ISSN 2394-9678

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp: (60-67), Month: September 2023 - August 2024, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

Design and evaluation of an IoT-based energy

meter/power limiter to improve the
management of low-voltage electrical
subscribers - a case study of SNEL Likasi -
DRC
ILUNGA WA LUNDA ARIEL1
1
Department of Electronics and Computer Science Institut Supérieur Pédagogique et Technique /Likasi (ISPT/Likasi)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10450336
Published Date: 02-January-2023

Abstract: Subscriber management in a low voltage distribution network is nowadays becoming a complex task which
requires accurate data collection as well as rapid and pragmatic actions. The use of traditional methods putting
human and all his imperfections at the center for billing, control and other interventions has therefore become
obsolete, making this way of working an ineffective method. A modern way to solve this problem and improve
subscriber management is to replace human with modern technological means facilitating easy and transparent
communication between subscribers and the company and vice versa. This is why we propose in this paper an IoT-
based energy meter for efficient data collection and easy (remote) management of subscribers. The proposed system
uses a microcontroller, sensors, an OLED display, a relay module, a GSM module and web technologies including
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, MySQL and PHP to produce two artifacts, a smart meter and a web application. The
evaluation of the results showed that the system is able to help to improving the management of SNEL low voltage
subscribers.
Keywords: electrical energy, energy meter, electrical grid, low-voltage subscriber, IoT, SNEL, web app, power
limiter.

I. INTRODUCTION
Energy metering is an important task in the management of electrical subscribers in the energy distribution. It requires care,
accuracy and transparency in handling data. It mainly allows the energy provider to produce electricity bills and charge
subscribers based on their energy consumption on a regular basis. It is usually based on an energy meter often placed in the
house of customers so that both the subscriber and the energy provider can access information of energy consumption. Since
the advent of the integration of the internet of things (IoT) in energy metering, this operation has positively changed the
way of managing electrical energy and subscribers in an electrical grid [1]. This novel technology allows devices to
communicate and exchange data between them via internet. It has the capability to solve many problems in different areas
and improve the efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit of a system [2]. Similarly, the successful integration of IoT in
the energy metering system can lead to energy wastage reduction, meter reading facilitation and remote control, more
accuracy in meter reading, fault detection, less operation cost and the removal of possible corruption related to meter reading
[3], [4].

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Novelty Journals
 ISSN 2394-9678
International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp: (60-67), Month: September 2023 - August 2024, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

Despite all the opportunities that offers the integration of the IoT in the energy metering nowadays, the National Company
of Electricity (SNEL) of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has not yet implemented this technology in the
management of electricity customers. Actually, the company uses two different methods of energy metering supported by
electromagnetic and electronic type of energy meter, which offer no possibility of be-directional communication between
the company and the energy meter installed in the houses of customers in order to read and control energy meter remotely
from a single control room. Thus, the company still produces electricity bills based on meter reading performed by operators
who go house to house to read the energy meter for customers who have energy meter. The same principle is also applied
for the bills distribution and the payment control. In addition to this, some customers do not have energy meter for billing
electricity, so they are billed for energy consumption on an inaccurate basis. Such practices can be prone to mismanagement
of electricity subscribers, which can lead to corruption, energy waste and theft, high management costs and huge loss of
money, time consuming, errors, etc. We therefore introduced this study to assess to what extent an energy meter/ power
limiter based on IoT could help the national company SNEL to improve the management of its energy and electricity
subscribers since this question has not yet been addressed.
The purpose of this study is to analyze current problems in the management of electrical subscribers and propose a system
made up with a smart energy meter and a web application in order to solve these problems and help the company improve
the management of its customers. To fulfill this, specific objectives of the study are: (1) primary investigation through
observation, questionnaire, and interview on the subscriber management system to highlight current problems, and define
our system requirements according to that; (2) Design and develop an energy meter and a web application (IoT-based energy
meter) using the Arduino platform and web technology including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP and MySQL; (3) evaluate
the system through different use criteria to determine how well it fulfill the requirement and how useful it can be in the
management of electrical subscribers of the SNEL.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

According to [5], the smart energy meter has advantages over traditional energy meters by integrating features such as load-
side management, data recording and alarms, accuracy and two-way communication with facilities.
On the other hand, research [6] addresses two questions regarding smart energy metering: (1) «What factors influence the
acceptance and use of smart meters in organizations? »; (2) «What are the benefits of smart meter technology for
organizations? » The results of this research show that there are no conclusive studies on the issue of acceptance, however,
the use of smart meters in some countries such as Germany is mandatory for a given category of consumers. However, due
to the need for accurate information and value-added services, organizations are still seeking a compromise between legally
binding support on a national scale and technical support to solve the problem of information gap in electrical grid that do
not have a smart energy meter.
In addition, [2], [3] and [4] proposed in their research an IoT-based energy meter composed of elements of the Arduino
platform (Esp8266, Arduino uno, Arduino mega, GSM module, etc.) and a web application for remote interaction with the
energy meter. The main purpose of their research is to continuously inform energy consumers about their energy
consumption and bill amount via an online web page and SMS alerts.
Furthermore, [8] attempts to ensure power quality and consumer management through IoT-based smart meters. This
research found that IoT-based energy meter can help solve the problem of voltage drops that can damage household
appliances and equipment by monitoring demand and managing customer load in real time.
All the papers reviewed above are conclusive in one or two research questions they address, among others data recording,
remote communication between consumers and their energy meter, advantage of smart energy meter based on IoT, load
management and consumer monitoring in a distribution grid, etc. However, they do not address the question of subscriber
management and the issue of distribution grid stakeholders. Therefore, our paper tries to solve all these problems by
proposing an IoT based energy meter capable of remotely managing subscribers (connection, isolation), ensuring accurate
billing and requiring the subscriber to respect the subscribed power by defining a power ceiling not to be exceeded.

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Novelty Journals
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International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp: (60-67), Month: September 2023 - August 2024, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

III. METHODS /APPROACH

This research was a development type research. For this, our research approach was based on the design science research
cycles, which are relevance cycle, design cycle and rigor cycle as shown in Error! Reference source not found. [9]. The
relevance cycle in our research consisted of data collection and problem highlight in the current management of electrical
subscribers of the SNEL through questionnaire and interview in order to define our system requirements. The design cycle
consisted of designing our proposed system (IoT-based energy meter) and evaluated it based on the data collected in the
relevance cycle. As for the rigor cycle, it consisted of using a base of existing knowledge to the research project to ensure
its innovation by discussing different solution through a critical literature review.

Figure 1: Design science research cycles

3.1 Data collection
For the data collection, we conducted a primary investigation from both sides, the subscriber side and the company side.
On the subscriber side, we have conducted the investigation to be aware of what subscribers face as problems in the current
management through the technic of questionnaire, which has benefited of 200 random participants from the LIKASI town.
We used for this Google Form as tool to create the questionnaire paper and we shared it via social media in order reach
people from different places. On the company side, we used the data we collected from subscriber to formulate relevant
questions with which we conducted the interview with a company agent. The relevance of the question in the interview was
determined by an average calculation of the frequency with which a problem was reported in the questionnaire survey. After
collecting the data, we used a statistical approach to analyze it and draw down the system requirement.
3.2 System design
To meet properly the problem that encounter the SNEL in the management of its subscriber in the town of Likasi DRC, we
propose here a system based on two main components which are: (1) a connected energy meter based on IoT (myMETER)
capable of sending data to a remote server; (2) a web application based on WEB technology for interacting remotely with
the energy meter. The connected energy meter should be installed at the customer’s side and the web application accessible
from the company’s office.
3.2.1 myMETER design
The energy meter is the component responsible for controlling and measuring all the necessary parameters needed to
determine the energy consumption of a subscriber. It is made up with voltage sensor, current sensor, relay module, display
and microcontroller as illustrated Figure 2.

Figure 2: Energy meter circuit diagram

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Novelty Journals
 ISSN 2394-9678
International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp: (60-67), Month: September 2023 - August 2024, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

a. Processing unit
We made use of the Arduino Uno board for the process unit of our system [10].
b. Voltage sensor
For measuring voltage, we made use of the ZMPT101B voltage sensor given in Figure 3. This voltage sensor measures AC
voltages at the input in a range of 0 to 240V and gives at its output a voltage in the range of 0 to 5V DC image of the input
voltage.

Figure 3: View of ZMPT101B AC voltage sensor

c. Current sensor
For current measuring we chose the ASC712 20A current sensor shown in the Figure 4 [12].

Figure 4: View of ASC712 current sensor

This sensor measures the intensity of the current by using the current-to-voltage conversion technique with a direct
relationship between the measured current and the output signal. It can measure a current up to 20A with a maximum current
consumption of 11 mA and a sensitivity of 100 mV/A.
d. GSM module
In order to enable our meter to communicate remotely with the rest of the system (server and web app) through internet, we
made use of the SIM900A GSM/GPRS shield given in figure [13]. SIM900A shield is a GSM modem that uses mobile
network service for making or receiving phone calls, sending or receiving SMS, connecting to internet through GPRS,
TCP/IP, HTTP, and more.
e. Relay module
The relay module is responsible of establishing or cutting the current flowing in the circuit.
f. OLED display
The OLED display was used to display electrical parameter of the energy meter including input voltage, current and energy
consumption. The Figure 5 gives a view of an OLED display.

Figure 5: View of Arduino OLED display

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Novelty Journals
 ISSN 2394-9678
International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp: (60-67), Month: September 2023 - August 2024, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

The operating algorithm of the energy meter is given in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Operating algorithm of energy meter for sending information to the server
3.2.2 mySNEL app design
The web application is the component from which users can interact with the system. It offers a user interface mainly
designed in HTML, CSS and JavaScript; and interacts with the database on the middleware using PHP and MySQL on the
backend user. The user interface offers to the user of the app the ability to manage the entire system. The user can manage
the energy meter in the system, the subscribers, monitor the status of the energy meter including remote activation and
deactivation, etc. The user interface also allows the generation of the bills and the SMS broadcasting to subscriber, which
can contain the amount of the bill and other information. The web app we designed has fivee main pages as described on
Figure 7 below.

Figure 7: Web app pages map

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International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp: (60-67), Month: September 2023 - August 2024, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

3.2.3 Global system architecture

The global system architecture is given in Figure 8 below:

Figure 8: Global system architecture

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The realization of the connected meter based on IoT is given in Figure 9.

Figure 9: View of the connected meter

This meter measures the voltage (U) and the current (I) then calculates the electrical power (P) by the formula:
P=U*I (1)
After calculating the electrical power, it calculates the electrical energy (ε) after a given time (t) by the formula:
ε=P*t (2)
Then sends the result to the web application.
One of the pages of the web app is given in the Figure 10. The web app can allow the company to connect/isolate subscriber,
create/edit and delete subscriber, managing meters as well as users.

Figure 10: view of the subscriber management page of the Web App
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Novelty Journals
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International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp: (60-67), Month: September 2023 - August 2024, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

The result from the questionnaire revealed two main activities that lead to the major problems faced by subscribers. These
activities are: (1) flat rate energy billing; (2) bill payment control. For the energy billing, about 90% of subscribers have no
energy meter as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Statistics of subscribers with energy meters

They all are billed based on the rapport of the production department. This practice leads to poor management of subscriber
billing. It considers that all subscribers of a given area consume the same energy quantity leading to the same amount of
monthly bill although in reality their consumption are different; some consume more than others. Thereby, some subscribers
pay a lower amount than they should while others pay more than their consumption.
As for the bill payment control, the Figure 12 shows that around 30% of subscribers surveyed face money extortion from
the company agents even though they have already paid their bill. This is due to the lack of an easily accessible database of
subscriber payment information.

Figure 12: Statistics of complaints on money extortion during invoice checks

Money extortion usually occurs when the subscriber loses the already paid bill. However, some subscribers in this situation
still manage not to give money thanks to the influence peddling they have.
From the company side, the interview conducted highlighted three main problems on different activities of the company:
(1) difficulties in accessing home of subscribers for bill distribution, control and subscriber isolation in case of bill no-
payment; (2) the respect of energy consumption regarding the power subscribed by the subscriber; (3) the SNEL has no
means of ensuring that the agents sent to the field do their work properly (no reliable feedback). With this, an agent sent to
the field to isolate subscribers not in good standing with bill payment for example can easily be corrupted and not isolate
the subscriber.

V. CONCLUSION
In view of the complaints and observations made within SNEL company, it seems clear that this grid needs to improve its
method of managing subscribers. This can be achieved thanks to the energy meter that we have proposed in this paper as it
is capable of eliminating human intervention which is at the very heart of the problem of good management. However, the
proposed system is limited by the fact that it must necessarily have at least one user (human) for management of the system.
The latter can always be the subject of corruption or the author of extortion of money from subscribers. The improvement

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Novelty Journals
 ISSN 2394-9678
International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp: (60-67), Month: September 2023 - August 2024, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

that our system brings apart from an adequate collection of data is the reduction of potential actors of mismanagement to a
very small number (only the users of the application).
The future researcher can therefore think about solving the management problem at the user level of the proposed system
and/or adding a customer area for monitoring consumption, remote payment, frequently asked questions and experience
sharing to further improve management and service.
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