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5 - Composition and Functions of Cell Membrane Transport Systems Lecture

The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It is composed of a lipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins. The lipid bilayer is formed from phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. It allows selective permeability and transport of molecules via diffusion, channels, carriers, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Membrane proteins perform important roles like transport, signaling, and maintaining cell shape. The membrane regulates movement of substances in and out while maintaining intracellular conditions.

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15 views32 pages

5 - Composition and Functions of Cell Membrane Transport Systems Lecture

The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It is composed of a lipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins. The lipid bilayer is formed from phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. It allows selective permeability and transport of molecules via diffusion, channels, carriers, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Membrane proteins perform important roles like transport, signaling, and maintaining cell shape. The membrane regulates movement of substances in and out while maintaining intracellular conditions.

Uploaded by

godara28p
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Composition and Functions of Cell

Membrane; Transport System


CBTIS Module – MED 7510
(Biochemistry)
Learning Competencies
1. Discuss the structure and composition of the
cell membrane in terms of:
1.1. Components of the lipid bilayer
1.2. Integral and peripheral proteins
2. Explain the functions of the cell membrane
and its components.
3. Describe the different transport systems
found in the cell membrane
What is the cell membrane?

➢ also termed plasma membrane

➢ boundary that provides the cell its


individuality

➢ thin, fluid, asymmetric and plastic film that


has a measurement of only 7.5 to 10
nanometers

➢ lipid bilayer

➢ selectively permeable
Lipid Bilayer

⚫ Amphipathic
– Hydrophilic:
“water-loving” polar
head group
– Hydrophobic:
“water-hating” non-
polar tails
Fluid Mosaic Model (Singer and Nicolson, 1972)

The cell membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules


bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
LIPIDS

⚫ phospholipids,
glycolipids and sterols

⚫ insoluble in water

⚫ form the cell membrane

⚫ lipid-soluble substances
(i.e. O2, CO2, steroid
hormones) readily cross
the cell membrane
Phospholipids

Phosphoglycerides have Myelin; made up of


glycerol backbone sphingomyelin that has a
sphingosine backbone
Cholesterol

⚫ Most common sterol in


membranes

⚫ Generally more
abundant toward the
outside of the plasma
membrane

⚫ Intercalates among
phospholipids
Temperature and Membrane Fluidity
PROTEINS
Two Major Populations of Membrane Proteins
⚫ Integral membrane
proteins
– globular, amphipathic
and firmly embedded
in the lipid layers in
an asymmetrical
manner
– e.g. transmembrane
proteins
– interact with the
phospholipids
– require the use of
detergents for their
solubilization
Integral proteins of the RBC membrane

Anion exchange
protein (band 3)

- multipass transmembrane protein


- anion transporter that allows bicarbonate (HCO3) to
cross the membrane in exchange for chloride
- this increases the amount of CO2 the blood can deliver
to the lungs
- it’s N-terminal binds ankyrin and other peripheral
proteins
Integral membrane proteins

Glycophorins

⚫ single-pass transmembrane
glycoproteins
⚫ 3 types: A, B and C
⚫ type A - 60% of its mass being
glycosylated.
⚫ contains 90% of the membranes
sialic acid which is located in this
protein.
⚫ C-terminal binds to protein 4.1.
⚫ Has binding sites for plasmodium
falciparum and influenza virus
Two Major Populations of Membrane Proteins
⚫ Peripheral membrane
proteins
– loosely bound to the
outer or inner surface
of the membrane

– do not interact directly


with the phospholipids
in the bilayer

– do not require the use


of detergents for their
release
Peripheral membrane proteins
Spectrin (Band 1)
⚫ principal component of the cytoskeleton
⚫ 100 nm long
⚫ underlies the RBC membrane accounting for its
biconcave shape and its flexibility
⚫ Four binding sites: for self-association, for
ankyrin, actin, and protein 4.1
Common functions of plasma membrane in
all cells

1. Transports nutrients into and metabolic wastes out of


the cell.

2. Prevents unwanted materials in the extracellular fluid


from entering the cell.

3. Prevents loss of needed metabolites.

4. Maintains the proper ionic composition, pH and


osmotic pressure of the cytosol.
Roles of Membrane Proteins

⚫ channels or pores
⚫ carrier proteins
⚫ enzyme

⚫ function in signal
transduction

⚫ function for
intercellular joining

⚫ help maintain cell


shape and fix the
location of certain
membrane proteins
Other functions of plasma membrane
A. Functions attributed to proteins and glycolipids:

1. Form specific contacts and junctions bet. cells to


a) strengthen tissues
b) allow the exchange of metabolites

2. Anchoring points for many of the cytoskeletal fibers


that permeate the cytosol imparting shape and
strength to cells

3. Oligosaccharide chain attached to ceramide


determines the blood type of a person
ABO Discovery in 1901 laid down the basis for
blood typing

◼ Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner, discovered the first three


human blood groups, A, B, and O
◼ AB was added by Decastrello and Sturli in 1907
Red cell antigens
Modes of Transport Across the Cell Membrane
⚫ Simple diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Primary Active Transport
Transport systems based on the direction
of movement of the solute

1. Uniport system moves one type of molecule


bidirectionally

2. Cotransport systems – transfer of one solute


depends upon the simultaneous or sequential
transfer of another solute
a. Symport – moves two solutes in the same
direction (eg., Na-sugar transporter)
b. Antiport – moves two molecules in
opposite directions (eg, Na in and Ca
out)
Glucose transport two mechanisms
Endocytosis &Exocytosis
Endocytosis
⚫ Endocytosis requires:
1. energy, usually from hydrolysis of ATP
2. Ca++ in extracellular fluid
3. contractile elements in the cell (microfilament
system)

⚫ Two general types:


1. Phagocytosis – in macrophages and granulocytes
- ingestion of viruses, bacteria, cells or debris

2. Pinocytosis – property of all cells and leads to


cellular uptake of fluid and fluid contents
Pinocytosis

⚫ Two types of pinocytosis:


1. Fluid-phase pinocytosis
- nonselected, random, nondirected
- uptake of molecule is proportionate to its
concentration in ECF
- occurs more rapidly than membranes
are made
- membrane must be replaced by
exocytosis or by recycling
Pinocytosis, types …

2. Absorptive pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated selective process
- occurs in coated pits lined with protein
clathrin
- the high-affinity receptors:
a. permit the selective concentration of
ligands
b. minimize the uptake of fluid or soluble
unbound molecules
c. markedly increase the rate at which
specific molecules enter the cell
Receptor Mediated Uptake of LDL

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