
O&฀Operative &฀¼fØ;k'khy½฀Oriented
M&฀Machine &฀¼;kfU=dh½฀Machine
฀&฀฀rocessing &฀¼izfØ;k½฀฀articularly
U&฀Useful &฀¼mi;ksxh½฀United
T&฀Technical &฀¼'kCdks"k½฀Technical
E&฀Educational &฀¼foLr`r½฀Educational
R&฀Research &฀¼vuqla/kku฀'kks/k½฀Research

dEI;wVj฀dk฀fodkl฀฀
Abcus - dEI;wVj฀dk฀fodkl฀3000฀o"kZa฀bZlk฀iwoZ฀esa฀ehlksiksVkfe;k฀ds฀yksxks฀us฀vutkus฀esa฀gh฀dEI;wVj฀;qx฀dh฀uhao฀j[khA฀
mUgksaus฀eudksa฀vkSj฀rkj฀ls฀fxurh฀fxuus฀dk฀lcls฀igyk฀midj.k฀,csdl฀(Abcus)฀cuk;kA฀yxHkx฀฀600฀o"kZ฀bZlk฀iwoZ฀esa฀
phu;ksa฀us฀bl฀midj.k฀esa฀dqN฀lq/kkj฀fd,฀ftlls฀bl฀midj.k฀}kjk฀x.kuk฀djuk฀vkSj฀vklku฀gks฀x;kA฀bl฀midj.k฀dks฀
,csdl฀(Abcus)dgk฀x;kA฀Tkkikuh฀bl฀midj.k฀dks฀lkjkscku฀(Saroban) dgrs฀FksA฀฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
Pascaline - 17oha฀'krkCnh฀esa฀Qzkalhlh฀xf.krK฀Cyst฀ikLdy฀us฀fo'o฀dk฀igyk฀;kaf=d฀vadh;฀dsydqysVj฀cuk;k฀tks฀
n'keyo฀iz.kkyh฀dh฀tksM+฀&ckdh฀dj฀ldrk฀FkkA฀bl฀midj.k฀dk฀uke฀ikLdykyu฀(Pascaline) FkkA฀฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀
Loom - lu~฀1801฀esa฀Qzkalhlh฀cqudj฀tSdkMZ฀(Jacuard)฀us฀diM+s฀cquus฀dh฀e'khu฀dk฀vfo"dkj฀fd;k฀ftls฀ywe฀
(LOOM)฀dgk฀x;kA฀tks฀diM+ksa฀esa฀Lor%฀gh฀fMtkbu฀;k฀iSVuZ฀nsrh฀FkhA฀฀฀
฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
Difference Engine - pkYlZ฀cScst฀us฀lu~฀1821฀esa฀,d฀e'khu฀dk฀fuekZ.k฀fd;k฀ftldk฀O;;฀fczfV'k฀ljdkj฀ogu฀fd;kA฀
ml฀e'khu฀dk฀uke฀fMQjsUl฀baftu฀j[kk฀x;kA฀bl฀e'khu฀eas฀fx;j฀vkSj฀'kk¶V฀yxs฀FksA฀vkSj฀;g฀Hkki฀ls฀pyrh฀FkhA฀฀฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
Analytical Engine ฀ pkYlZ฀cScst฀us฀1833฀esa฀lax.ku฀;U=฀dk฀fuekZ.k฀vkjEHk฀fd;k฀ftls฀oS'ysf"kd฀;U=฀(Analytical
Engine) dgk฀x;kA฀,usysfVdy฀baftu฀dks฀lgh฀vFkksZ฀esa฀vkt฀ds฀vk/kqfud฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀iwoZt฀dgk฀tkrk฀gS฀฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ pkYlZ ฀cScst ฀dks ฀dEI;wVj ฀dk฀tud฀฀Father of Computer )฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA ฀

Electro Mechnical Card Punch Tabulating Machine ฀฀geZu฀gkWysfjFk฀us฀1887฀esa฀lcls฀igyh฀fo|qr฀;kfU=d฀

dkMZ฀iap฀lkj.kh฀e'khu฀cukbZ฀Fkh฀bl฀e'khu฀esa฀cSVjh฀ls฀lapkfyr฀fLop฀vkSj฀fx;j฀Fks฀bl฀e'khu฀esa฀iap฀dkMZ฀dk฀mi;ksx฀gksrk฀
FkkA฀1890฀bl฀e'khu฀dk฀iz;ksx฀vesfjdk฀dh฀tux.kuk฀lEcU/kh฀vkadMs฀dks฀ladfyr฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀fd;k฀x;kA฀x;k฀Fkk

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
฀ dEI;wVj ฀dh฀ihf<;kW ฀฀Generations of Computers):&฀฀

izFke฀ih<+h ฀(First฀Generation)฀1942-1955฀%&฀dEI;wVj฀dh฀izFke฀ih<+h฀dh฀'kq:vkr฀1942฀ls฀ekuh฀tkrh฀gSA฀bl฀
tujs'ku฀esa฀Vacuum฀TubeTechnology฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀x;k฀FkkA฀blesa฀e'khu฀rFkk฀vlsEcyh฀Hkk"kk฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀x;k฀
FkkA฀bleas฀eseksjh฀ds฀fy,฀pqEcdh;฀Me฀(Magnetic Drum)฀vksj฀buiqV฀rFkk฀vkmViqV฀ds฀fy,฀iapdkMZ฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀
tkrk฀FkkA฀1943฀esa฀vesfjdk฀ds฀gkoZMZ฀fo'ofo|ky;฀ds฀HkkSfrd฀foKkuh฀gkoMZ฀vkbdu฀us฀IBM฀ds฀lg;ksx฀ls฀Mark-1฀uke฀
fo|qr฀;kaf=dh฀dEI;wVj฀cuk;kA฀฀฀
bl฀ih<+h฀esa฀fodflr฀dEI;wVj฀:- ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator),
EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"

f}rh;฀ih<+h ฀(Second฀Generation)฀(1955-1964)฀%&bl฀ih<+h฀esa฀Transistor฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀x;k฀FkkA฀ftldk฀
fodkl Willom฀Shockly฀esa฀1947฀esa฀fd;k฀FkkA฀blesa฀izkFkfed฀eSeksjh฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀x;k฀FkkA฀f}rh;d฀eSeksjh฀ds฀fy,฀
pqEcdh;฀Vsi฀vkSj฀fMLdksa฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀x;kA฀bl฀ih<+h฀esa฀mPp฀Lrjh;฀izksxzkfeax฀Hkk"kkvksa฀dk฀fodkl฀gqvk]฀tSls฀ Basic,
Cobol, Fortran vkfnA฀฀
bl฀ih<+h฀esa฀fodflr฀dEI;wVj฀:- IBM -70, 1400, 1600, CDC-3600

฀฀
r`rh;฀ih<+h ฀(Third฀Generation)฀1964-1975฀:- bl฀tujs'ku฀esa฀vkbZ฀lh฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tkus฀yxk฀FkkA฀IC฀
(Integrated฀Circuit)฀dk฀fodkl฀1958฀esa฀Jack฀Kilby฀us฀fd;k฀FkkA฀blesa฀IC Technology (SSI -฀Small Scale
Integration ) dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀x;k฀FkkA bleas฀gkbZ฀yssoy฀Hkk"kk฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tkrk฀FkkA฀blesa฀eseksjh฀ds฀rkSj฀ij฀pqqEcdh;฀
fMLd฀dk฀iz;ksx฀฀fd;k฀tkus฀yxk฀FkkA฀฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
prqFkZ ฀ih<+h ฀(Fourth฀Generation)1975:-฀dEI;wVj฀dh฀pkSFkh฀ih<+h฀dh฀'kq:vkr฀1975฀ls฀ekuh฀tkrh฀gSA฀bl฀tujs'ku฀esa฀
vkbZ฀lh฀dh฀vk/kqfud฀rduhdh฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tkus฀yxk฀FkkA฀IC dh฀;g฀rduhdh฀VLSI(Very฀Large-Scale฀
Integration)฀Fkh฀ftls฀ekbdzksfpi฀dgk฀tkus฀yxkA฀ekbdzksfpi฀(Microprocessor) ij฀vk/kkfjr฀igyk฀PC 1970 esa
MITS uked฀dEIkuh฀us฀cuk;kA
bl฀ih<+h฀esa฀fodflr฀dEI;wVj฀:- IBM-360,370,VAX-750 ICL-1900,
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
ikapoh ฀ih<+h ฀(Fifth฀Generation):- ฀ikapoh฀ih<+h฀esa฀vkbZ฀lh฀dh฀vk/kqfud฀rduhdh฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tkus฀yxk฀FkkA฀IC
dh฀;g฀rduhdh฀ULSI฀Fkh฀bldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Ultra฀Large฀Scale฀Integration฀gSaA฀blesa฀gkbZ฀yssfoy฀Hkk"kk฀dk฀iz;ksx฀
izksxzkfeax฀fd฀fy;s฀fd;k฀tkrk฀tks฀vf/kd฀ljy฀gSA฀bu฀Hkk"kkvksa฀esa฀GUI฀Interface฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀฀

฀ dEi;wVj ฀ds ฀izdkj฀Type of Computer

vuqiz;ksx฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀oxhZdj.k฀(Classification Based on Application):-

vuqiz;ksx฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀dEI;wVj฀rhu฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA฀

1. ,ukykWx฀dEI;wVj฀(Analog฀Computer):฀;s฀dEI;wVj฀HkkSfrd฀jkf'k;ksa฀ij฀dk;Z฀djrs฀gSA฀,ukykWx฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀iz;ksx฀
foKku฀,oa฀Engineering฀ds฀{kS+=฀esa฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀

2. fMftVy฀dEI;wVj฀(Digital฀Computer):฀;g฀dEI;wVj฀vadks฀dh฀x.kuk฀djrs฀gSA฀vf/kdka'kr%฀dEI;wVj฀fMftVy฀dEI;wVj฀
fMfyVy฀dEI;wVj฀gh฀gksrs฀gSA฀฀

3. gkbfczM฀dEI;wVj฀(Hybrid฀Computer):฀os฀dEI;wVj฀tks฀,ukykWu฀,oa฀fMftVy฀dEI;wVj฀nksuksa฀dk฀dk;Z฀djrs฀gSA฀budk฀
mi;ksx฀fpfdRlk฀ds฀{ks=฀esa฀gks฀jgk฀gS฀฀

Type฀of฀Computer฀Base฀on฀Purpose:-
mˆs';฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀dEI;wVj฀nks฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA฀

1. General฀Purpose฀Computer:฀ftlls฀lekU;฀dk;Z฀fd;s฀tkrs฀gSA฀budk฀iz;ksx฀?kjksa฀,oa฀nqdkuksa฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀

2. Special฀Purpose฀Computer:฀;g฀dEI;wVj฀fo'ks"k฀dk;Z฀ds฀fy;s฀rS;kj฀fd;s฀tkrs฀gSA฀budk฀iz;ksx฀fuEu฀{ks=ksa฀esa฀fd;k฀
tkrk฀gSA฀tSls฀ekSle฀foKku]฀d`f"k฀foKu]฀;q)]฀,oa฀varfj{k฀vkfn฀foKku฀esa฀bldk฀iz;ksx฀gksrk฀gSA฀

Type฀of฀Computer฀Base฀on฀Size฀and฀work฀power:-฀฀
vkdkj฀,oa฀dk;Z฀djus฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀dEI;wVj฀fuEuizdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA

1. Micro฀Computer:-฀;g฀dEI;wVj฀vkdkj฀esa฀NksVs฀gksrs฀gSA฀bu฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀fodkl฀1970฀ds฀n'kd฀esa฀gqvk฀FkkA฀bu฀
dEI;wVj฀eas฀ekbdzks฀izkslslj฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tkrk฀FkkA฀bu฀dEI;wVlZ฀dks฀PC฀Hkh฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA
PC dks฀fuEu฀Hkkxksa฀esa฀ck¡Vk฀x;k฀gSA
a. Desktop Computer
b. Laptop Computer
c. ฀almtop Computer

a. Desktop฀Computer:-฀Desktop Computer฀os฀dEI;wVj฀gksrs฀gSA฀ftudks฀Vsfcy฀ij฀j[kdj฀pyk;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀

b.Laptop฀Computer:-฀Laptop Computer os฀gksrs฀gSA฀ftudks฀xksnh฀eas฀j[kdj฀pyk;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀;g฀lkbZt฀esa฀cgqr฀

NksVs฀gksrs฀gSA฀bu฀dEI;wVjlZ฀dks฀,d฀LFkku฀ls฀nwljs฀LFkku฀ij฀vklkuh฀ls฀ys฀tk฀ldrs฀gSA฀buesa฀ikoj฀ds฀fy;s฀cSVjh฀dk฀iz;ksx฀
gksrk฀gSA฀

c.Palmtop฀Computer:-฀;g฀dEI;wVj฀Laptop Computer฀ls฀NksVs฀gksrs฀gSA฀ftudks฀gFksyh฀eas฀j[kdj฀pyk;k฀tkrk฀
gSA฀budh฀dk;Z฀djus฀dh฀{kerk฀ysiVkWi฀ls฀FkksMh฀de฀gksrh฀gSA฀฀

2.฀Mini฀Computer:-฀;g฀oks฀dEI;wVj฀tks฀cM+h฀cM+h฀dEiuh;ksa฀,oa฀ljdkjh฀vkWfQl฀eas฀loZj฀dEI;wVj฀ds฀dk;Z฀ds฀fy;s฀
iz;ksx฀fd;s฀tkrs฀gSA฀PDP-8฀First฀Mini฀Computer฀ftldk฀fodkl฀1965฀eas฀f;dk฀x;k฀FkkA฀A฀DEC฀Company฀us฀
cuk;k฀FkkA฀DEC฀dk฀iwjk฀uke฀Digital฀Equipment฀Corporation฀gSA฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
3.฀Mainframe฀Computer:-฀;g฀oks฀dEI;wVj฀tks฀cMh฀cMh฀dEiuh;ksa฀,oa฀ljdkjh฀vkWfQl฀eas฀loZj฀dEI;wjV฀ds฀dk;Z฀ds฀
fy;s฀iz;ksx฀fd;s฀tkrs฀gSA฀bu฀dEI;wVjl฀esa฀ekbZdzks฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀iz;ksx฀Client฀ds฀rkSj฀ij฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀dqN฀
Mainframe฀Computer฀fuEu฀gSA฀IBM฀4381,฀ICL฀39,฀CDC฀Cyber฀etc.฀

4.฀Super฀Computer:-฀lqij฀dEI;wVj฀fo'ks"k฀izdkj฀ds฀dEI;wVj฀gksrs฀gSA฀budk฀fuekZ.k฀fo'ks"k฀dk;Z฀ds฀fy;s฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀
;g฀nqfu;k฀ds฀lcls฀rst฀vkSj฀cMs฀dEI;wVj฀gksrs฀gSA฀Hkkjr฀dk฀igyk฀lqij฀dEI;wVj฀ije฀gSA฀
lqij฀dEI;wjV฀ds฀dk;Z%&
1.฀varfj{k฀;k=k฀ds฀fy;s
2.฀ekSle฀foKku฀dh฀tkudkjh฀Kkr฀ds฀fy;s

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀nit - 2

฀ Units฀of฀Computer฀System
1. Input Unit
2. System Unit
3. Output Unit

1.฀buiqV&;qfuV฀(Input฀Unit):-฀฀ekuoh;฀funs'kksZa฀dks฀dEI;wVj฀ds฀le>us฀;ksX;฀ladsrksa฀eas฀ifjofrZr฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀ftu฀
;qfDr;kas฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gS฀mUgsa฀^buiqqV฀;qfDr;k¡฀dgrs฀gSASA฀tSSls฀&dh฀&ckssMZ]฀ekÅl฀vkfnA฀

2.flLVe฀;wfuV฀System Unit) :- ;g฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀eq[;฀Hkkx฀gS]฀ftlesa฀dsfUn;฀lalk/ku฀bdkbZ฀(Central

Processing Unit - CPU) gksrk฀gSA฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀vf/kdrj฀ifjiFk฀flLVe฀;wfuV฀esa฀gksrk฀gSA฀

3.fuxZe฀;wfuV฀฀Output Unit):- dEI;wVj฀ls฀izkIr฀fu"d"kksZ฀dks฀ekuoh;฀Hkk"kk฀esa฀izLrqr฀djus฀okyh฀;wfDr;Wk฀dks฀vkmViqV฀

;qfuV฀dgrs฀gS฀ekWuhVj]฀fizUVj฀vkfn฀vkmViqV฀;qfDr;kW฀gSA฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

Central Processing Unit ฀CPU):- ;g฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀fnekx฀gksrk฀gSA฀;g฀funsZ'kksa฀dk฀fdz;kUo;u฀(Execution)฀

djus฀ds฀fy,฀mUgsa฀i<+rk฀gS]฀O;k[;k฀djrk฀gS]฀fu;U=.k฀(Control)฀djrk฀gS฀vkSj฀lax.kuk฀(Calculation)฀djrk฀gS฀฀

CPU dks฀eq[;r;k฀rhu฀Hkkxksa฀eas฀ckaVk฀x;k฀gSA
1.฀dUVªksy฀;wfuV฀(Control Unit)
2.฀vFkZ฀eSfVd฀ykWftd฀;wfVu฀(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
3.฀eSeksjh฀(Memory)

¼1½฀dUVkªsy฀;wwfuV฀(Control Unit):- dUVªksy฀;wfuV฀dEI;wVj฀dh฀vkUrfjd฀fØ;kvkas฀dks฀lapkfyr฀djds]฀mUgas฀fu;fU=r฀djrh฀

gSA฀rRi'pkr฀bu฀fØ;kvksa฀dk฀,-,y-;w-฀rFkk฀eSeksjh฀eas฀vknku&iznku฀djrh฀gSA฀

¼2½฀vFkZ฀eSSfVd฀ykWWftd฀(Arithmetic Logic Unit):-฀;wfuV฀tSlk฀fd฀uke฀ls฀gh฀Li"V฀gS]฀fd฀;g฀;wfuV฀lHkh฀izdkj฀ds฀

vFkZ฀eSfVd฀vkSj฀ykWftdy฀fØ;k;sa฀djrh฀gSA฀,-,y-;w-฀dUVªksy฀;wfuV฀ls฀MkVk฀rFkk฀funsZ'kkas฀dks฀izkIr฀djds฀mUgsa฀fØ;kfUor฀djrk฀
gSA฀rRi'pkr~฀MkVk฀rFkk฀funsZ'kkas฀dks฀lwpuk฀ds฀:i฀esa฀eSeksjh฀esa฀Hkst฀nsrk฀gSA฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
¼3½฀eSSekssjh฀฀Memory) ;g฀Computer฀dh฀LVksjst฀;wfuV฀gSA฀;g฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀egRoiw.kZ฀fgLlk฀gksrh฀gSA฀blesa฀ge฀MkVk฀
izksxzke฀vkfn฀dks฀LVksj฀djds฀j[k฀ldrs฀gSA฀bldks฀ukius฀dh฀lkbZt฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀dbZ฀;wfuV฀gSA฀tSls฀ckbZV]฀fdykckbZV]฀
esxkckbZV]฀xhxkckbZV฀,oa฀VsjkcbZV฀blesa฀lcls฀NksVh฀;wfuV฀ckbZV฀,oa฀lcls฀cMh฀;wfuV฀VsjkckbZV฀gksrh฀gSA฀
;g฀nks฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA
฀

฀ Memory:-฀
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

1.Primary Memory:-฀bl฀eSeksjh฀dks฀Main Memory Hkh฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀;g฀nks฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA

A. RAM
B. ROM

A.RAM ฀RANDAM ACCESS MEMORY)

-bldks฀dEI;wVj฀dh฀izeq[k฀eSeksjh฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA
-;g฀vLFkkbZ฀eSeksjh฀gksrh฀gSA฀vFkkZr~฀bleas฀LVksj฀MkVk฀dEi;wVj฀can฀gksus฀ij฀fMfyV฀gks฀tkrk฀gSA฀ftldk฀iqu%฀izkIr฀ugha฀฀฀฀฀
fd;k฀tk฀ldrk฀gSA
-;g฀Volatile Memory฀dgykrh฀gSA
-;g฀,d฀Semiconditor or Filp Flop ls฀feydj฀cuh฀Memory฀gksrh฀gSA฀
-;g฀fuEu฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA฀tSls SRAM,DRAM SD RAM etc.

SRAM:- bldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Staic Randam Access Memory฀gSA฀;g฀Flip Flop฀ls฀feydj฀cuh฀gksrh฀gSA฀

blfy;s฀;g฀de฀Refresh gksrh฀gSA฀
DRAM:-฀bldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Dyanamic Random Access Memory฀gSA฀;g฀eSeksjh฀tYnh฀tYnh฀fjQzs'k฀gksrh฀gSA฀
Refresh฀dk฀eryc฀Electronic Charge or Dischange฀ls฀gksrk฀฀gSA฀;g฀,d second฀esa฀gtkjksa฀ckj฀
Refesh฀gksrh฀gSA฀vr%฀bldh Speed Slow gksrh฀gSA฀;g฀vU;฀jse฀dh฀vis{kk฀lLrh฀gksrh฀gSA฀

SD RAM:-฀bldk฀iwjk฀uke Synchoronous Dyanamic Randam Access Memory gSA

B. ROM ฀Read Only Memory)

ROM฀dk฀iwjk฀uke฀Read Only Memory฀gSA฀;g฀dEI;wVj฀dh฀Primary Memory gksrh฀gSA฀;g฀LFkkbZ฀eSeksjh฀
gksrh฀gSA฀bleas฀dEI;wVj฀dks฀LVkVZ฀djus฀okys฀izkFkfed฀izksxzke฀,o Setting฀gksrh฀gSA;g฀rhu฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA
1. PROM
2. EPROM
3. EEPROM

1. PROM:-฀bldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Programble Read Only Memory gSA฀bl฀fpi฀esa฀,d฀ckj฀izksxzke฀LVksj฀fd;k฀tk฀

ldrk฀FkkA฀;fn฀izksxzke฀esa฀=qfV฀฀Error)฀gksus฀ij฀mlesa฀dksbZ฀lq/kkj฀ugha฀fd;k฀tk฀ldrk฀FkkA฀฀
2. EPROM:-฀bldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA฀bl฀fpi฀eas฀LVksj฀
izksxzke฀eas฀lq/kkj฀fd;k฀tk฀ldrk฀FkkA฀fpi฀esa฀lq/kkj฀djus฀ds฀fy;s฀fpi฀dks฀฀cksMZ฀ls฀fudky฀dj฀ijkcSxuh฀฀ultraviolet
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Ray) ds฀lkeus฀j[kk฀tkrk฀FkkA
3. EEPROM:-฀bldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA฀bl฀
fpi฀us฀EPROM฀dh฀leL;k฀dks฀nwj฀fd;k฀gSA฀bl฀fpi฀esa฀LVksj฀izksxzke฀,oa฀MkVk฀eas฀lq/kkj฀djus฀ds฀fy;s฀fo|qr฀dk฀iz;ksx฀
fd;k฀x;k฀FkkA฀vktdy฀ds฀enjcksMZ฀esa฀blh฀jkse฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tk฀jgk฀gSA฀฀฀
Chache Memory

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

Secondary Storage Devices:-

Secondary Storage Device dks฀Auxiliary Storage Device฀Hkh฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀;g฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀Hkkx฀ugha฀

gksrh฀gSA฀bldh฀Storage฀{kerk฀vf/kd฀gksrh฀gSA฀,oa฀MkVk฀dks฀,sDlsl฀djus฀fd฀xfr฀Primary Memory฀ls฀/kheh฀gksrh฀
gSA฀MkVk฀dks฀,sDlsl฀djus฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀;g฀nks฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA฀

1. Sequential Access Storage Device:-฀bl฀fØ;k฀esa Storage Data dks฀mlh฀Øe฀esa฀,sDlsal฀fd;k฀

tkrk฀gS฀ftl฀Øe฀esa฀LVksj฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀pqEcdh;฀Vsin฀blh฀dk฀mnkgj.k฀gSA฀

2. Direct Access Method:-฀blesa฀MkVk฀dks฀fdlh฀Hkh฀Øe฀esa฀,sDlsl฀fd;k฀tk฀ldrk฀gSA฀,oa฀fdlh฀Hkh฀Øe฀esa฀

MkVk฀dks฀LVksj฀fd;k฀tk฀ldrk฀gSA฀bldh฀,sDlsl฀xfr฀flfj;y฀,sDlsl฀dh฀rqyuk฀esa฀vf/kd฀gksrh฀gSA฀
฀฀

Type of Storage device:-

1. Magnetic Tape:- Magnetic Tape ,d฀LFkkbZ฀f}Ÿkh;d฀LVksjst฀fMokbt฀gSA฀bleas

,d฀IykfLVd฀ds฀Vsi฀ij฀pqEcdh;฀inkFkZ฀฀Magnetic oxide)฀dk฀ysiu฀jgrk฀gSA฀฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
2.฀฀Magnetic Disk) pqqEcdh;฀fMLd฀dk฀mi;ksx฀vktdy฀MkVk฀dks฀LVksj฀djus฀ds฀fy;s฀dEI;wVjksa฀esa฀pqEcdh;฀fMLd฀dk฀
iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tk฀jgk฀gSA฀pqEcdh;฀fMLd฀nks฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA
a. Floppy Disk
b. Hard Disk

Hard disk:- Hard Disk฀dk฀fodkl฀dEI;wVj฀eas฀MkVk฀dks฀LVksj฀djus฀ds฀fy;s฀fd;k฀x;k฀Fkk฀vkt฀dy฀bldk฀iz;ksx฀

dEI;wVj฀ls฀vkxs฀c<dj฀dbZ฀{ks=ksa฀esa฀gks฀jgk฀gSA฀fMLd฀dh฀IysV฀esa฀Track and Sector฀gksrs฀gSA
lsDVj฀eas฀MkVk฀LVksj฀gksrk฀gSA฀,d฀lsDVj฀eas฀512฀ckbV฀MkVk฀LVksj฀gksrk฀gSA฀฀฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
Floppy Disk:- Floppy Disk฀dks฀fMDdsV฀;k฀dsoy฀Floppy Hkh฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀bldk฀iz;ksx฀ekbdzks
dEI;wVj฀esa฀gksrk฀gSA;gka฀vkdkj฀,oa฀lkbZt฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀nks฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA฀

1. Mini Floppy:-฀;g฀vkdkj฀eas฀5.25฀bap฀dh฀gksrh฀laxzg.k฀{kerk฀1.2฀MB฀gksrh฀gSA
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀budh฀Drive฀Hkh฀vkdkj฀esa฀blh฀ds฀vkdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA
3. Micro Floppy:-฀;g฀vkdkj฀esa฀3.25฀bap฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA฀budh฀laxzg.k฀{kerk฀1.4฀MB gksrh฀gSA฀฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀
Optical Disk:- Optical Disk฀os฀fMLd฀gksrh฀gSA฀ftlesa฀MkVk฀dks฀jhM฀vkSj฀LVksj฀djus฀ds฀fy;s฀ykbZVk฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀
tkrk฀gSA฀vkWifVdy฀fMLd฀dgykrh฀gSA฀bl฀fMLV฀eas฀,d฀jklk;fud฀inkFkZ฀dk฀ysi฀jgrk฀gSA฀;s฀nks฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSA฀
1฀lhMh฀(Compact Disk)- Capacity 750MB
2฀MhohMh฀(Digital Disk)- Capacity 4.7GB

Unit - 3
฀ Input and Output Devices

buiqqV&;qqfDr;k¡฀฀Input Devices):- ekuoh;฀funs'kksZa฀dks฀dEI;wVj฀ds฀le>us฀;ksX;฀ladsrksa฀eas฀ifjofrZr฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀ftu฀

;qfDr;kas฀dk฀iz;ksx฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gS฀mUgas฀^buiqV฀;qfDr;k¡฀dgrs฀gSA฀tSls฀&dh฀&cksMZ]฀ekÅl฀vkfnA฀

฀vkuykbZu฀buiqV฀;qfDr;kW฀fuEu฀izdkj฀dh฀gS
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Joy Strick
5. Track ball
6. Digiting tablet
7. MICR
8. OCR
9. OMR
10. BCR
11. Light pen
12. Touch screen
13. Voice Recognition
฀
1.Key board¼dh฀cksMZ½:-฀;g฀,d฀lcls฀T;knk฀iz;ksx฀dh฀tkus฀okyh฀vkuykbZu฀buiqV฀fMokbl฀gSA฀A฀blls฀text,
number, symbol฀vkfn฀dks฀dEI;wVj฀ds฀vanj฀buiqV฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀,d฀LVWMZ฀dhcksMZ฀esa฀101฀dh฀gksrh฀gS฀dhcksMZ฀dh฀
dks฀pkj฀Hkkxksa฀esa฀ckWVk฀x;k฀gSA
i. Function key - ฀F1 to F12)
ii. Alfa – numeric keypad ฀A to Z, 0-9)
iii. Navigation Kay – 4 ฀Left, Right,Top, Buttom)
iv. Special key ฀Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Scroll Lock, Insert,Tab etc

2.Mouse¼ekml½:-฀;g฀GUI interface฀eas฀lcls฀T;knk฀iz;ksx฀gksus฀okyh฀pointer input device฀gSA฀bldk฀

fodkl฀1980฀ds฀n'kd฀ds฀ckn฀fd;k฀x;k฀FkkA฀bldk฀vkdkj฀ekml฀ds฀leku฀gksus฀ds฀dkj.k฀bls฀ekml฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀blesa฀
dqy฀rhu฀cVu฀gksrs฀gsA฀Left and Right Button vkSj฀chp฀eas฀,d Scroll button฀gksrk฀gSA
ekml฀rhu฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA
i. Mechanical Mouse
ii. Optical Mouse
iii. Wireless Mouse
i. Mechanical Mouse¼;kaf=dh฀ekml½%&฀bu฀ekml฀dk฀iz;ksx฀1990฀ds฀n'kd฀esa฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀blesa฀,d
jcj฀dh฀xsan฀gksrh฀Fkh฀tks฀ekml฀ds฀[kksy฀ls฀FkksMh฀ckgj฀fudyh฀jgrh฀FkhA฀
ii. Optical Mouse¼izdk'kh;฀ekml½%&฀optical mouse฀,d฀u;s฀izdkj฀ds฀ekml฀gS฀vktdy฀bu฀ekml฀dk฀iz;ksx฀
lcls฀T;knk฀gks฀jgk฀gSA฀
iii.Wireless Mouse :-฀;g฀vkt฀ds฀vk/kqfud฀;qx฀ds฀ekml฀gSA฀;g฀ekml฀QzhDosUlh฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀dk;Z฀djrs฀gSA฀blesa฀
nks฀izeq[k฀dEiksusUVl฀transmitter and receiver฀gksrs฀gSA฀;g฀electromagnetic signal฀ds฀:i฀esa฀ekml฀dh฀
xfr฀rFkk฀fDyd฀djus฀dh฀lwpuk฀Computer฀dks฀Hksth฀tkrh฀gS฀fjlhoj฀dEI;wVj฀eas฀tksM+k฀tkrk฀gSA฀rFkk฀blesa฀blds฀
Driver dks฀dEI;wVj฀eas฀install฀djuk฀iMrk฀gSA฀vkt฀ds฀dEI;wVjvksa฀eas฀;g฀bu฀fcYV฀Hkh฀gksrk฀gSA฀฀

ikWbfVaax฀฀Pointing),fDyfdax฀฀Clicking),Mcy฀fDyfdaax฀฀Double Clicking),jkbV&fDyfdaax฀Right licking),

MªSfaxax฀฀Dragging);
3.Scanner¼LdSSuj½:-฀
LdSuj฀,d฀vkWuykbZu฀buiqV฀fMokbl฀gSA฀blls฀ge฀lwpuk฀,oa฀MkVk฀dks฀dEI;wVj฀ds฀vUnj฀lh/ks฀buiqV฀dj฀ldrs฀gSA฀blls฀
fdlh฀Hkh฀fdrkc฀QksVks฀,oa฀vU;฀MkVk฀dks฀i<dj฀mls฀dEI;wVj฀eas฀QksVks฀ds฀:i฀eas฀lso฀djrk฀gSA฀blls฀ge฀gkMZdkWih฀dks soft฀
dkWih฀eas฀ifjofrZr฀dj฀nsrk฀gSA฀฀

4.OMR:-฀bldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Optical Mark Reader gSA฀;g฀,d฀,slh฀fMokbl฀gS฀tks฀OMR Sheet ij฀isfUly฀;k฀

isu฀ds฀fpUg฀dh฀mifLFkfr฀vkSj฀vuqmifLFkfr฀dks฀tk฀dh฀mifLFkfr฀vkSj฀vuqmifLFkfr฀dks฀tk¡prh฀gSA฀vktdy฀bldk฀iz;ksx฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
Competitive examination dh answer book dks฀Check fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀blds฀iz;ksx฀ls฀de฀le;฀eas฀lgh฀
ifj.kke฀vk฀tkrs฀gSA฀฀

5.OCR:-฀bldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Optical Character Recognition฀gSA฀OCR฀ds฀QzkWUV฀dEI;wVj฀esa฀LVksj฀jgrs฀gSA฀

ftUgsa฀vkslhvkj฀LVS.MMZ฀dgrs฀gSA฀blesa฀letter, Number and special symbol฀gksrs฀gSA฀Joystick:-฀bldk฀
iz;ksx฀dEI;wVj฀eas฀xsEl฀[ksyus฀ds฀fy;s฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀฀

6.Trackball:-฀;g฀,d฀pointer device฀gSA฀;g฀ekml฀ds฀leku฀dk;Z฀djrh฀gSA฀blesa฀,d฀mHkjh฀gqb฀Z xsan฀gksrh฀gSA฀

bldh฀lgk;rk฀ls฀xsEl฀Hkh฀[ksys฀tkrs฀gSA฀;g฀de฀txg฀?ksjrk฀gSA฀blesa฀dsoy฀xsan฀dks฀?kqekuk฀iMrk฀gS]฀iwjh฀trackball
device฀dks฀ughaA฀฀

7.Light Pen:-฀ykbZV฀isu฀dk฀iz;ksx฀dEI;wVj฀Ldzhu฀ij฀dksbZ฀fp=฀;k฀dk฀vkd`fr฀dk฀fuekZ.k฀djus฀ds฀fy;s฀fd;k
tkrk฀gSA฀;g฀Hkh฀,d฀ikabVj฀fMokbl฀vktdy฀bldk฀iz;ksx฀CAD฀ds฀dk;ksZa฀esa฀vf/kd฀gks฀jgk฀gSA฀฀

8.Touch Screen:- Touch Screen฀dk฀iz;ksx฀vktdy฀cSafdax]฀jsYos]฀,;jiksVZ฀,oa฀ykbczsjh฀esa฀dSVykWu

Qkby฀dks฀<w<us฀esa฀fd;k฀tk฀jgk฀gSA฀
9.Voice recognition:-฀bldh฀lgk;rk฀ls฀ge฀MkVk฀dks฀dEI;wVj฀esa฀cksydj฀buiqV฀djk฀ldrs฀gSA
10.Bar Code Reader ฀BCR):-BCR฀dk฀iz;ksx฀O;klkf;d฀{kS=฀eas฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀blls฀mRikn฀฀product)฀ds฀
iSdsV฀ds฀Åij฀Nis฀gq;s฀ckj฀dksM฀dh฀i<us฀ds฀fy;s฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀

11.Offline input device:-฀os฀fMtkbl฀tks฀dEI;wVj฀ls฀plug฀fd;s฀fcuk฀MkVk฀dks฀collect฀djds฀dEI;wVj

esa฀buiqV฀djrh฀gSA฀vkWQ฀ykbZu฀buiqV฀fMokbl฀dgykrh฀gSA฀gSA฀dSejk฀,d฀vkWQ฀ykbZu฀buiqV฀fMokbl฀gSA฀

12.Digital Camera:-฀;g฀,d฀vkWQ฀ykbZu฀buiqV฀fMokbl฀gS฀bldk฀iz;ksx฀QksVks฀[khpus฀,oa฀LVksj฀djus฀ds
fy;s฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀

฀ Output Unit

Output Devices :- vkmViqV฀;qfDr;kW฀dh฀lgk;rk฀ls฀dEI;qVj฀ls฀izkIr฀vkWdM+ksa]฀funsZ'kksa฀vkfn฀ds฀ifj.kke฀izfd;k฀ds฀

i'pkr฀mi;ksxdrkZ฀dks฀izLrqr฀djrk฀gS฀฀
Soft Copy Output:- ;fn฀ifj.kke฀dks฀Ldzhu฀ij฀ns[kk฀tk฀lds฀vFkok฀/ofu฀ds฀:i฀izkIr฀fd;k฀tk,฀rks฀;g฀Soft Copy
Output dgykrh฀gSA฀ ฀฀
Hard Copy Output:- tc฀izkIr฀ifj.kkeksa฀dks฀fizUVj฀vFkok฀IYkksVj฀}kjk฀dkxt฀ij฀fizUV฀fd;k฀x;k฀gS]฀rks฀;g฀gkMZ฀dkWih฀
dgykrh฀gSA
vkmViqV฀fMokbl฀pkj฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gS฀฀
1.Monitor:- ,d฀vkmViqV฀fMokbl฀gSA฀bldks฀fotqvy฀fMLIys฀;wfuV฀Hkh฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀
CRT ฀Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor
Flat Panel Monitor:-฀;g฀ubZ฀rduhdh฀ds฀ekWuhVj฀gSA฀blesa฀LCD ฀Liquid Crystal
Display) Technology dk฀iz;ksx฀gksrk฀gSA฀vkt฀dh฀ubZ฀rduhdh฀LED gSA฀ftldk฀iwjk฀uke฀Light emitting
diode฀gSA฀฀

2.Printer
Printer:-฀,d฀vkWu฀ykbZu฀vkmViqV฀fMokbl฀gSA฀blls฀vkmViqV฀dks฀dkxt฀ij฀Nki฀dj฀izLrqr฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA
dkxt฀ij฀fy;s฀x;s฀vkmViqV฀dks฀hard copy฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA
Printering Technology฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀fizaVlZ฀nks฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA฀;g฀os฀fizVaj฀gksrs฀gSA฀tks฀fizfVax฀djrs฀le;฀
vkokt฀djrs฀gSA฀blfy;s฀budks฀impact printer฀dgrs฀gSA

Impact Printer฀nks฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
Daisy Wheel printer:-฀;g฀,d฀Bksl฀eqnzk฀&฀v{kj฀¼ Solid Font Printer½฀impact printer
gSA฀blds฀fizfVax฀gSM฀esa฀,d฀pØ฀฀Wheel)฀gksrk฀gSA฀ftlds฀izR;sd฀rkus฀ij฀,d฀v{kj฀mHkjk฀jgrk฀gSA฀฀

Printing฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀Line Printer฀rhu฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA฀

Line Printer:-฀ykbZu฀fizaVj฀gksrs฀tks฀,d฀ckj฀eas฀,d฀ykbZu฀dks฀fizaV฀djrs฀gSA฀;g฀bEiSDV฀fizaVj฀gksrs฀gSA฀;g
rhu฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA
1. Chain Printer:-฀bl฀fizaVj฀esa฀,d฀pSu฀gksrh฀gSA฀ftls฀fizafVx฀pSu฀dgrs฀gS
2. Band Printer:-฀bl฀fizaVj฀eas฀,d฀csaM฀gksrk฀gSA฀ftls฀fizafVal฀cSM฀dgrs฀gSA
3. Drum Printer:-฀bl฀fizaVj฀eas฀,d฀Mªe฀gksrk฀gSA฀bl฀ij฀Bksl฀v{kj฀fpids฀jgrs฀gSA฀

Non Impactt Printer

Non Impect Priter฀os฀fizaVj฀gksrs฀gSA฀tks฀fizfaVax฀djrs฀le;฀vkokt฀ugha฀djrs฀gSA฀
Non Impact Printer nks฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA
1. Ink Jet Printer
2. Laser Printer
3. Thermal Printer

1.Ink Jet Printer:-฀Ink jet Printer฀,d฀non impact printer gSA฀jaxhu฀badtSV฀fiazVj฀eas฀L;kgh฀ds

pkj฀uksty฀gksrs฀gSA฀uhye]฀yky]฀ihyk]฀dkyk฀blfy;s฀bldks฀CYMK฀fizaVj฀Hkh฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀
blds฀bldh฀fiazfVax฀DokfyVh฀izk;%฀300 DPI (Dot Per Inch) gksrh฀gSA฀
2.Laser Printer:-฀;g฀ukWu฀bEiSDV฀ist฀fizaVj฀gksrs฀gSA฀bldk฀iz;ksx฀dEI;wVj฀esa฀1970฀ds฀n'kd฀ls฀fd;k
tk฀jgk฀gSA฀budh฀fizafVax฀DokfyVh฀300 to 600 Dpi฀rd฀gksrh฀gS฀tks฀loZJs"B฀gksrh฀gSA฀bldh฀xfr฀dks฀ppm฀esa฀ukik฀
tkrk฀gSA฀vktdy฀budh฀dher฀de฀gks฀xbZ฀gSA฀฀
3.Thermal Printer:- ฀rkih;฀fizUVj฀esa฀fizfUVax฀gSM฀dh฀fiuksa฀dks฀fo|qr฀}kjk฀xeZ฀}kjk฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gS]฀rRi'pkr฀bUgsa฀
dkxt฀ij฀nck;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀tc฀xeZ฀fiusa฀fo'ks"k฀m"ek฀laosnh฀dkxt฀dks฀Li'kZ฀djrh฀gSa฀rks฀fiu฀}kjk฀xeZ฀fd,฀{ks=฀dk฀jax฀
ifjofrZr฀gks฀tkrk฀gS฀bl฀fizUVj฀ds฀fy,฀iz;qDr฀gksus฀okyk฀dkxt฀fo'ks"k฀jklk;fud฀ysiu฀}kjk฀m"ek฀laosnh฀cuk;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀฀

3.Plotter
;g฀,d฀vkmViqV฀fMokbl฀gS฀blls฀fp=฀,oa฀xzkQ฀dks฀fiazV฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀;g฀3 D printing฀Hkh฀dj
ldrs฀gSA฀blds฀}kjk฀cSuj฀iksLVj฀vkfn฀dks฀fizaV฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀

;g฀nks฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA
1. Drum pen plotter
2. Fletbed plotter

Unit - 4
฀ Software
Software:- dEI;wVj฀ls฀dk;Z฀djokus฀ds฀fy,฀gesa฀dEI;wVj฀dks฀crkuk฀gksxk฀fd฀mls฀D;k฀djuk฀gS฀A฀bl฀dk;Z฀ds฀fu,฀gesa฀
dEI;wVj฀dks฀funZs'k฀nsus฀iM+rs฀gSA฀bu฀funs'kksZ฀dks฀gh฀Softwere dgrs฀gSA฀
฀฀
Software nks฀izdkj฀ds฀gksrs฀gSA
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software

System Software:-฀dEI;wVj฀ij฀fdlh฀izksxzke฀ds฀fdz;kUou฀ds฀fy,฀vko';d฀gksrs฀gSa฀System Software dgykrs฀

gSaSA
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
System Software฀ds฀dk;Z฀:-
1. flLVe฀lkW¶Vos;j฀vU;฀lHkh฀lkW¶Vos;j฀dk฀fu"iknu฀djrk฀gSA
2.฀;g฀;wtj฀,oa฀gkMZos;j฀ds฀chp฀interface dk฀fuek.kZ฀djrs฀gSA
3. ;g฀Application Software฀dks฀execute฀djus฀ds฀fy;s฀IysVQkeZ฀miyC/k฀djrs฀gSA
4.฀u;s฀gkMZos;j฀dk฀iz;ksx฀djus฀ds฀fy;s฀lg;ksx฀iznku฀djrs฀gSA
5.฀;g฀dEI;wVj฀dks฀fu;af=r฀djrs฀gSA฀

dqN฀egRoiw.kZ System Software fuEufyf[kr฀gSA฀

Operating System:-฀izR;sd฀Computer฀esa฀vkWijsfVax฀dh฀vko';drk฀gksrh฀gSA฀fcuk฀blds฀dEI;wVj
dks฀iz;ksx฀ugha฀fd;k฀tk฀ldrk฀gSA฀;g฀;wtj฀,oa฀dEI;wVj฀ds฀chp฀bUVjQsl฀dk฀fuekZ.k฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀

Language Translators (Hkk"kk฀vuqoknd):- ;s฀,sls฀izksxzke฀gSA฀tks฀fofHkUu฀izksxzkfeax฀Hkk"kkvkas฀eas

fy[ks฀x;s฀izksxzkekas฀dk฀vuqokn฀dEI;wVj฀dh฀e'khuh฀Hkk"kk฀eas฀djrsa฀gSA฀;g฀vuqokn฀djuk฀blfy,฀vko';d฀gksrk
gSA฀fd฀dEI;wVj฀dsoy฀viuh฀e'khuh฀Hkk"kk฀esa฀fy[ks฀gq,฀izksxzke฀dk฀ikyu฀dj฀ldrk฀gSA

Hkk"kk฀vuqokndksa฀dks฀eq[;r%฀rhu฀Jsf.k;kas฀esa฀ck¡Vk฀tkrk฀gSA
1.฀vlsEcyj
2.฀dEikbyj
3.฀bUVjiszVj

budk฀laf{kIr฀fooj.k฀fuEuor฀gSA฀

1.฀vlssEcyj฀%&฀;g฀,d฀,slk฀izksxzke฀gksrk฀gSA฀tks฀vlssEcyh฀Hkk"kk฀esa฀fy[ks฀x;s฀fdlh฀izksxzke฀dks฀i<rk฀gSA฀vkSj฀mldk฀vuqokn฀
e'khuh฀Hkk"kk฀esa฀dj฀nsrk฀gSA฀vlsEcyh฀Hkk"kk฀ds฀izksxzke฀dks฀lkslZ฀vkWCtsDV฀izksxzke฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀bldk฀e'khuh฀Hkk"kk฀esa฀vuqokn฀
djus฀ds฀ckn฀tks฀izksxzke฀izkIr฀gksrk฀gSA฀mls฀vkWCtssDV฀izzksxzke฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀
2.฀dEikbyj%&฀;g฀,d฀,slk฀izksxzke฀gksrk฀gSA฀tks฀fdlh฀izksxzkej฀}kjk฀mPp&Lrjh;฀izzksxzkfeaax฀Hkk"kk฀esa฀fy[ks฀x;s฀lkslZ฀izksxzke฀dk฀
e'khuh฀Hkk"kk฀esa฀vuqokn฀djrk฀gSA
3.฀bUVjizszVj%&฀;g฀Hkh฀fdlh฀izksxzkej฀}kjk฀mPp&Lrjh;฀izksxzkfeaax฀Hkk"kk฀esa฀fy[ks฀x;s฀lkslZ฀izksxzke฀dk฀vuqokn฀e'khuh฀Hkk"kk฀eas฀
djrk฀gSA฀ewyr%฀dEikbyj฀vkSj฀bUVjizsVj฀dk฀dk;Z฀leku฀gksrk฀gSA฀vUrj฀dsoy฀;g฀gS฀fd฀dEikbyj฀tgk¡฀vkWWCtssDV฀izksxzke฀
cukrh฀gSA฀ogh฀bUVjizsVj฀dqN฀ugha฀cukrk฀gSA฀

;wwfVfyVh฀lkW¶Voss;j%&฀;wfVfyVh฀lkW¶Vos;j฀dqN฀,sls฀izksxzkeksa฀dks฀dgk฀tkrk฀gSA฀ftudh฀vko';drk฀ges฀ckj&ckj฀iMrh
gSA฀;wfVfyVh฀izksaxzke]฀dbZ฀,sls฀dk;Z฀djrk฀gSA฀tks฀dEI;wVj฀dk฀mi;ksx฀djrs฀le;฀geas฀djkus฀iMrs฀gSA
;wwfVfyVh฀lkW¶Voss;j฀ds฀dqqN฀izzeq[k฀mnkgj.k฀fuEuor฀gSa฀Sa฀&
·฀Qkby฀lkWfVZx฀izzksxzke฀฀File Sorting Programs):-฀;s฀,sls฀izksxzke฀gksrs฀gSA฀tks฀fdlh฀MkVk฀Qkby฀ds฀fjdkWMksZ฀dks฀
gekjs฀fdlh฀bfPNr฀Øe฀eas฀yxk฀ldrs฀gSA฀MkVk฀lssysD'ku฀izksxzke฀;s฀,sls฀izksxzke฀gksrs฀gSA
tks฀fdlh฀MkVk฀Qkby฀esa฀ls฀gekjh฀:fp฀ds฀fjdkWMZ฀vyx฀djus฀esa฀lgk;d฀gksrs฀gSA
·฀fMLd฀eSustsesUV฀izzksxzke฀%&฀;s฀,sls฀izksxzke฀gksrs฀gS฀tks฀fdlh฀gkMZ฀fMLd฀ij฀Qkbyksa฀dks฀bl
izdkj฀O;ofLFkr฀djrs฀gSA
·฀fMLd฀QkWWjeSfVaxax฀¼Disk Formatting½฀&฀blds฀}kjk฀fofHkUu฀eSeksjh฀fMLd฀;Fkk฀¶ykWih]
gkMZ฀fMLd฀vkfn฀dks฀dEI;wVj฀esa฀iz;ksx฀ls฀igys฀vkWijsfVax฀flLVe฀ds฀vuqdwy฀cukus฀dk฀dk;Z฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀
fMLd฀Dyhu฀vi฀¼Word Clean Up½฀&฀blls฀fMLd฀dh฀v'kqf);kas฀,oa฀vokafNr฀izksxzkeksa฀dks฀gVk;k฀tkrk฀gSA
·฀,aVhok;jl฀;wfVfyVh฀¼Antivirus Utility½฀&฀blesa฀dbZ฀izdkj฀ds฀ok;jl฀izksVsD'ku฀lkW¶Vos;j฀¼Virus Protection
Software½฀dk฀bLrseky฀dk฀dEI;wVj฀dh฀gkMZfMLd฀rFkk฀mlds฀izksxzkeksa฀dh฀j{kk฀dh฀tkrh฀gSA฀฀

Application Software:-฀;g฀os฀izksxzke฀gksrs฀gSA฀ftudk฀iz;ksx฀;wtj฀vius฀Daily routine

ds฀dk;Z฀djrk฀gSA฀mnkgj.k%& Word processing software Database Software, Graphics

software bl฀izdkj฀vU;฀dbZ฀izdkj฀ds฀izksxzke฀;wfVfyVh฀lkW¶Vos;j฀ds฀Hkkx฀gks฀ldrs฀gSA฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
lkekU;฀mˆss';kssa฀ds฀lkW¶Vos;j฀%&฀izksxzkekas฀dk฀og฀lewg]฀ftUgsa฀;wtj฀viuh฀vko';drkuqlkj฀vius฀lkekU;฀mˆs';kas฀dh฀iwfrZ฀ds
fy,฀mi;ksx฀esa฀ykrs฀gSA฀
lkekU;฀mˆs';฀ds฀lkW¶Vos;j฀fuEufyf[kr฀{ks=ksa฀esa฀mi;ksx฀eas฀yk,฀tkrs฀gSA
1.฀dEI;wVj฀vk/kkfjr฀fMtkbfuax
2.฀lwpuk฀lapkj
3.฀MkVkcsl฀eSustesaV฀flLVe
4.฀xzkfQDl฀ds฀iz;ksx
5.฀'kCn฀lalk/ku
6.฀'kSf{kd฀iz;ksx
7.฀O;kikfjd฀iz;ksx
lkekU;฀mˆs';฀ds฀lkW¶Vos;j฀ds฀mnkgj.k%&

LiSzM'khV฀฀Spread Sheet)฀MkVk฀csl฀eSustesaV฀flLVe]฀xzkfQDl฀lkW¶Vos;j]฀'kCn฀lalk/ku]฀dksjyMªks]฀isUV]฀ikoj฀ikWbUV฀
bR;kfnA฀

฀ Operating System

Operating System:- Operating System is a System Software฀;g฀,d฀daVªksy฀izksxzke

gksrk฀gSA฀bldk฀laf{kIr฀uke฀OS฀gSA฀dqN฀egRoiw.w.kZ฀vkWiWijsfsfVaxax฀flLVe฀%&
1-฀,e-,l-฀MkWlWl฀MS - DOS ฀Disc Operating System)฀฀O;kid฀:i฀ls฀ilZuy฀dEI;wVj฀esa฀LFkkfir฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀
dk฀izFke฀vkWijsfVax฀flLVe฀FkkA฀;g฀(Non graphical), CUI (command view interface)฀dekaM฀ykbu฀vkijsfVax฀
flLVe฀gSA
2-฀,e-,l-฀fo.Mkstst฀฀Microsoft Windows) %฀;g฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀}kjk฀fodflr฀o฀xzkfQdy฀;wtj฀baVjQsl฀฀GUI-
graphical user interface) vkWijsfVax฀flLVe฀gSA฀
eg. windows 95, windows 98, windows XP, windows vista, windows 7, windows 8
3-฀;wwfuDl฀฀UNIX)฀;g฀lu~฀1969฀esa฀AT & T deZpkfj;ksa฀(employees)฀}kjk฀csy฀iz;ksx'kkyk฀esa฀fodflr฀vkijsfVax฀
flLVe฀gSA
Developer - Ken thompson, Dennis Ritcnic, Douglos Mcllroy
4-฀ykbuDl฀฀LINUX)฀lu~฀1991฀esa฀bldk฀izFke฀laLdj.k฀yk;k฀x;k฀FkkA฀;g฀;wfuDl฀ds฀rjg฀dEI;wVj฀vkijsfVax฀flLVe฀gSA฀
tks฀ykbuDl฀djuy฀(Linux kernal)฀ij฀vk/kkfjr฀gSA

Microsoft windows฀¼ekbØksslkW¶V฀foaMksst½
Microsoft windows , personal computer฀ds฀fy,฀Microsoft฀}kjk฀fodflr฀vkWijsfVax฀flLVe฀gSA฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀
ds฀laLFkkid฀fcy฀xsV~l฀rFkk฀ikWy฀,ysu฀gSA฀;g฀GUI, Graphical user interface, Multi progaming virtual
memory dh฀lqfo/kk฀nsrk฀gSA฀
Microsoft Windows฀dk฀izFke฀lLadj.k฀1-0฀20฀uoEcj฀1985฀dks฀vk;k]฀ftls฀baVjQsl฀eSustj฀ds฀uke฀ls฀tkuk฀tkrk฀gSA฀
eg, windows 95 ฀ 1995,
windows 98 - (1998) ,
windows ME - (2000),
windows XP - (2004),
windows vista - (2007),
windows 7,
windows 8, windows 8.1,
windows 10

,e-,l-฀foaMksst฀laaca/kh฀'kCnkoyh%&
MS windows related points%
1-฀xzkfQDl฀;wtj฀baaVjQssl฀฀graphical user interface) GUI ;wtj฀dks฀bysDVªksfuDl฀baLVªqesaVl฀ls฀laokn฀djuk฀
miyC/k฀djrk฀gSA
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
2-฀vkbdu฀฀icon)฀%฀vkbdu฀NksVk฀lk฀xzkfQd฀QksVks฀gSA฀tks฀fdlh฀Hkh฀izksxzke฀ds฀fØ;kUo;u฀dk฀izfrfuf/kRo฀djrk฀gSA
3-฀baVaVjQslsl฀฀Interface) % ;g฀nks฀dEI;wVj฀ds฀chp฀lapkj฀LFkkfir฀djus฀dh฀lqfo/kk฀;k฀duhd฀gSA฀nks฀usVodksaZ฀;k฀VfeZuy฀
vkSj฀usVodZ฀ds฀chp฀lapkj฀LFkkfir฀djus฀dh฀lqfo/kk฀dks฀usVodZ฀baVjQsl฀dgrs฀gSA฀

4฀fo.Mkstst฀MsLsLdVkWi฀฀Windows Desktop): dEI;wVj฀ds฀fLop฀dks฀vkWu฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀dqN฀le;฀i'pkr~฀vkidh฀

dEI;wVj฀LØhu฀fp=฀ds฀leku฀fn[kkbZ฀nsrk฀gSA฀bls฀windows desktop฀dgrs฀gSA฀;g฀xzkfQdy฀LØhu฀gS฀vkSj฀bl฀Øhu฀ij฀
vkidks฀dqN฀xzkfQdy฀flEcy฀fn[kkbZ฀nsrs฀gSa฀ftUgsa฀ge฀vkbdkWu฀(icons)฀dgrs฀gSaA฀;s฀vkbdkWu฀izksxzkeksa฀dks฀[kksy฀ldrs฀gSA
1-฀LVkVZ฀(Start) - Task bar฀ij฀ck;ha฀vksj฀foaMkst฀dk฀LVkVZ฀cVu฀gksrk฀gSA฀;g฀foaMkst฀izksxzkeksa฀dk฀LVkVZ฀djus฀esa฀lgk;rk฀
djrk฀gSA฀฀
2-฀VkWLd฀ckj฀(Task bar)฀%฀foaMkst฀esa฀MsLdVkWi฀esa฀cls฀uhps฀fn[kus฀okyk฀ckj฀VkLd฀ckj฀dgykrk฀gSA
3- Start menu ¼LVkVZ฀esU;w½฀%&VkLdckj฀ds฀LVkVZ฀cVu฀ij฀fDyd฀djus฀ij฀,d฀esU;w฀[kqyrk฀gS฀ftls฀LVkVZ฀esU;w฀dgrs฀gSaA฀
bl฀esU;w฀esa฀dbZ฀vkWI'ku฀vkrs฀gS฀&
1-฀izksxzke฀(program)฀: computer฀esa฀baLVkYM฀(Installed)฀izksxzkeksa฀dh฀lwph฀gSA฀
2-฀QsofjV฀(Favorite) : Book marked oscist฀dh฀lwphA
3-฀MkD;wwesaVsaV฀(Dacuments)฀%฀lcls฀orZeku฀mi;ksx฀fd;s฀x;s฀nLrkostksadh฀lwphA
4-฀lsfVXal฀(Settings) %฀flLVe฀vuqiz;ksx฀tSls฀&฀daVªksy฀iSuy]฀fizaVj]฀VkLdckj฀rFkk฀usVodZ฀dusD'ku฀bR;kfn฀dh฀lwphA฀
daVªksy฀iSuy฀ds฀}kjk฀fdlh฀Hkh฀gkMZos;j฀;k฀lkW¶Vos;j฀dh฀lsfVaXl฀dks฀Hkh฀ifjorZu฀dj฀ldrs฀gSA
5-฀lpZ฀(Search)฀%฀fo'ks"k฀Qkby฀;k฀QksYMlZ฀dks฀<aw<us฀ds฀fy,A
6-฀gSYi฀(Help)฀%฀izksxzke฀laca/kh฀dksbZ฀Hkh฀lgk;rk฀izkIr฀djus฀ds฀fy,A
7-฀ju฀(Run) %฀fdlh฀izksxzke฀dks฀ju฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀;k฀fdlh฀Qkby]฀QksYMj฀;k฀nLrkost฀dks฀[kksyus฀ds฀fy,A
8-฀ykWx฀vkWWQ฀(Log off)฀%฀ikloMZ฀izksVsDVsM฀,d฀mi;ksxdrkZ฀dks฀ykWx฀vkWQ฀djus฀rFkk฀nwljs฀mi;ksxdrkZ฀dks฀ykWx฀vkWu฀djus฀
dh฀vuqefr฀nsrk฀gSA
9-฀VuZ฀vkWQWQ฀;k฀ckj฀Mkmu฀%฀flLVe฀can฀dj฀nsrk฀gSA฀
Title Bar฀%฀dksbZ฀Hkh฀izksxzke฀;k฀vuqiz;ksx฀foaMks฀ds฀vUnj฀ju฀djrk฀gSA
esU;w฀ckj฀(Menu Bar)฀%฀foaMkst฀vkijsfVax฀flLVe฀esa฀gj฀foaMks฀dk฀viuk฀esU;w฀gksrk฀gS฀A
VkbVy฀ckj฀ds฀rqjar฀uhps฀esU;w฀ckj฀gksrk฀gSA
1-฀Qkby฀(File)฀%฀bl฀esU;w฀ds฀vUrxZr฀U;w]฀vksiu]฀lso]฀Dykst]฀rFkk฀fizaV฀bR;kfn฀fodYi฀gksrk฀gSA
2-฀,fMV฀(Edit)฀%฀bl฀esU;w฀ds฀vUrxZr฀vuMw฀(undo),฀dV฀(cut),฀dkWih฀(copy),฀isLV฀(paste) rFkk฀fDy;j฀clear)
3-฀(view)฀%฀bl฀esU;w฀ds฀vUrxZr฀ukeZy฀(normal), fizaV฀ysvkmV(print layout)]gsMj&QqVj(header-footer)฀bR;kfnA
4-฀gsYi฀(Help) %฀bl฀esU;w฀ds฀varxZr฀lgk;d฀tkudkjh฀;k฀mi;ksxh฀V~;wVksfj;y฀(Tutorial)฀gksrs฀gSaA
foaaMksst฀Explorer฀%฀foaMkst฀,DlIyksjj฀ds฀}kjk฀vki฀vius฀dEI;wVj฀flLVe฀dh฀fofHkUu฀Mªkboksa฀vkSj฀฀QksYMjksa฀esa฀ekStwn฀fofHkUu฀
Qkbyksa฀vkSj฀izksxzkeksa฀dks฀ns[k฀ldrs฀gSa฀vkSj฀mudk฀mfpr฀izca/ku฀dj฀ldrs฀gSaA
foaMksst฀ds฀vUrxZZr฀mi;kssxh฀izksxzke฀(Useful Program inside windows)฀%&
1-฀ukssViSM฀(Notepad)฀%฀lk/kkj.k฀VsDLV฀,fMVj฀฀Click > start > program > Accessories > Notepad
2-฀oMZ฀iSM฀(Wordpad) %฀nwljk฀oMZ฀izkslsl฀gSA฀Click > start > program > Accessories > Wordpad
3-฀isaV฀(paint)฀%฀fp=฀dk฀iz;ksx฀;k฀cukukA฀Click > start > program > Accessories > paint
4-฀dSSydqqysVj฀(Calculator) :฀x.kuk฀ds฀fy,A฀Click> start > program > Accessories >
calculator
5-฀Qkssu฀Mk;yj฀(Phone Dialer)฀%฀dEI;wVj฀dks฀Qksu฀dh฀rjg฀iz;ksx฀djukA฀eksMse฀dks฀baLVky฀ds฀lkFk
VsyhQsku฀ykbu฀ds฀lkFk฀tksM+ukA฀Click > start > program > Accessories > com
6฀Clip board฀¼fDyi฀ckssMZ½฀%฀blds฀}kjk฀fdlh฀lwpuk฀dks฀,d฀txg฀ls฀nwljh฀txg฀dkWih฀;k฀ewo฀dj
ldrs฀gSa฀rFkk฀isLV฀djus฀ij฀dV฀ds฀ckn฀VsDLV฀dks฀fDyicksMZ฀esa฀j[kk฀tkrk฀gS฀rc฀isLV฀dh฀izfØ;k฀gksrh฀gSA
฀
฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ Unit -5
฀ MS- Office

ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWfQl฀ijLij฀lEcfU/kr฀MsLdVkWi฀vuqiz;ksxksa฀vkSj฀lsokvkas฀lewg฀gSA฀ftls฀lkewfgd฀:i฀ls฀vkWfQl฀lwV฀dgk฀tkrk฀
gSA฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWfQl฀loZizFke฀lu~฀1989฀esa฀฀ekbØksslkW¶V฀dkWiksZjs'ku฀}kjk฀eSd OS ds฀fy;s฀'kq:฀fd;k฀x;kA฀mlds฀i'pkr~฀
lu~฀1990฀฀eas฀foaMkst฀ds฀fy;s฀loZizFke฀laLdj.k฀yk;k฀x;kA฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWfQl฀4-0฀lu~฀1994฀eas฀vk;k฀ftlesa฀oMZ฀6-0฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
,Dly฀5-0฀ikWoj฀ikbUV฀4-0฀esy฀vkSj฀,Dlsl฀FkkA฀mlds฀ckn฀ds฀laLdj.k฀Øe'k%฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWWfQl฀4-3฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWWfQl฀
95]฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWfQl฀97]฀ekbØksslkWWV฀vkWWfQl฀2000]฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWWfQl฀xp]฀ekbØksslkW¶V฀vkWWfQl฀2003]฀ekbØksslkW¶V฀
vkWWfQl฀2007฀rFkk฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWWfQl฀2010฀gSA
ekbØkslkW¶V฀vkWfQl฀ds฀vUrxZr฀eq[;r%฀pkj฀izksxzke฀vkrs฀gS฀&
1.฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀oMZ
2.฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀,Dlsy
3.฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀ikWoj฀iakbV฀rFkk
4.฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀,Dlsl฀
฀ Microsoft Word
ekbØkslkW¶V฀oMZ฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀dkisZjs'ku฀}kjk฀fodflr฀oMZ฀izkslslj฀gSA฀bldk฀eq[k฀dk;Z฀nLrkost฀ds฀lapkfyr฀djuk฀gSA฀
;g฀,d฀oMZ฀izkslsflax฀iSdst฀gSA
Different types of menus available in Ms- Word-

Quick Access Tab

(i) New ฀ctrl + N) ฀ New Document Create฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀
(ii) Open ฀ctrl + O) ฀฀cuh฀gqbZ฀File฀dks฀Open฀djus฀ds฀fy,
(iii) Save ฀ctrl + S) ฀฀cuh฀gqbZ฀File฀dks฀Save฀djus฀ds฀fy,
(iv) Print Preview - Print Preview ns[kus฀ds฀fy,A
(v) Undo ฀ctrl + z) ฀฀fd;k฀dke฀ifjoZru฀gVukA
(vi) Redo ฀ctrl + y) ฀฀ifjoZru฀okil฀ykus฀ds฀fd,A

1-฀Home Tab
Cut : Ctrl + x฀¼VsDVj฀dks฀gVkuk½
Copy : Ctrl + c฀¼dkWih฀djuk½
Paste : Ctrl + v฀¼isLV฀djuk½฀

2-฀Font Block
(i) Font฀Face฀-Text Deign ;k Font Deign dks Change (Ctrl + D) djus฀ds฀fy,A
(ii) Font Size -Font Size฀ds฀fy,A฀(ctrl + Shit + p) By Default Min=8 and Max=72
(iii) Bold -(ctrl + b)฀eksVs฀vkdkj฀esa
(iv) Italic -(ctrl + I) frj{ks฀vkdkj฀esa
(v) Underline -(ctrl + u) Under฀ykbZu฀djus฀ds฀fy,
(vi) Grow Font -(ctrl +{ )฀Tex฀dk฀vkdkj฀cMkus฀ds฀fy,
(vii) Shrink Font - (ctrl + }) Tex dk฀vkdkj฀de฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀
(viii) Super Script- Text฀dks฀NksVk฀cukrk฀gSa฀bldk฀mi;ksx฀Formula฀esa฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA฀x2+y2
(Ctrl + Shit+ +)
(ix) Subscript ฀ Math question฀ds฀fy,฀(Ctrl+Shit+ =)
(x) Strike Through- Text฀dks฀e/;฀ls฀dkVus฀ds฀fy,
(xi) Change case - Selected Text ds฀Case dks Changee฀djuk
(xii) Sentence Case - Only first letter capital
(xiii) Upper Case -(Capital Letter)
(xiv) Lower Case -(Small Letter)
(xv) Capitalize ฀(each word)
(xvi) Toggle Case - First small remaining capital
(xvii) Font color -Change color of selected Case

3-฀Paragraph block:
฀i) Number / Bullets
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
(ii) Alignments-
(i) Align Left (Ctrl + L) -Left margin
(ii) Align Right (Ctrl + R) - Right margin
(iii) Align Center (Ctrl + E) - Left and Right ds fcp esa
(iv) Justify (Ctrl + J) ฀Left Right Equal space
(iii) Line Spacing -฀nks฀ykbuks฀ds฀chp฀nwjh฀cMkus฀ds฀fy,฀
Ctrl +1฀- Single Line Space
Ctrl +2฀- Double Line Space
Ctrl +5฀- 1.5 Line Space
(iv) Shading - Select Text฀ds฀fiNs฀ds฀dyj฀dks฀Change฀djuk฀

4- Style Block: p;fur฀Text dh Style dks Change djus฀gsrqA฀

fufeZr฀dj฀ldrs฀gSaA฀(Alt + Ctrl + Shift + S)
Editing - Text฀es฀Change฀djus฀ds฀fy,A
(i) Find - (Ctrl + F)฀tks฀Text฀dks฀<q<rk฀gSaA
(ii) Replace - (Ctrl + H) ,d Word฀dks฀nqljs Word ls฀Replace฀djukA
(iii) Go to - (Ctrl + G)฀,d฀page฀ls฀nqljs฀page฀ij฀tkukA฀

2-฀Insert Tab:
฀i) Page Block
-฀Cover page ฀฀igys฀ls฀fufeZr฀Cover page document insert fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA฀
- Blank Page -฀[kkyh฀page insert฀djukA
- Page Break ฀ Current position฀ls฀nwljs฀page฀es฀tkuk฀(Ctrl + enter)
(ii) Table Block - Ms-Word esa฀Table฀cukus฀dh฀lqfo/kk฀iznku฀djrk฀gSaA
฀iii) Illustration Block
- Picture ฀ Input Picture
- Clip Art ฀ Predefine image dks฀use฀djukA
- Shapes ฀ Auto Shape ,d฀Drawing฀gksrh฀gSa฀tks Word฀esa฀igys฀ls฀cuh฀gksrh฀gSa฀vkSj฀vko’;Drk
ds฀vuqlkj฀Insert฀dh฀tk฀ldrh฀gSaA
- Chart ฀฀vkadMks฀ds฀vuqlkj฀Chart insert฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA฀Line chart,Ple Chart, bar Chart, Colum
Chart etc.
฀iv) Header & Footer - Header฀ist฀ds฀Top Margin฀ij฀vkSj฀Footer Page฀ds฀Bottom฀esa฀gksrk฀gSaA
- Header & Footer esa margin฀dh฀by default value 0.5 gksrh฀gSaA
฀v) Link Block
- Hyper link (Ctrl + K) Hyper line insert฀djukA฀
Drop cap - Drop cap฀dk฀iz;ksx฀Paragraph ds฀first character esa species effect฀Mkyus฀ds฀fy,฀fd;k฀
tkrk฀gSaA฀

3-฀Page Layout Tab

(i) Themes - Themes฀lEiq.kZ฀document฀dh฀design Change฀ds฀fy,
฀ii) Page setup block Margin
(a) Top Margin - by default฀1฀bap฀gksrk฀gSaA
(b) Bottom Margin ฀ by default฀1฀bap฀gksrk฀gSaA
(c) Left Margin - by default 1.25฀bap฀gksrk฀gSaA
(d) Right Margin - by default 1.25฀bap฀gksrk฀gSaA
฀e) Gutter or Gutter Pointer - Gutter margin฀dh฀Default Value 0 gksrh฀gSaA
Gutter margin฀dh฀Position Top฀o฀left฀gksrh฀gSaA
(iii) Orientation: Orientation฀nks฀izdkj฀dh฀gksrh฀gSaA฀Potrait ,.M landscape
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
By default layout Potrait฀gksrk฀gSaA฀
(iv) Size :฀tc฀document฀cukrs฀gSa฀rks word processor ,d Size฀ysrk฀gSaA
lkekUr;%฀page฀dk฀vkdkj฀8x11฀esas฀letter฀gksrk฀gSaA฀

Page Back Ground Block

Water mark ฀฀izR;sd฀page฀ds฀e/;฀background฀ds฀:Ik฀es฀lsV฀dj฀ldrs฀gSaA
Page Color ฀ Background฀es฀Color฀Mkyuk฀
Page Border ฀ Document฀ds฀page฀es฀border฀Mkyuk฀

Paragraph Block:
Indent -฀;g฀paragraph฀dks฀left/right side฀es฀move฀djrs฀gSaA฀blds฀}kjk฀lEiw.kZ
paragraph฀dh฀margin Changee dh฀tk฀ldrh฀gSaA
Spacing -฀;g฀paragraph฀ds after฀;k฀before space฀nsus฀ds฀fy,฀bldks฀paragraph spacing฀djrs฀gSaA฀

4-฀References Tab - Foot note: document฀ds฀izR;sd฀page ds฀loot esa฀fn[kus฀okyk฀text foot note฀฀฀฀

dgykrk฀gSaA฀(Ctrl+Alt+D)
End Note:฀iwjs฀document฀ds฀var฀esa฀fn[kus฀okyk฀VsDlV฀end note฀dgykrk฀gSaA฀(Alt+Ctrl+D)

5-฀Mailing Tab
Mail Merge Word฀dh฀izkFkfed฀dh฀fo’ks"krkvksa฀esa฀ls฀ykHknk;d฀vkSaj฀ikojQqy฀function฀gSaA
mail merge฀dks฀Lo;a฀ds฀QkeZ]฀ysVlZ]฀uke฀o฀irs฀lfgr฀print฀dj฀ldrs฀gSaA฀

6-฀Review Tab:
฀i) Spelling and Grammar - F7 document฀esa Spelling &Grammar dh฀xyfr;ka฀dks฀lq/kkjus฀ds฀fy,A
Deferent types of line:
Red Color -Spelling Mistake
Green Color -Grammar Mistake
Blue Color-Formatting Mistake
(ii) Thesaurus -Thesaurus฀'kCndks’k฀gSa฀tks฀gekjs฀text฀ls฀feyrs฀tqyrs฀'kCn฀iznku฀djrk฀gSaA (Shift+F7)

7-฀View Tab :
฀i) Document View :
(a) Web layout-Web Page฀dh฀rjg฀[kqyukA
(b) Print layout-Document print฀gksus฀ds฀ckn฀fn[kus฀okykA
(c) Outline View- Document฀dks฀outline฀ds฀:i฀esa฀fn[kkrk฀gSa฀
(d) Reading layout View - Document฀dks฀Full screen฀ij฀read฀djukA
(e) Normal View ฀Cut, copy and page฀;k฀editing฀ds฀fy,A฀

(ii) Zoom ฀ Word฀es฀,d฀Document฀ds฀ZOOM size de฀ls฀de฀10%฀vkSj฀vf/kdre฀500%฀rd฀gks฀ldrh฀gSaA

(iii) Macros ฀ Macros฀ds฀}kjk฀,d฀;k฀,d฀ls฀vf/kd฀dek.Ml฀dk฀,d฀dek.Ml฀esa฀lxzg฀dj฀ldrs฀gSaA฀฀

&%egRoiw..kZ฀rF;%&
(i) Word Wrap : Text฀dk฀Lor%฀vxyh฀ykbZu฀esa฀iagqpukA
(ii) Mini tool bar:฀Ms Word฀2010฀esa฀tc฀fdlh฀Text฀dks฀select฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSa฀rks฀Lor%฀gSa฀Mini tool bar฀esa฀
fn[kkbZ฀nsrk฀gSaA
(iii) Template :฀,d฀file฀ftlesa฀igys฀ls฀define setting฀dk฀mi;ksx฀final Document dks฀cukus฀ds฀fy,฀fd;k฀
tkrk฀gSaA
(iv) ,d฀ckj TAB Cursor nckus ls 0.5 inches฀cMrk฀gSaA
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
(v) Translate option฀Hkk"kk฀ifjoZru฀ds฀dke฀vkrk฀gSa฀tks฀Review tab฀esa฀gksrk฀gSaA
(vi) MS-Word฀dks฀'kq:฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀winword.exe

Unit - 6

฀ MS-Excel

ekbØkslkW¶V฀,Dlsy฀,d฀bySSDVªkkWWfud฀LizszM'khV฀gS]฀tks฀lkaf[;d฀x.kuk฀djus฀rFkk฀pkVZ฀cukus฀esa฀lgk;rk฀djrk฀gSA฀bysDVªkWfud฀
LizsM'khV฀dEI;wVj฀eseksjh฀eas฀rkfdZd฀odZ฀'khV฀gSA฀tks฀dkWye฀rFkk฀jkW฀(Row)฀esa฀caVk฀gS]฀;g฀;wfVfyVh฀lkW¶Vos;j฀iSdst฀gSA

Formula Operators:
(i) Arithmetic Operator฀budk฀mi;ksx฀xf.kfr;฀fØ;kvksa฀ds฀fy,฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA฀(+, -, x, /, % )
(ii) Comparison Operator฀budk฀iz;ksx฀nks฀ekuks฀dks฀vkil฀esa฀rqyuk฀ds฀fy,฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA
(iii) Text Operator (&)฀¼,Eijls.M½฀dk฀iz;ksx฀VsDlV฀dks฀tksMus฀es฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA
(iv) Reference Operator (:) Cell฀esa฀Range Define฀djus฀ds฀fy,A฀

,Dlssy ฀ds ฀QDaa'ku

,Dlsy฀eas฀miyC/k฀QDa'ku฀,slh฀'kfDr'kkyh฀lqfo/kk,as฀gSA฀ftudh฀lgk;rk฀ls฀vki฀tfVy฀x.kuk,sa]฀lkaf[;dh;฀x.kuk,sa฀foRrh;฀
x.kuk,sa฀vkSj฀ikB~;฀ij฀cgqr฀ls฀dk;Z฀djh฀ldrs฀gSA฀QDa'kuksa฀dk฀iz;ksx฀QkWeZwyk฀ds฀:i฀esa฀;k฀nwljs฀QDa'kukas฀rFkk฀vkWijsVjkas฀ds฀
lkFk฀tfVy฀QkWewZys฀cukus฀esa฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSA฀
Math Function
=sum (n1,n2.........)
Sum function฀fn,฀x,฀uacj฀o฀reference฀dh฀total฀djrk฀gSA
= Exam =sum (4,5,2) =11 _ =product (n1,n2,n3.......)
Product function฀fn,฀x,฀uacj฀vkSj฀jsQjsUl฀dk฀xq.kuQy฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
= product (5,4,2) (5*4*2=40) - 40
= man *n1,n2,n3..)
= Min function฀fn,฀x,฀uacj฀vkSj฀jsQjsUl฀dh฀lcls฀NksVh฀osY;w฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
= min (4,5,6,2)=2
= max function฀fn,฀x,฀uacj฀vkSj฀jsQjsUl฀dh฀lcls฀cM+h฀osY;w฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
Number or ref
=count()
= count function฀fn,฀x,฀jsQjsUl฀dh฀numerical cell฀dh฀la[;k฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
=average (n1,n2,n3....) average
function return average of given num
= average function fn,฀x,฀jsQjsUl฀dh฀vkSlr฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
=average (4,5,6)=5
=mod (number, divisor)
=mod (10,3)=1
=mod function฀'ks"k฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA฀
=power (5,3)
= 125 (5*5*5*)
= power function฀?kkr฀fudkyrk฀gSA
Text function
=upper฀"string")
=upper function฀nh฀xbZ฀okD;฀ds฀lHkh
dSjsDVj฀dks฀capital eas฀cnyrk฀gSA
=upper ฀"lion")
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
=lower ("String")
= lower function฀nh฀xbZ฀okD;฀ds฀lHkh
dSjsDVj฀dks small character eas฀cnyrk฀gSA
=Len function len function฀okD;฀ds
character฀dh฀la[;k฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
=len ("lion")4
= Date and time
Date formate depand oonin o.s
(o.s default format฀is฀mm/dd/yyyy)
= today function orZeku฀fnukad฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
= now function฀orZeku฀le;฀,oa฀fnukad฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
=year (date) function฀fn,฀x,฀fnukad฀eas฀ls฀o"kZa฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
=month (date) function฀fn,฀x,฀fnukad฀eas฀ls฀efgus฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
=day (date) function฀fn,฀x,฀fnukad฀esa฀ls฀fnu฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA฀
=hour (time) function฀fn,฀x,฀fnukad฀esa฀ls฀?kaVs฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
=second (time) function฀fn,฀x,฀fnukad฀eas฀ls฀lSd.M฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
=minut (time) function฀fn,฀x,฀fnukad฀esa฀ls฀feuV฀dks฀ykSVkrk฀gSA
&%egRoiw.w.kZ฀rF;%&
1. Ms Excel esa฀Data฀dks฀Sort฀¼lf{kIr½฀cukus฀ds฀fy,฀Pivot Table฀dke฀es฀fy฀tkrh฀gSaA
2. By Default Cell฀esa฀Entre numeric Value฀dk฀Alignment Right align฀gksrk฀gSaA
3. Ms-Excel฀esa฀fdlh฀Hkh฀Work Sheet฀dk฀uke฀Maximum 31 Characters฀dk฀gks฀ldrk฀gSaA
4. Ms-Excel฀esa฀la’kks/ku฀ds฀fy,฀F2 Function key use฀djrs฀gSaA฀
5.฀igyh฀okyh Work Sheet ij฀tkus฀ds฀fy,฀Ctrl + Page up key฀use฀djrs฀gSaA
6. Ms-Excel esa #### Cell฀dh฀lkexzh฀cgqr฀cMh฀gksus฀ds฀dkj.k฀iznZ’ku฀ij฀fn[kkbZ฀nsrk฀gSaA
7.฀,d฀Text Field฀esa฀255฀Character type fd;s฀tk฀ldrs฀gSaA
8. Ms-Excel฀2010฀esa฀fdlh฀Column฀dh฀Default฀pkSMkbZ฀8.43 Points฀gksrh฀gSaA
9. Automatic cell reference฀dks฀jksdus฀ds฀fy,฀$ ds sing฀dk฀use฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA
10. Ms- Excel฀esa฀fdlh฀Function฀dks฀Insert djus฀ds฀fy,฀Shift + F3 key dk฀use฀gksrk฀gSaA
11. VLook up Function related record irk฀yxkus฀ds฀fy,฀dke฀vkrk฀gSaA
12. Address in Excel:
(a) Absolute address - $ P21 (With cellreference)
(b) Relative address - P21(Without cell reference)
13. Formula Bar -฀bldk฀mi;ksx฀Formula o฀Function฀dks฀fy[kus฀ds฀fy,฀gksrk฀gSaA
14. Sorting - Excel฀es฀nks฀rjg฀dh฀sorting gksrh฀gSA
(a) Ascending฀¼NksVs฀ls฀cMs½
(b) Descending฀¼cMs฀ls฀NksVs½
15. Filter -table฀esa฀mifLFkr฀Data฀esa฀ls฀user dh฀need฀ds฀vuqlkj฀dks฀display djukA฀blds฀iw.kZ
MkVk฀dks฀display฀djus฀ds฀ctk;฀filter฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA฀
16. Pivot table - Special type฀dh฀table gksrh฀gSa฀ftldh฀lgk;rk฀ls฀chart฀;k฀graph฀cuk;s฀tk฀ldrs฀gSaA
17. Validation -฀,d฀,slk฀process฀ftlds฀ek/;e฀ls฀related data฀gh฀cell esa store฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA
18. Chart - Table฀ds฀data฀dks฀graphically display฀djus฀ds฀fy,฀chart฀dk฀mi;ksx฀fy;k฀tkrk฀gSaA
Chart฀cukus฀ds฀fy,฀axis฀o฀gridline฀dks฀define djuk฀gksrk฀gSaA฀฀

Unit -8฀

฀ Ms-Power Point
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
Ms-Power Point฀,d฀Presentation Software gSaA฀bldk฀iz;ksx฀Presentation and Slide Show ds฀fy,฀
fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA฀blesa฀cuh฀File dk฀File extension .pptx฀gksrk฀gSaA฀Presentation ds฀izR;sd฀page dks Slide฀dgk฀
tkrk฀gSaA
1. Home
฀a) ฀Slide)
(i) New slide (ctrl + m)- ubZ฀Slide dks฀Add฀djukA
(ii) Reset -Slide฀dks Set฀djukA฀(formatting฀rFkk฀color)
(iii) Slide layout- Layout฀cnyukA฀By default lands cape฀gksrk฀gSaA฀
(iv) Delete - Select slide฀dks฀delete฀djukA
฀b) ฀Drawing )
(i) Arrange- Slide฀esa฀insert฀fd;s฀x;s฀object฀dh฀position฀esa฀Changee
(ii) Shape Fill ฀ Salute dh฀xbZ Shape, Color , Picture File fd;s฀tkrk฀gSaA
(iii) Shape Outline- Shape฀dh฀Outline Color฀dks฀Fill฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA
(iv) Shape Select- 3-D Rotation

2. Insert
Different Images and media file dks attach฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA฀฀

3. Animation
Slide฀esa฀Audio฀rFkk฀Effects Set฀dj฀ldrs฀gSaA฀

4. Transition
ge฀Animation฀esa Slide฀ij฀Transition฀Hkh Set dj฀ldrs฀gSa฀ftlesa฀Transition Sound฀rFkk฀Speed mouse
click ;k฀time฀ds฀vuqlkj set dj฀ldrs฀gSaA฀

5. Slide Show
blesa Slide dks Show djus฀lEcU/kh Setting gksrh฀gSaA฀F5 key use฀gksrh฀gSaA
Current Slide฀ls Slide Show LVkVZ฀djus฀ds฀fy, Shift + F5 gksrh฀gSaA
Speaker’s Notes:฀oDrk฀ds฀ukssV฀;s฀,slh฀lqpuk,a฀gSa฀tks฀oDrk฀tks฀oDrk฀dks฀izLrqrhdkj.k฀ds฀le;฀dqN฀ckrsa฀;kn฀fnykus฀
ds฀fy,฀nh฀tkrh฀gSaA
Hand Outs:
;s฀dqN฀,sls฀Page gksrs฀gSa฀tks฀Jksrkvksa฀esa฀ckVs฀tkrs฀gSaA฀bu฀ij฀izLrqrhdj.k฀dh฀lHkh฀;k฀pquh฀xbZ฀LykbZM฀Mkyh฀tkrh฀gSaA
Master Slide:
;g฀,d฀,slh Slide฀gksrh฀gSa฀ftlesa฀,slh฀lwpuk,a฀;k฀lkexzh฀Mkyh฀tkrh฀gSa฀tks฀izLrqrhdj.k฀dh฀izR;sd฀LykbZM฀esa฀'kkfey฀dh฀
tkrh฀gSaA
Views in power point
฀i) Slide Sorter View-฀bl฀O;q฀esa฀Presentstion฀ds฀lHkh Slide฀dks฀,d฀lkFk฀ns[k฀tk฀ldrk฀gSa฀rkfd
Presentation฀dh฀Complete name rFkk฀Øe฀dh฀tkap฀dh฀tk฀ldsA
฀ii) Slide Show View ฀ Slide dks฀Full screen ij฀display฀djukA฀

&%egRoiw.w.kZ฀rF;%&
(1) Ms-power point฀esa฀ready to฀use฀dk฀clip art฀ls฀gksrk฀gSaA
(2) Ms-power point฀esa฀First Slide฀ij฀tkus฀ds฀Ctrl + Home key฀dk฀use฀fd;k฀tkrk฀gSaA
(3) Power point฀pykus฀ds฀fy,฀Powerpnt.exe
(4) bldh฀Windows dh Zoom Size 10% to 400%฀gksrk฀gSaA฀
(5) bldk default Zoom Size 69% gksrk฀gSaA฀
฀฀
For Best PDF, Search on Google - "Nitin Gupta PDF"
฀ MS-Access

MS-Access ,d RBDMS (Relational Database Management System)฀gS฀ftlesa

fjys'kuy฀ekbØkslkW¶V฀tsV฀MkVkcsl฀baftu฀ds฀lkFk฀GUI (Graphical User Interface)฀vkSj฀lkW¶Vos;j฀
fodkl฀Vwy฀dk฀la;kstu฀(Combination) gSA
& RDBMS฀ds฀pkj฀cqfu;knh฀rRo฀gS&
1. Tables -฀;g฀fo'ks"k฀fo"k;฀ds฀MkVk฀dk฀laxzg.k฀gS฀ftlds฀fuEu฀rRo฀gksrs฀gSa฀&
¼i½฀Columns ¼dkWyWyEl½฀&฀gj฀dkWyEl฀,d฀QhYM฀dks฀izLrqr฀djrk฀gSA฀,d฀QhYM
(Field)฀dk฀vFkZ฀gS&fuf'pr฀Js.kh฀;k฀dksfV฀ds฀MkVk฀LVksjA
¼ii½฀Rows฀¼jksst½฀&฀,d฀jks฀esa฀vkus฀okyh฀fdlh฀dSVsxjh฀(Category)฀dh฀lHkh฀ensa฀MkVkcsl฀dk฀,d฀fjdkWMZ฀cukrh฀gSaA
¼iii½฀Domin ¼Mksesusu½&฀fdlh฀Hkh฀QhYM฀esa฀tks฀vf/kdre฀vkSj฀U;wure฀eku฀(Values)฀gksrs฀gS฀mls฀ml฀QhYM฀dk฀Mksesu฀
dgrs฀gSA฀
¼iv½฀Primary Key฀¼izzkFkfed฀dqath฀½฀&฀;g฀,d฀[kkl฀rjg฀dh฀QhYM฀gksrh฀gS]฀tks฀gj฀fjdkWMZl฀dks฀,d฀vyx฀igpku฀
nsrh฀gSA
¼v½฀Relationship฀¼lacaU/k½฀dk฀vFkZ฀&฀,d฀;k฀,d฀ls฀vf/kd฀MkVkcslkas฀dks฀vkil฀esa฀tksM+ukA
¼iii½฀Domain ¼Mksesu½&฀fdlh฀Hkh฀QhYM฀esa฀tks฀vf/kdre฀vkSj฀U;wure฀eku฀(Values) gksrs฀gS฀mls฀ml฀QhYM฀dk฀Mksesu฀
dgrs฀gSA
2. Dosjsjht฀¼Quries½฀&฀;g฀MkVkcsl฀ls฀fdlh฀fo'ks"k฀MkVk฀dks฀O;ofLFkr฀rjhds฀ls฀ns[kus฀ds฀fy,฀gksrh฀gSA
blds฀}kjk฀dh฀cpr฀gksrh฀gSA฀,Dlsl฀dh฀Query฀nh฀xbZ฀daMh'ku฀(Condition)฀ds฀vk/kkj฀ij฀MkVk
dks฀<w¡<+rh฀gS฀vkSj฀mls฀Ldzhu฀ij฀fn[kkrh฀gSA
3.฀QkWElZ฀¼Form½฀&฀;g฀MkVkcsl฀esa฀LVksj฀gq,฀MkVk฀dks฀ljy฀QkWesZV฀(Format)฀eas฀fn[kkrk฀gSA
Forms฀ds฀}kjk฀fjdkWMZ฀dks฀ns[kk฀tk฀ldrk฀gS]฀enter฀fd;k฀tk฀ldrk฀gSa฀;k฀mleas฀Qsjcny฀dh
tk฀ldrh฀gSA฀Form฀LØhu฀ij฀,d฀le;฀esa฀,d฀gh฀fjdkWMZ฀fn[kkrk฀gSA
4.฀fjikssVZl฀(Reports)&฀;g฀MkVk฀dks฀bl฀izdkj฀fMtkbu฀djus฀esa฀enn฀djrk฀gS฀fd฀;g฀vklku฀cu
tk,฀vkSj฀bldk฀fooj.k฀tYnh฀ls฀le>k฀tk฀ldsA
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