Common symptoms and signs in

gastrointestinal system

Blok Dasar Diagnosis dan Terapi FK UMI

Indah Lestari Daeng Kanang
 The gastrointestinal history
presenting symptoms
Abdominal pain Bleeding
Appetite and/or weight Jaundice
change Dark urine,pale stool
Nausea and/or vomiting Abdominal swelling
Heartburn Pruritis
Dysphagia Fever
Disturbed defecation
Upper GI symptoms Lower GI Symptoms
Abd Pain Hematochezia

Dysphagia Constipation

Halithosis Diarrhea

Nausea Abdominal pain

Vomiting Bloating

Heartburn

Regurgitation

Hematemesis
and Melena
Abdominal pain
Three broad categories

1. Visceral pain:

➢ when the walls of hollow viscera distended or

stretched
➢ Difficult to localize (diffuse)
➢ Intermittent, colicky, dull aching
➢ Palpable near the midline
➢ Varies in character: burning, cramping,or aching
Visceral pain
Abdominal pain

2.Parietal /somatic pain

➢ Originates in the parietal peritoneum
➢ Caused by inflammation, infction
➢ More severe, steady aching pain and more
localized
➢ Aggravated by movement and coughing
➢ Patient prefer to lie still
➢ Example :appendicitis
 Abdominal pain
3. Referred pain
➢ Felt in more distant
sites
➢ Usually well localized
➢ Pain my be referred
to the abdomen
from the chest,spine
,or pelvis
▪ Duodenal or
pancreatic …..back
▪ Biliary tree…….right
shoulder
▪ Pleurisy or MI…..
Upper abdomen
Think also of non
Abdominal organs

Heart
Lungs
Spine
Metabolic
Aorta
Differential Diagnosis of Abdominal Pain by site
 Abdominal pain
analysis
1. Character: colicky  Peptic ulcer
,burning,steady  Cancer of the stomach
2. Frequency  Acute pancreatitis
3. Duration  Chronic pancreatitis
4. Site  Pancreatic ca
5. Radiation  Biliary colic
6. Severity  Acute cholecystits
7. Aggravating and relieving  Acute diverticulitis
factors  Acute appendicitis
8. Associated symptoms  Acute intestinal obstruction
 Mesentric ischemia
Appetite or weight change

Anorexia: loss of appetite

Anorexia and weight loss :malignancy or depression
Weight loss and increased appetite:
malabsorption,hypermetabolic state
Anorexia and weight gain: hypothyroidism
Increased appetite and weight gain: cushing’s
syndrome,hypoglycemia
Nausea and vomiting

Retching /vomiting/regurgitation
Color ? Clear/mucoid/yellowish/blood
Smell? Fecal odor
Timing of vomiting?
How much? Tea spoon,cupful
Complication of vomiting
➢ Aspiration
➢ Dehydration
Nausea and vomiting
causes

Gastrointestinal disrorders
Pregnancy
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Adrenal insufficiency
Uremia
Hypercalcemia
Liver disease
Drugs
Induced but without anorexia:anorexia/bulemia
nervosa
Heartburn

Sense of burning or warmth that is retrosternal and

may radiate from the epigastrium to the neck
It originate in esophagus
It suggests gastric acid reflux into the esiophagus :
GERD ,often precipitated by a heavy meal ,lying
down,or bending forward
Should be differentiated from pain of coronary artery
disease
Dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing

Solid? liquid?
Difficulty initiating swallowing? Oropharyngeal
dysphagia
Intermittent ?
Progressive?
Location? Pointing to the throat not specific ,pointing
to the chest suggests esophageal disorder
 Causes of dysphagia
 Mechanical obstruction Neuromuscular
• Intrinsin(within esophagus)
➢ Achalasia
➢ Esophageal stricture
➢ Esophageal ca ➢ Diffuse esophageal
➢ Pharyngeal web spasm
➢ Lower esophageal ring ➢ Scelroderma
➢ Foreign body ➢ Myasthenia gravis
• Extrinsic (outside
esophagus) ➢ Myotonia dystrophica
➢ Goiter /mediastinal tumor ➢ Bulbar/pseudobulbar
pulsy
Odynophagia :painful swallowing

It occurs with any sever inflammatory process

involving the esophagus
Infectious esophagitis
Peptic ulceration of esophagus
Caustic damage of esophagus
Esophageal perforation
 Diarrhea
 Frequency/consistency  Nocturnal diarrhoea
 Acute , chronic or recurrent suggests an organic cause
 Descriptive terms:  Aggravating :diet
➢ are the stools greasy or  Tenesmus:intense urge with
oily? straining but little or no
➢ Frothy? foul smelling? result
➢ Floating on the surface or  New travel?dugs?
difficult to flush?  Family history
➢ Accompanying by mucus  Associated symptoms
,pus ,or blood?
Diarrhea

1. Secretory diarrhoea

2. Osmotic diarrhoea

3. Abnormal intestinal motility

4. Exudative diarrhoea

5. Malabsorption
Constipation persistent symptoms of difficult evacuation, stools that
excessively hard, inproductive urges, infrequency, a feeling of incomplete evacuation

 What the patient means?

• Decrease in frequency?
• Hard or painful stool?
• Need to strain hard?
• Sense of incomplete
defecation?
• Shape of stool ? Pencil-like
stool seen in sigmoid ca
• Obstipation: in intestinal
obstruction
Constipation
causes

 Life activities and habit

 Irritable bowel syndrome
 Mechanical obstruction:
➢ Rectal or sigmoid ca
➢ Fecal impaction
❑ Painful anal lesion
❑ Drugs
❑ Metabolic /neurological disorder
GI bleeding

Hematemesis
➢ Coffee-ground or red blood
Melena
➢ Black ,tarry stool
➢ At least 60 ml of blood in GI
Hematochezia
➢ Indicate lower GI or massive upper GI bleeding
 Upper Lower Obscure
Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal
Bleeding Gastrointestinal
bleeding Bleeding

Hematemesis and Red blood or Bleeding from

melena mixed with stool unknown source
where conventional
Bleeding proximal Bleeding distal to upper and lower
to ligament of ligament of Treitz endoscopies were
Treitz unrevealing
Usually
Could be hemodynamically ANEMIA ?
hemodynamically stable Usually
stable or unstable. hemodynamically
stable
 Jaundice/icterus
 Yellow discoloration of the
skin and sclera
 Mechanisms:
➢ Increased production of
bilirubin
➢ Decreases uptake of
bilirubin by the hepatocytes
➢ Decreased the ability of the
liver to conjugate bilirubin
➢ Decreased excretion of
bilirubin
Jaundice/icterus

Color of urine?
Color of the stool ? Acholic stool
Skin itch ;pruritus?
Abdominal pain?
Recurrent?
Risk factors for liver disease?
➢ Hepatitis
➢ Alcholic
➢ Drugs
➢ Hereditary
Abdominal distension

Fat
Fluid
Fetus
Flatus
Faces
‘filthy, big tumor
Past history

Surgical procedure
History of PUD or IBD
Drug history:
➢ NSAID /aspirin
➢ Paracetamol overdose
➢ Halothane/phenytoin/cholthiazide
➢ Rifampicine,sulpha drugs
➢ Anabolic steroid
Social history

Occupation
Recent travel
Alchol history
Contact with jaundiced patients
Sexual history
Any injections(IV drug abuse ,tattooing)
Family history

Bowel cancer

IBD

Splenectomy,anemia ,jaundice

Liver disease
THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
EXAMINATION
General appearance

 The physical attitude :

➢ Peritonitis: lie still

➢ Abdominal colic: restless and rolling in bed

➢ Congestive heart failure: orthopnic

➢ Confused: hepatic encephalopathy

General appearance
nutrition state

Physique:
➢ Appearance consistent with patient age
➢ Thin / obese
➢ Malnourished:
✓ Presence and distribution of body fat
✓ The muscle bulk
✓ The presence of oedema
 Assessment of nutritional state
malnutrition
Wasting of temporalis
muscle
Dry cracked skin
Loss of scalp and body
hair
Poor wound heeling
Wasted limb muscle
Hyporeflexia
Atrophy of
subcutaneous fat
 Assessment of nutritional state
Standard 80% 60%
Skin fold thickness
• Biceps
Adult 12.5 10 7.5
• Triceps: most common male
site
Adult 16.5 13 10
• Infra-scapular female

• Supra-iliac region Nutrtional Normal Moderate Severe

state nutrition dipletion depletion
Assessment of nutritional state

 Body mass index (BMI)

BMI= weight(Kg)/height(m)2

 Normal BMI=18-25
 Overweight =25-29.9
 Obesity>30
 Morbid obesity>40
 BMI<18 require nutritional advice
 General appearance
SKIN

pallor

Site: Cause
➢ Skin ➢ Severe anemia
➢ Mucous membrane ➢ Shock
✓ Mouth ➢ Hypopituitarism
✓ Conjunctiva ➢ Person with thick or
opaque skin
 General appearance
SKIN
Jaundice

in natural daylight

Site
✓ Skin
✓ Sclera
✓ Hard palate
Cause
• Hypebilirubinemia
•
Conjugated unconjugated
 General appearance
SKIN
Pigmentation
➢ Chronic liver disease

➢ Malabsorbtion
Vit B12 deficiency
General appearance
SKIN

Acanthosis Nigricans
Ex : Obesity, Diabetes,
Stomach or Liver cancer
General appearance
The hands/feet

Palmar erythema
 The abdomen
Good light
Relaxed patient
Full exposure: from
above the xiphoid
process to the
symphysis pubis
The groin should be
visible
Techniques of examination

Check that the patient has an empty bladder

Supine position, with a pillow under the head and
perhaps another under the knees
Keep the arms at the sides
Before you begin palpation ask the patient to point
any area of pain
Warm your hands and stethoscope
Watch the patient face for discomfort
Abdominal areas
Inspection
 Inspection
 Lay the subject supine
 General inspection of the
abdomen
➢ symmetry of its shape
➢ the presence of markings
and scars.
➢ the shape (contour)
➢ movement of the abdomen.
➢ Inspect the groin bilaterally
and check for cough
impulse
 Inspection normal findings
Shape
 Symmetrical in shape
 Scaphoid or flat in young
patients of normal weight
 slightly full but not
distended in older age
group due to poor muscle
tone or in subjects who
are mildly overweight
Inspection normal findings

Movement
Rises and falls rhythmically with inspiration and
expiration respectively
Pulsation of the abdominal aorta may be seen in the
epigastrium of a slender person
Inspection abnormal findings

Skin surface
 Striae :recent weight loss except in postpartum females
 Scars :previous surgical operations
 Prominent veins
1. inferior cava obstruction
2. portal hypertension;
 Umbilicus is flat or protruding
1. Umbilical hernia
2. Abnormal intra-abdominal fluid collection (e.g., ascites) or
masses.
3. Tumor
Abnormal findings

Shape or contour
 A sunken abdomen with prominent ribs and bony pelvic
landmarks is seen in emaciated patients
 Symmetrical distension is seen when intra-abdominal content
is increased (adipose tissue in obesity, gravid uterus, increased
bowel contents like gas or fluid in bowel obstruction,
peritoneal fluid in ascites);
 Gross enlargement of the liver may be seen as a bulge in the
right upper quadrant;
 Gross enlargement of the spleen may be seen as a bulge in
the left upper quadrant;
 Enlarged kidneys may be seen as bulges in the lumbar regions
in rare occasions;
 An enlarged urinary bladder or uterus may be seen as a
central rounded suprapubic swelling rising out of the pelvis
Abnormal findings

Movement
 Abdominal movement associated with respiration may be
minimal or absent in peritonitis;
 Gastric peristalsis may be seen across the upper abdomen
from left to right in gastric outlet obstruction;
 In bowel obstruction, vigorous small intestinal peristalsis may
be seen in the center of the abdomen
 Cough impulse
➢ Inguinal hernia
Auscultation
Auscultation

Listen for bowel sounds for at least 30 seconds over

the right lower quadrant
succussion splash : splashing noise due to wave-like
motion of fluid in an air-filled cavity
Steady the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the
right upper quadrant with one hand. Shake the
abdomen from side to side vigorously at the same
time with the other free hand and listen for splashing
sound
 Auscultation
 Listen for bruits
1. The abdominal aorta (A) at the
epigastrium;
2. The renal arteries (R) at the
hypochondrium bilaterally or the
costovertebral angle at the back
bilaterally;
3. The iliac arteries (I) in the center
of each lower quadrant;
4. The femoral arteries (F) just
below the mid-point of the
inguinal ligment bilaterally.
Normal findings

Normal bowel sounds are intermittent and heard as

bursts of continuous sound every 5 to 10 seconds.
Succussion splash may be heard in normal subjects
for up to 3 hours after a meal.
No arterial bruit is heard in the normal abdomen.
No venous hum is heard in the normal abdomen.
Abnormal findings

 Acute bowel obstruction, bowel sounds are exaggerated in

intensity due to increase in peristaltic activity. (borborygmi) •
 Peritonitis bowel peristalsis stops (paralytic ileus) and the
abdomen is silent. •
 Succussion splash heard in a subject more than 3 hours after a
meal is a sign of gastric outlet obstruction..
 Systolic bruit stenosis of the underlying artery.
 Venous hum is rarely heard. When present, it is a sign of
venous collaterals developed secondary to portal
hypertension (cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome)
Palpation
Palpation

Light palpation
1. Abdominal muscle tone
2. Tenderness
3. rebound tenderness..
 When muscle tone is increased, there is resistance to
depression of the abdominal wall by the palpating hand; it
commonly accompanies the presence of tenderness.
 Tenderness is a sign that the peritoneum under the
abdominal wall or the underlying organ is inflamed.
 Rebound tenderness is pain elicited when pressure applied
to the abdomen wall by the palpating hand is suddenly
released. It is a sign that the underlying peritoneum is
inflamed.
 Palpation
Light palpation
The normal abdomen
feels soft to palpation;
There should be no
tenderness or rebound
tenderness
Palpation

Deep palpation
The purpose of deep palpation is to feel for
organs in the depth of the abdominal cavity.
 Palpation
 In slender patients with a
soft abdomen the following
may be palpable:
 the caecum in the right iliac
region
 the transverse colon in the
epigastrium,
 the colon in the left iliac
region if they are filled with
feces
 the pulse of the aorta in the
epigastrium.
Description of abdominal mass

 Location (in the wall of or inside the abdomen; also its position according
to the quadrants or regions of the abdomen and its relation to other
organs).
 Shape (round, oval, irregular, etc).
 Size (in terms of diameters in at least 2 of the 3 dimensions).
 Consistency (hard, firm, rubbery, soft, fluctuant, indentable, pulsating).
 Surface texture (smooth, nodular, irregular, etc).
 Mobility (free or fixed to adjacent tissue, movement in relation to
respiration).
 Tenderness (tender or non-tender).
 Pulsation
Liver palpation
 Liver palpation
 Start in the right iliac fossa
 If liver edge is felt describe:
➢ Size
➢ Surfce
➢ Edge
➢ Consistency
➢ Tender
➢ Pulsatile
➢ ?bruit
Liver palpation

Normal findings
The liver can descend for up to 3 cm on deep
inspiration and its edge can be, though not always,
palpable just below the right costal margin without
being enlarged in many normal subjects.
The normal liver edge is sharp, smooth, soft, and
flexible.
The normal gallbladder is not palpable
Differential diagnosis in Liver palpation
Hepatomegaly Massive Moderate Mild
Metastasis Haemochrmatosis Hepatitis
Alcholic liver Haematological Biliary
disease with fatty disease(CLL,lympho obstruction
infiltration ma)
Hydatid disease
Fatty liver in DM
Myeloproliferativ HIV
Infiltration e.g
e disease The massive
amyloid
Right heart the massive and moderate
failure causes causes
Hepatocellular
ca
Firm and irregular Cirrhosis Metastatic Hydatid disease
disease granuloma
Tender liver Hepatitis Right heart failure Hepatic abcess
HCC
Pulsatile live Tricuspid HCC Vascular
regurgitation abnormalities
 Gallbladder
 courvoisier’s low: Palpable With jaundice
gallbladder in the presence
1. Carcinoma of the head of
of obstructive jaundice is pancreas
due to carcinoma of the 2. Apulla of vater Ca
head of pancrease until
proven otherwise Without jaundice
 Murphy’s sign : inspiratory
effort may be arrested 1. Mucocele or empyema
abruptly due to pain. It 2. Gallbladder ca
indicates acute cholecystitis 3. Acute cholecystitis
Spleen palpation
 Spleen palpation
 The normal spleen in a
healthy subject is not
palpable
 If spleen is not palpable in
supine position ,ask the
patient to turn into right
lateral position and
palpate for the spleen
 (splenomegaly) it does
not appear subcostally
until it is 2 times normal
size.
 Splenomegaly
Splenomegaly Massive Moderate Small
CML Portal Haemolytic
Myelofibrosis hypertension anemia
Malaria Lymphoma Megaloblastic
Kala azar Leukemia anemia
Primary Thalassemia Infection:
lymphom storage disease Viral(hepatitis)
a of Bacteria(SBE)
spleen Connective
tissue disease:
e.g rheumatoid
arthritis,SLE
,polyarteritis
nodosa
Infiltartion:
Amyloid,sarcoid
Kidney palpation

Bimanual technique
Ballottement technique
Right kidney
 The aorta
Upper abdomen left to
the midline
Diameter should not
exceed 3.0cm
Percussion
Percussion

Technique of percussion
Percussion of the abdomen

 Percussion is used to:

1.delineate the borders of the liver,
2.the enlarged spleen,
3.or other masses.
4.to determine if abdominal distention is due to gas-filled
bowels or accumulation of fluid (a condition called ascites).
 When percussion is practiced, always proceed from a
tympanitic or resonant site towards a dull or flat site and
position the middle finger that receives the strike parallel to
the anticipated border and not perpendicular to it.
Liver percussion
Ascites

Shifting dullness
Ascites

Fluid thrill
Appendicitis

Muscular rigidity
Rebound tenderness
Rovsing’s sign
Referred rebound tenderness
Psoas sign
Acute cholecystitis
Murphy’s sign
Rectal examination

 Abdominal examination is not complete without the

performance of rectal examination
✓ Rectal prolapse
✓ Fistula-in ano
✓ Skin tag
✓ Anal fissure
✓ Condylomata accuminata
✓ Thrombosed external haemorrhoid
✓ Anal ca
✓ Pruritus ani
✓ Excoriation from diarrhea
Rectal examination

Palpate the anterior wall of rectum for prostate in

male and cervix in female
Tenderness :
✓ Anal fissure
✓ Ischciorectal abcess
✓ Recently thrombosed pile
✓ Proctitis
✓ Anal ulcer
❖Always inspect finger for blood
Wassalam