Phys 1011-Chapter 2-3

Phys 1011, Instructor: Mesfin Tadesse (PhD), Department of Physics, AAU 08/06/2022 1
Work, Energy and Linear Momentum
Work and Energy

Linear Momentum
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Collisions
Power
Center of Mass
Work and Energy
 Definition of work (𝑊) by a force 𝐹 acting on an object
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑑 is the magnitude of the object’s displacement in the
direction of the force
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑓
𝐹
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 Δ𝑥
𝑑 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 = Δ𝑥
A More General Definition of Work
 The work 𝑊 done on an object by a constant force 𝑭 during a
linear displacement Δ𝑥Ԧ is
𝑊 = (𝐹 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃

where
d is the magnitude of the displacement Δ𝑥Ԧ and
𝜃 is the angle between the vectors 𝑭 and Δ𝑥Ԧ
 SI unit: joule ( J)
 Work is a result of interaction
 An object cannot do work on itself
Sign of W
Work done by applied
displacement
 Work can be positive force is positive
𝑭 and Δ𝒙 are parallel

 Work can be negative Work done by gravitational
force is negative
𝑭 and Δ𝒙 are antiparallel
 Work can be zero
𝑭 and Δ𝒙 are perpendicular, or
 No displacement caused by the force
Quick Quiz
 Identify the sign of the work done by the forces
 Order the amount of work from most positive to most negative?
Example on Work
 Given Information
 The total mass of the sled and salmon = 50.0 kg
 man exerts a force of magnitude 1.20 x 102 N on the sled
a) How much work is done on the sled
a) if the rope is horizontal to the ground and the man pulls the sled 5.00 m?
b) if θ = 30.0° and the man pulls the sled the same distance?
Solution
a) W = Fd = 1.20 x 102 N x 5.00 m = 6.00 x 102 J
b) W = Fd cos θ = 1.20 x 102 x 5.00 m x cos 30° = 5.20 x 102 J
Example on Work
 Given Information
 The total mass of the sled and salmon = 50.0 kg
 man exerts a force of magnitude 1.20 x 102 N on the sled
b) At x = 12.4 m, the man stops pulling the sled. A friction force of 45.0 N brings
the sled to rest at x = 18.2 m. How much work is done by friction on the sled?
Solution
𝑊 = 𝑓Δ𝑥 cos 𝜋
W = −45.0 × 18.2 − 12.4 𝑚 = −261 𝐽
 What is the physical meaning of the negative sign?

 Friction is dissipative
Is work being done when you hold a
book over your head?
NO
 But work is done to lift the book up

 energy is used to do this work
 The energy was transferred from your
body to the book
BUT
What is energy & why do we need it?
Energy – the ability to do work (measured in joules)
 Without energy, there could be no motion

 Atoms and molecules could not move
 Stars could not shine
 Planets could not orbit around stars
 Animals could not walk, run, swim, or fly
 The wind could not blow
 Messages could not be sent from your brain to your body
Doing Work Gives Energy to Objects
 When work is done on an object:
 Energy is transferred from the object doing the work to the object
having work done on it
 The object doing the work loses energy
 The object having work done on it gains energy
 EX. A student pushing a desk across the floor is doing work on

the desk – energy is transferred from the student to the desk
and the student loses energy
 Energy is possessed by a body – it can be gained or lost
 Work is not possessed by a body–it is a means of transferring
energy from one body to another in a process
Work and the Weightlifter
A weightlifter performs three steps. What is the work
done by the weightlifter for each of the steps listed
below? Assume the weight is 100 Kg, the height of the
lift is 1m, and the acceleration of gravity is 10 m/s2.
W1: The weight is lifted up to the height of 1m. Cheryl Hawarth, USA gold medal.
W2: The weight is held at 1m for 5 seconds.
W3: The weight is lowered down to the ground.
Work done against gravity to lift an object a height h is W = mgh
W1: (a) 5000J, (b) 1000J, (c) -1000J

W2: (a) 1000J, (b) 0J, (c) -1000J
W3: (a) 1000J, (b) -1000J, (c) -5000J
Work Done by Multiple Forces
 If more than one force acts on an object, then
the total work is equal to the algebraic sum of
the work done by the individual forces
𝑊net = ෍ 𝑊by individual forces
 Remember work is a scalar, so this is the

algebraic sum
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑔 + 𝑊𝑁 + 𝑊𝐹 = (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥
Work and Multiple Forces - Example
 Suppose µk = 0.200. Find the work done on the sled by friction, and the
net work if θ = 30°and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 0
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝑊𝐹 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 Δ𝑥 = 120 cos 30° × 5.00 = 520 J

𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝑓𝑘 cos 𝜋 Δ𝑥 = −𝑓𝑘 Δ𝑥 = −𝜇𝑘 𝑁Δ𝑥
= −𝜇𝑘 (𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃)Δ𝑥
= −(0.200)(50.0𝑘𝑔 × 9.8 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 − 1.2 × 102 𝑁 sin 3 0∘ )(5.0𝑚)
= −4.3 × 102 𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝐹 + 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 + 𝑊𝑁 + 𝑊𝑔 = 5.2 × 102 𝐽 − 4.3 × 102 𝐽 + 0 + 0 = 90.0𝐽

What is power?
 Power is the rate of doing work
𝑊
𝑃= SI unit is the watt (W)
Δ𝑡
 More power means…
 More work is done in the same amount of time
 The same amount of work is done in less time
 Examples
 A more powerful runner is faster and can run farther in the same amount of
time as a less powerful runner (more work in equal time)
 A car with a more powerful engine can accelerate to 60 km/h quicker than a
car with a less powerful engine (equal work in less time)
Calculating Power – Sample Problem
 If an engine does 100,000 joules of work in 10 seconds,
how much power did it use?
𝑊
𝑃 =
Δ𝑡
100,000𝐽
𝑃 =
10𝑠
𝑃 = 10,000𝑊
 The engine used 10,000 watts of power
Calculating Power
 Another way to write the power formula is:
𝑊 Δx
𝑃= =𝐹 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐅∥𝒗
Δ𝑡 Δt
 Power is the product of force and velocity

 More generally,
𝑊 𝐹 cos 𝜃 𝛥𝑥
𝑃= = = 𝐹𝑣 cos 𝜃
Δ𝑡 Δt
Calculating Power – Sample Problem
 If an engine exerts 3500 N of force to move a car 50 meters
in 10 seconds, how much power did it use?
𝑃 = 𝐹 Δ𝑥/Δ𝑡 Alternatively, calculate the speed

𝑃 = (3500𝑁 × 50𝑚)/10𝑠 50𝑚
𝑣= = 5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑃 = 175,000𝐽/10𝑠 10𝑠
𝑃 = 17,500𝑊 Then calculate work
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑣 = 3500 × 5𝑚/𝑠 = 17,500 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
 The engine used 17,500 watts of power
The Work–Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy
 Work done by a net force: 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 Δ𝑥 = (𝑚𝑎) Δ𝑥
𝑣 2 −𝑣02
 If acceleration is constant: 𝑎 =
2Δ𝑥
1 1
 Substituting for a : 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑣02
2 2
1
 Definition: the quantity 𝑚𝑣2 is called kinetic energy
2
 Then: Wnet = Δ𝐾 (Work–Energy Theorem)
KINETIC ENERGY (KE)
 KE Energy due to MOTION
 All moving objects have Kinetic Energy!
 SI unit for kinetic energy is the Joule (J)
Example
A jogger whose mass is 60kg is moving at a speed of 3 m/s.
What is the jogger’s Kinetic Energy?
1 1 2
2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 = 60𝑘𝑔 3 𝑚Τ𝑠 = 270 𝐽
2 2
Quick Quiz
Work and Kinetic Energy - Problem
 The driver of a 1.00 x 103 kg car traveling on a highway at 35.0 m/s applies the
brakes to avoid hitting a second vehicle in front of her, which is at rest. After
the breaks are applied, a constant friction force of 8.00 x 103 N acts on the car.
Ignore air resistance. (a) At what minimum distance should the brakes be
applied to avoid a collision with the other vehicle? (b) If the distance between
the vehicles is initially only 30.0 m, at what speed would the collisions occur?
Work and Kinetic Energy - Solution
 (a) We know: 𝑣0 = 35.0𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑚 = 1.00 × 103 𝑘𝑔, 𝑓𝑘 = 8.00 × 103 𝑁

 Find the minimum necessary stopping distance
1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 + 𝑊
ด𝑔 + 𝑊ด𝑁 = 𝑊 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑣
2 𝑓 2 𝑖
=0 =0
1
−𝑓𝑘 Δ𝑥 = 0 − 𝑚𝑣02
2
1
−(8.00 × 10 𝑁)Δ𝑥 = − (1.00 × 103 𝑘𝑔)(35.0𝑚/𝑠)2
3
2
Δ𝑥 = 76.6𝑚
Work and Kinetic Energy - Solution
 (b) We know: Δ𝑥 = 30.0𝑚, 𝑣0 = 35.0𝑚/𝑠, 𝑚 = 1.00 × 103 𝑘𝑔, 𝑓𝑘 = 8.00 × 103 𝑁
 Find the speed at impact using the work-energy theorem:
1 2 1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = −𝑓𝑘 Δ𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣02
2 2
2 2
2
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣0 − 𝑓𝑘 Δ𝑥
𝑚
2
𝑣𝑓2 = 35 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 − (8.00 × 10 3 𝑁)(30𝑚) = 745𝑚2 /𝑠 2
1.00 × 103 𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑓 = 27.3𝑚/𝑠
Linear Momentum
 Linear momentum is a vector quantity defined by 𝑝Ԧ = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ
 Its direction is the same as the direction of the velocity
 The dimensions of momentum are 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1
 The SI units of momentum are kg.m/s
 Momentum can be expressed in component form:
𝑝𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑥 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣𝑦 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑚𝑣𝑧
Momentum and Energy
 Two objects with masses m1 and m2 have
equal kinetic energy. How do the magnitudes
of their momenta compare?
(A) p1 < p2
(B) p1 = p2
(C) p1 > p2
(D) Not enough information is given
Impulse
 When a single, constant force acts on the object,
there is an impulse delivered to the object.
 This impulse is defined by
𝐼Ԧ = 𝐹Δ𝑡
Ԧ
 The equality is true even if the force is not constant

 Impulse is a vector quantity
Time of impact is short
 the direction is the same as the direction of the force
Force can be huge
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
 The theorem states that
the impulse acting on a system is
equal to the change in momentum
of the system
Δ𝑝Ԧ
 By Newton’s second law: = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
Δ𝑡
Δ𝑝Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 Δ𝑡 = 𝐼Ԧ
𝑰Ԧ = 𝜟𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊
Calculating the Change of Momentum
Δ𝑝Ԧ = 𝑝Ԧ𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑝Ԧ𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
Δ𝑝Ԧ = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑚𝑣𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
Δ𝑝Ԧ = 𝑚(𝑣𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑣𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 )
For the teddy bear

Δ𝑝 = 𝑚 0 − (−𝑣) = 𝑚𝑣
For the bouncing ball

Δ𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑣 − (−𝑣) = 2𝑚𝑣
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
 A child bounces a 100 g superball on the sidewalk. The
velocity of the superball changes from 10 m/s downward
to 10 m/s upward. What is the magnitude of the impulse
imparted to the superball?
𝐼Ԧ = Δ𝑝Ԧ = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣Ԧ𝑖

(A) 0
(B) 2 kg-m/s
(C) 20 kg-m/s
(D) 200 kg-m/s
(E) 2000 kg-m/s
Impulse-Momentum Theorem 2
 A child bounces a 100 g superball on the sidewalk. The velocity of
the superball changes from 10 m/s downward to 10 m/s upward.
If the contact time with the sidewalk is 0.1s, what is the
magnitude of the force between the sidewalk and the superball?
(A) 0
(B) 2 N
(C) 20 N 𝐼Ԧ Δ𝑝Ԧ 𝑚𝑣Ԧ𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣Ԧ𝑖
Ԧ
𝐹= = =
(D) 200 N Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡
(E) 2000 N
How Good Are the Bumpers?
In a crash test, a car of mass 1.5 x 103 kg collides with a wall and rebounds.
The initial and final velocities of the car are 𝑣𝑖 = −15 m/s and 𝑣𝑓 = 2.6 m/s,
respectively. If the collision lasts for 0.15 s, find
(a) the impulse delivered to the car due to the collision
(b) the size and direction of the average force exerted on the car
How Good Are the Bumpers?
𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖 = (1.5 × 103 𝑘𝑔)(−15𝑚/𝑠) = −2.25 × 104 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠
𝑝𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 = (1.5 × 103 𝑘𝑔)(+2.6𝑚/𝑠) = +0.39 × 104 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠
𝐼 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
𝐼 = (0.39 × 104 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠) − (−2.25 × 104 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠)
𝐼 = 2.64 × 104 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠
Δ𝑝 𝐼 2.64 × 104 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠

𝐹𝑎𝑣 = = = = 1.76 × 105 𝑁
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 0.15𝑠
 In an isolated and closed system, the

total momentum of the system remains
constant in time.
 Isolated system: no external forces
 Closed system: no mass enters or leaves
 The linear momentum of each colliding body
may change
 The total momentum 𝑃 of the system cannot
change.
 Start from impulse-momentum theorem
  
F21t = m1v1 f − m1v1i
  
F12t = m2v2 f − m2v2i
 Since  
F21t = − F12t
Then    

m1v1 f − m1v1i = −(m2v2 f − m2v2i )
   
 So m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1 f + m2v2 f
The Archer
An archer stands at rest on frictionless ice and fires a 0.5-kg arrow
horizontally at 50.0 m/s. The combined mass of the archer and bow is
60.0 kg. With what velocity does the archer move across the ice after
firing the arrow?
pi = p f
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1 f + m2v2 f
m1 = 60.0kg , m2 = 0.5kg , v1i = v2i = 0, v2 f = 50m / s, v1 f = ?
0 = m1v1 f + m2v2 f
m2 0.5kg
v1 f = − v2 f = − (50.0m / s) = −0.417 m / s
m1 60.0kg
More Example
 A 100 kg man and 80 kg woman on ice skates stand facing
each other. If the woman pushes the man backwards so that
his final speed is 1 m/s, at what speed does she recoil?
(A) 0
(B) 0.5 m/s
(C) 1 m/s
(D) 1.25 m/s
(E) 2 m/s
Conservation of Momentum
 An object of mass m moves to the right with a speed v. It collides
head-on with an object of mass 3m moving with speed v/3 in the
opposite direction. If the two objects stick together, what is the
speed of the combined object, of mass 4m, after the collision?
(A) 0
(B) v/2
(C) v
(D) 2v
(E) 4v
Work done by a Gravitational Force
 Work done by 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑔Ԧ
𝑊𝑔 = 𝐹Ԧ Δ𝑦Ԧ cos 𝜃
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔(−Δ𝑦) cos 0° = −𝑚𝑔 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖
𝑊𝑔 = − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖
 Definition
 The quantity 𝑚𝑔𝑦 is called Gravitational
potential energy, 𝑈𝑔 .
𝑊𝑔 = − 𝑈𝑔,𝑓 − 𝑈𝑔,𝑖 = −Δ𝑈𝑔
 Conclusion
 The work done by the gravitational force is the
negative of the change in the gravitational PE.
 When the displacement is upward:
𝑊𝑔 = 𝐹Ԧ Δ𝑦Ԧ cos 𝜃
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔Δ𝑦 cos 180° = −𝑚𝑔 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖
𝑊𝑔 = − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 = −Δ𝑈𝑔
 Again,
The work done by the gravitational force
is the negative of the change in the
gravitational PE.
 Suppose the book falls freely. Then by the
work energy theorem
1 1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑣0 2 = Δ𝐾 (*)
2 2
 Recall:
𝑊𝑔 = − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 = −Δ𝑈𝑔 (**)
 Combining (*) and (**)
Δ𝐾 = −Δ𝑈𝑔
 The book gains KE at the expense of its PE
 PE changes into KE
Δ𝐾 = −Δ𝑈𝑔
 This equation can be rewritten as
1 1
𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 = −(𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑖 )
2 2
𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑔,𝑖 = 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑔,𝑓
 Definition
 The sum of the KE and PE is called Mechanical Energy, E:
1
𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝑈𝑔 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
 The equation
𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑔,𝑖 = 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑔,𝑓
states that the ME of the book at the initial position is the same as
its ME at the final position if air resistance is neglected. That is,
𝑬𝒊 = 𝑬𝒇
 This is called conservation of mechanical energy.

The sum of the kinetic energy and the gravitational potential energy
remains constant at all time and hence is a conserved quantity.
 For a more general case, consider the interaction 𝒎𝟐
between masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 .
 The gravitational force between them is
𝑭
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝒓
𝐹Ԧ = −𝐺 2
𝑟Ƹ
𝑟
 And the gravitational PE due to their interaction is 𝑭
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑈𝑔 = −𝐺
𝑟
𝒎𝟏
 Check the unit of 𝑈𝑔 is joule.
Reference Levels
 A location where the gravitational
potential energy is zero must be chosen
for each problem
 The choice is arbitrary since the change in the
potential energy is the important quantity
 Choose a convenient location for the zero
reference height
 often the Earth’s surface The point at infinity is
 may be some other point suggested by the problem a zero reference point
𝑚1 𝑚2
for 𝑈𝑔 = −𝐺
 Once the position is chosen, it must remain 𝑟
fixed for the entire problem
Example: Platform Diver
 A diver of mass m drops from a board 10.0 m above the
water’s surface. Neglect air resistance.
a) Find is speed 5.0 m above the water surface
b) Find his speed as he hits the water
 Solution
1 1
 (a) 2
𝑚𝑣𝑖2+ 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 =
2
𝑚𝑣𝑓2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓
0 + 𝑔𝑦𝑖 = 12𝑣𝑓2 + 𝑔𝑦𝑓
𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑔(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑓 ) = 2(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )(10𝑚 − 5𝑚) = 9.9𝑚/𝑠
1
 (b) 0 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 = 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓2 + 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑔𝑦𝑖 = 14𝑚/𝑠
Example: escape velocity
 A rocket is launched from the ground. Neglecting air resistance, find
the launch velocity that enables the rocket escape gravity?
Solution
 Start with K i + Ug,i = K f + Ug,f
1 𝑀𝑚 1 𝑀𝑚
𝑚𝑣𝑖2 + −𝐺 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 + −𝐺
2 𝑟𝑖 2 𝑟𝑓
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑐 , 𝑟𝑖 = 𝑅𝐸 , 𝑣𝑓 = 0, 𝑟𝑓 = ∞, 𝑀 = 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑚 = 𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
1 2 𝑀𝑚
𝑚𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑐 −𝐺 =0+0= 0 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝐸 = 0
2 𝑅𝐸
2𝐺𝑀
𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑐 = = 11.2 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
𝑅𝐸
Potential Energy in a Spring
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑓
 Spring Force doing work: 𝐹Ԧ = −𝑘 𝑥Ԧ
 Suppose the spring is stretched from
𝑥𝑖 to 𝑥𝑓 .
 The average force is
𝑘 𝑥Ԧ𝑓 + 𝑘 𝑥Ԧ𝑖 1
𝐹Ԧ𝑎𝑣 = − = − 𝑘(𝑥Ԧ𝑓 + 𝑥Ԧ𝑖 )
2 2
 The work done by the spring force
then becomes
1
𝑊𝑠 = 𝐹𝑎𝑣 Δ𝑥 = − 𝑘(𝑥𝑓 + 𝑥𝑖 )(𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 )
2
1 1
𝑊𝑠 = −( 𝑘𝑥𝑓 − 𝑘𝑥𝑖2 )
2
2 2
Potential Energy in a Spring
 Definition of Elastic Potential Energy
1 2
𝑈𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥
2
 Work done by the spring
1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑠 = − 𝑘𝑥𝑓 − 𝑘𝑥𝑖 = −Δ𝑈𝑠
2 2
NB: The work done by the spring force

equals the negative of the change in the
EPE converts into KE
elastic PE.
Total Mechanical Energy
 If both gravitational force and spring force are doing work, then
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑔 + 𝑊𝑠
𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = − 𝑈𝑔,𝑓 − 𝑈𝑔,𝑖 − (𝑈𝑠,𝑓 − 𝑈𝑠,𝑓 )
𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑔,𝑖 + 𝑈𝑠,𝑖 = 𝐾𝑓 +𝑈𝑔,𝑓 +𝑈𝑠,𝑓
 We denote the total mechanical energy by
𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝑈𝑔 + 𝑈𝑠
 Then 𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑓
 The total mechanical energy is conserved:
Example: A block projected up a incline
 A 0.5-kg block rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface. The
block is pressed back against a spring having a constant of k =
625 N/m, compressing the spring by 10.0 cm to point A. Then the
block is released.
 (a) Find the maximum distance d the block travels up the
frictionless incline if θ = 30°.
 (b) How fast is the block going when halfway to its maximum
height?
A block projected up a incline
 Point A (initial state): vi = 0, yi = 0, xi = −10cm = −0.1m
 Point C (final state): v f = 0, y f = h = d sin  , x f = 0
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
mvi + mgyi + kxi = mv f + mgy f + kx f
2 2 2 2
1 2
kxi = mgy f = mgd sin 
2
kxi2 1
d= 2
mg sin 
0.5(625 N / m)( −0.1m) 2
=
(0.5kg )(9.8m / s 2 ) sin 30 
= 1.28m
A block projected up a incline
 Point A (initial state): vi = 0, yi = 0, xi = −10cm = −0.1m
 Point B (final state): v f = ?, y f = h / 2 = d sin  / 2, x f = 0
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
mvi + mgyi + kxi = mv f + mgy f + kx f
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 h k 2
kxi = mv f + mg ( ) xi = v 2f + gh
2 2 2 m
h = d sin  = (1.28m) sin 30 = 0.64m
k 2
vf = xi − gh
m
= ...... = 2.5m / s
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
 Conservative forces
 Mechanical Energy is conserved under the
action of such forces.
 Examples: Gravity, Spring Force, EM forces
 A force is conservative if the work it does is
path independent.
 The work depends only on the initial and
final positions of the object
 Has Potential Energy associated with it
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓
1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥𝑖 − 𝑘𝑥𝑓
2 2
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
 Nonconservative forces
 Mechanical Energy is dissipated when these forces act.
 Examples: Kinetic friction, air drag forces, tension forces, applied
forces …
 A force is nonconservative if the work it does depends on the path
taken
 For a non-conservative force, potential energy can NOT be defined
 Work done by a nonconservative force
𝑊𝑛𝑐 = ෍ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑Ԧ = −𝑓𝑘 𝑑 + ෍ 𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
 It is generally dissipative. The dispersal

of energy takes the form of heat or sound
Extending The Work-Energy Theorem
 The work-energy theorem can be written as:
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑛𝑐 + 𝑊𝑐 = Δ𝐾
 𝑊𝑛𝑐 represents the work done by all nonconservative forces
 𝑊𝑐 represents the work done by all conservative forces
 Any work done by conservative forces can be accounted for by

changes in potential energy
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝐸𝑖 − 𝑃𝐸𝑓 = −ΔU
 Then
𝑊𝑛𝑐 = Δ𝐾 − 𝑊𝑐 = Δ𝐾 + Δ𝑈 = 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 = 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐸𝑖 = Δ𝐸
Example: Changes in Mechanical Energy
A 3-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp is 1 m in length and inclined at an
angle of 30° as shown. The crate starts from rest at the top. The surface in
contact have a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.15. Use energy methods to
determine the speed of the crate at the bottom of the ramp.
1 1 1 1
− fd + Wotherforces = ( mv2f + mgy f + kx 2f ) − ( mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2 )
2 2 2 2
1 N
− k Nd + 0 = ( mv2f + 0 + 0) − (0 + mgyi + 0)
2
𝒇𝒌
k = 0.15, d = 1m, yi = d sin 30 = 0.5m, N = ?

N − mg cos = 0
1
− k dmg cos = mv2f − mgyi
2
v f = 2 g ( yi − k d cos ) = 2.7m / s
Example: Changes in Mechanical Energy
A 3-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp is 1 m in length and inclined at an angle
of 30° as shown. The crate starts from rest at the top. The surface in contact have
a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.15. How far does the crate slide on the horizontal
floor if it continues to experience a friction force.
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
− fd + Wotherforces = ( mv f + mgy f + kx f ) − ( mvi + mgyi + kxi )
2 2 2 2
1
− k Nx + 0 = (0 + 0 + 0) − ( mvi2 + 0 + 0)
2
k = 0.15, vi = 2.7m / s, N = ?
N − mg = 0
1 2 vi2
− k mgx = − mvi x= = 2. 5 m
2 2 k g
Example: Block-Spring Collision
 A block of mass of 0.8 kg and initial velocity 𝑣𝑖 = 1.2 𝑚/𝑠 to the right
collides with a spring of negligible mass and spring constant k = 50 N/m as
shown in figure. Assuming the surface to be frictionless, calculate the
maximum compression of the spring after the collision.
1 2 1 1 1
mv f + mgy f + kx 2f = mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1
mvmax + 0 + 0 = mvA2 + 0 + 0
2 2
m 0.8kg
xmax = vA = (1.2m / s) = 0.15m
k 50 N / m
Example: Block-Spring Collision
 A block of mass of 0.8 kg and initial velocity 𝑣𝐴 = 1.2 𝑚/𝑠 to the right collides
with a spring of negligible mass and spring constant k = 50 N/m as shown in
figure. If a constant force of kinetic friction acts between the block and the
surface, with µk = 0.5, what is the maximum compression xc in the spring.
1 1 1 1
− fd + Wotherforces = ( mv2f + mgy f + kx 2f ) − ( mvi2 + mgyi + kxi2 )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
− k Nd + 0 = (0 + 0 + kxc ) − ( mvA + 0 + 0)
2 2
N = mg and d = xc
1 2 1 2
kxc − mvA = −k mgxc
2 2
25 xc2 + 3.9 xc − 0.58 = 0 xc = 0.093m
Example: Connected Blocks in Motion
 Two blocks are connected by a light string that passes over a frictionless pulley. The block
of mass m1 lies on a horizontal surface and is connected to a spring of force constant k. The
system is released from rest when the spring is unstretched. If the hanging block of mass
m2 falls a distance h before coming to rest, calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block of mass m1 and the surface.
− fd + Wotherforces = KE + PE
1
PE = PEg + PEs = (0 − m2 gh) + ( kx 2 − 0)
2
1
− k Nx + 0 = −m2 gh + kx 2
2
N = mg and x=h
1
1
− k m1 gh = −m2 gh + kh 2 m2 g − kh
2 k = 2
m1 g
Collisions
Collisions – Characteristics
 “Collision” is an event during which two particles come
close to each other and interact by means of forces
 May or may not involve physical contact
 The time of collision is assumed to be very short
 The interaction forces are assumed to be much greater

than any external forces present
 This means the impulse approximation can be used
Collisions – Example 1
 Collision is the result of direct contact

 Impulsive forces vary in time in
complicated ways
 These forces are internal to the
system
 Momentum is conserved
Collisions – Example 2
 Collision takes place without physical

contact between the particles
 There are still forces between the
particles
 Momentum is conserved
Types of Collisions
 Momentum is conserved in any collision
 Inelastic collisions: rubber ball and hard ball
 Kineticenergy is not conserved
 Perfectly inelastic collisions occur when the objects stick
together
 Elastic collisions: collision between billiard balls
 BOTH momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
 Actual collisions
 Most collisions fall between elastic and perfectly inelastic
collisions
Perfectly Inelastic Collisions
 In a perfectly inelastic collision, two objects
stick together after the collision.
 Conservation of momentum
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣𝑓
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖
𝑣𝑓 =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
 Kinetic energy is NOT conserved
Example: An SUV Versus a Compact
An SUV with mass 1.80 x 103 kg is travelling eastbound at +15.0 m/s, while a
compact car with mass 9.00 x 102 kg is travelling westbound at -15.0 m/s. The
cars collide head-on, becoming entangled.
 Find the speed of the entangled cars after the collision.

 Find the change in the kinetic energy of the system consisting of both
cars.
Find the speed of the entangled cars after the collision.
pi = p f
m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2 )v f
m1v1i + m2 v2i m1 = 1.80 10 3 kg , v1i = +15m / s

vf =
m1 + m2 m2 = 9.00 10 2 kg , v2i = −15m / s
v f = +5.00m / s
Find the change in the kinetic energy of the system consisting of both cars.
m1 = 1.80 10 3 kg , v1i = +15m / s
v f = +5.00m / s
m2 = 9.00 10 kg , v2i = −15m / s
2
1 2 1 2
𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 3.04 × 105 𝐽
2 2
1 2 1 2
𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 = 3.38 × 104 𝐽
2 2
Δ𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = −2.70 × 105 𝐽
Elastic Collisions – 1D
 Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓
2 2 2 2
 Typically, the final velocities are unknowns

 Solve the equations simultaneously
Elastic Collisions –1D
 Start with the KE equation 1 1 1 1
m1v1i + m2 v2i = m1v1 f + m2 v22 f
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
 Rewrite it as 𝑚1 (𝑣1𝑖 − 𝑣1𝑓 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2𝑓 − 𝑣2𝑖 )
𝑚1 (𝑣1𝑖 − 𝑣1𝑓 )(𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑣1𝑓 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2𝑓 − 𝑣2𝑖 )(𝑣2𝑓 + 𝑣2𝑖 ) (*)
v1i − v 2i = −( v1f − v 2 f )
 The momentum equation is m1v1i + m2 v2i = m1v1 f + m2 v2 f
 Rewrite it as 𝑚1 (𝑣1𝑖 − 𝑣1𝑓 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2𝑓 − 𝑣2𝑖 ) (**)
 Combining (*) and (**) v1i + v1 f = v2 f + v2i
Two-Dimensional Collisions
 The total momentum of a system in each
direction is conserved if the system is
isolated.
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓𝑥
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓𝑦
 If the collision is elastic, kinetic energy is

conserved as well.
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓
2 2 2 2
 The equation 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑣1𝑓 = 𝑣2𝑓 + 𝑣2𝑖 in 1D
doesn’t apply for 2D Collision
2-D Collision, Example
 Given: 𝑚1 = 1 kg, 𝐯1𝑖 = 10 mΤs 𝑖Ƹ and 𝑚2 = 2 kg, 𝐯2𝑖 =0. Assume a perfectly
elastic collision after which particle 1 moves in a direction that makes 30°
above the x axis. Find the final velocities of the particles.
Solution
 Initial momentum in the x-direction:
𝑃𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 = 1 kg × 10 m/s 2 = 10 kg.m/s2
 In the y-direction, the initial momentum is
𝑃𝑖𝑦 = 0
2-D Collision, Example
 After the collision, the momentum in the x-direction is
𝑃𝑓𝑥 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 cos 𝜃 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 cos 𝜙
𝑃𝑓𝑥 = 1𝑣1𝑓 cos 30° + 2𝑣2𝑓 cos 𝜙
 After the collision, the momentum in the y-direction is
𝑃𝑓𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 sin 𝜃 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 sin 𝜙
𝑃𝑓𝑦 = 1𝑣1𝑓 sin 30° − 2𝑣2𝑓 sin 𝜙
 By conservation of momentum: 𝑃𝑖𝑥 = 𝑃𝑓𝑥 and 𝑃𝑖𝑦 = 𝑃𝑓𝑦
10 = 1𝑣1𝑓 cos 30° + 2𝑣2𝑓 cos 𝜙 (1)
0 = 1𝑣1𝑓 sin 30° − 2𝑣2𝑓 sin 𝜙 (2)
 Since the collision is elastic, kinetic energy is
conserved
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓
2 2 2 2
2 2
102 + 0 = 𝑣1𝑓 + 2𝑣2𝑓 (3)
2D Collision Example
A 20-kg body moves to the right along Hint:
the x-axis with a speed of 200 m/s. a) Apply conservation of momentum.
Owing to an internal explosion, it
′ ′ ′
breaks into three parts. One part, 𝑚𝑣𝑥 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑥 + 𝑚3 𝑣3𝑥
whose mass is 10 kg, moves away from ′ ′ ′
0 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑦 + 𝑚3 𝑣3𝑦
the point of explosion with a speed of
100 m/s along the positive y-axis. A b) Energy released
second fragment, with a mass of 4 kg,
moves along the negative x-axis with a 𝐸 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖
speed of 500 m/s. 1 ′2
1 ′2
1 ′2
1
𝐸= 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 + 𝑚3 𝑣3 − 𝑚𝑣 2
a) What is the speed of the third (6 kg) 2 2 2 2
fragment ?
Answer
b) How much energy was released in a) v3 = 1,014 m/s.
the explosion (ignore gravity)? b) The energy release is 3.23 MJ.
The Center of Mass
 There is a special point in a system or
object, called the center of mass, that
moves as if all of the mass of the system is
concentrated at that point
 The CM of an object or a system is the point,

where the object or the system can be
balanced in a uniform gravitational field
 For an object of uniform density, the CM

coincides with the geometric center Display Simulation
Where is the Center of Mass ?
 Two bodies in 1 dimension
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2
𝑥𝐶𝑀 =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
Where is the Center of Mass ?
 Assume 𝑚1 = 1 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 3 𝑘𝑔, and 𝑥1 = 1 𝑚, 𝑥2 = 5 𝑚, where is
the center of mass of these two objects?
A) 𝑥𝐶𝑀 = 1 𝑚
B) 𝑥𝐶𝑀 = 2 𝑚
C) 𝑥𝐶𝑀 = 3 𝑚
D) 𝑥𝐶𝑀 = 4 𝑚
E) 𝑥𝐶𝑀 = 5 𝑚
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2
𝑥𝐶𝑀 =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
Center of Mass for a System of Particles
 General case: N bodies and three dimension
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
1 1 1
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝐶𝑀 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑧𝐶𝑀 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝑧𝑖
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑁
1
𝑟Ԧ𝐶𝑀 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟Ԧ𝑖
𝑀
𝑖=1
 where 𝑀 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯
Example
Three particles of masses 𝑚1 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 2.5 𝑘𝑔, and 𝑚3 = 3.4 𝑘𝑔 form an
equilateral triangle of edge 𝑎 = 140 𝑐𝑚. Where is the center of mass of this
system? (𝑚1 is at (0,0), 𝑚2 is at (140 cm,0), and 𝑚3 is at (70 cm, 120 cm), as
shown in the figure below.)
1 n
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
xCM =
M

i =1
mi xi =
m1 + m2 + m3
1 n
m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3
yCM =
M

i =1
mi yi =
m1 + m2 + m3
xCM = 82.8 cm and yCM = 57.5 cm
Example
 Bob and Sherry are lying on the ice, a fishing hole of radius 1.00 m cut in the ice
halfway between them. A rope of length 10.0 m lies between them, and they
both grip it and begin pulling, as in the figure. Bob has mass of 𝑚𝐵 = 85.0 kg and
Sherry has mass of 𝑚𝑆 = 48.0 kg, so Sherry reaches the hole, first. Where is Bob
at that time? Assume the hole is centred on the origin and that Bob and Sherry
start at 𝑥𝐵 = 5.00 m and 𝑥𝑆 = – 5.00 m, respectively. Neglect forces of friction.
Solution
 Calculate the center of mass using the initial positions:
𝑚𝑆 𝑥𝑆 +𝑚𝐵 𝑥𝐵 48.0 𝑘𝑔 −5.00𝑚 + 85.0 𝑘𝑔 5.00𝑚
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = = = 1.39 𝑚
𝑚𝑆 +𝑚𝐵 48.0 𝑘𝑔+85.0 𝑘𝑔
 Find Bob’s position using the CM equation and the fact that Sherry reaches
the hole first:
𝑚𝑆 𝑥𝑆 +𝑚𝐵 𝑥𝐵 48.0 𝑘𝑔 −1.00𝑚 + 85.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑥𝐵
1.39 𝑚 = =
𝑚𝑆 +𝑚𝐵 133 𝑘𝑔
𝑥𝐵 = 2.74 𝑚
 So when Sherry reaches the edge of the fishing hole, Bob is still nearly two
meters away from the edge on his side of the hole.

Phys 1011-Chapter 2-3

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Phys 1011, Instructor: Mesfin Tadesse (PhD), Department of Physics, AAU 08/06/2022 1

Work, Energy and Linear Momentum

Work and Energy

𝑊 = (𝐹 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃

𝑭 and Δ𝒙 are parallel

 What is the physical meaning of the negative sign?

 But work is done to lift the book up

 Without energy, there could be no motion

 EX. A student pushing a desk across the floor is doing work on

Work done against gravity to lift an object a height h is W = mgh

W1: (a) 5000J, (b) 1000J, (c) -1000J

 Remember work is a scalar, so this is the

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑔 + 𝑊𝑁 + 𝑊𝐹 = (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 cos 𝜃)Δ𝑥

𝑊𝐹 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 Δ𝑥 = 120 cos 30° × 5.00 = 520 J

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝐹 + 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 + 𝑊𝑁 + 𝑊𝑔 = 5.2 × 102 𝐽 − 4.3 × 102 𝐽 + 0 + 0 = 90.0𝐽

 Power is the product of force and velocity

𝑃 = 𝐹 Δ𝑥/Δ𝑡 Alternatively, calculate the speed

 The engine used 17,500 watts of power

 Then: Wnet = Δ𝐾 (Work–Energy Theorem)

 (a) We know: 𝑣0 = 35.0𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑚 = 1.00 × 103 𝑘𝑔, 𝑓𝑘 = 8.00 × 103 𝑁

 The equality is true even if the force is not constant

For the teddy bear

For the bouncing ball

𝐼Ԧ = Δ𝑝Ԧ = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣Ԧ𝑖

𝑝𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 = (1.5 × 103 𝑘𝑔)(+2.6𝑚/𝑠) = +0.39 × 104 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠

Δ𝑝 𝐼 2.64 × 104 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠

 In an isolated and closed system, the

 This is called conservation of mechanical energy.

𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑔(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑓 ) = 2(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )(10𝑚 − 5𝑚) = 9.9𝑚/𝑠

NB: The work done by the spring force

h = d sin  = (1.28m) sin 30 = 0.64m

𝑊𝑛𝑐 = ෍ 𝐹Ԧ ⋅ 𝑑Ԧ = −𝑓𝑘 𝑑 + ෍ 𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

 It is generally dissipative. The dispersal

 Any work done by conservative forces can be accounted for by

− fd + Wotherforces = KE + PE

 The time of collision is assumed to be very short

 The interaction forces are assumed to be much greater

 Collision is the result of direct contact

 Collision takes place without physical

 Find the speed of the entangled cars after the collision.

m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2 )v f

m1v1i + m2 v2i m1 = 1.80 10 3 kg , v1i = +15m / s

𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓

 Typically, the final velocities are unknowns

 Rewrite it as 𝑚1 (𝑣1𝑖 − 𝑣1𝑓 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2𝑓 − 𝑣2𝑖 ) (**)

 Combining (*) and (**) v1i + v1 f = v2 f + v2i

 If the collision is elastic, kinetic energy is

𝑃𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚1 𝑣1𝑖 = 1 kg × 10 m/s 2 = 10 kg.m/s2

 In the y-direction, the initial momentum is

 The CM of an object or a system is the point,

 For an object of uniform density, the CM

 Two bodies in 1 dimension

xCM = 82.8 cm and yCM = 57.5 cm

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