RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 9.

91
4. The magnifying glass is made of combination of 944 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
lenses of power + 20 Dand - 4D. If the distance of
80. With the help of a
distinct vision is 25 cm, calculate the size of an
workine am, explain the
utying glass. construction and
object 2cm high seen through the magnify a compound microscope.
(Ans. 10 cm) Write an expression for its magifying power.
5. A magnifying glass is a combination of a convex Compound microscope.A compound microscope is an
lens of focal length 5em and a concave lens of optical device used to see magnified images of tiny
power - 5D. If the distance of distinct vision is objects. A good quality compound microscope can
20 cm, calculate the magnifying power of the produce magnification of the order of 1000.
magnifying glass. (Ans. 4) Construction. It consists of two convex lenses of
Magnifying power of a simple microscope Ais 1.25 short focal length, arranged co-axially at the ends of
less than that of asimple microscope B. lf the power uo sliding metal tubes.
of the lens used in B is 25 D, find the power of lens 1. Objective. It is a convex lens of very short focal
used in A. Given that distance of distinct vision is length fo and small aperture. It is positioned near the
25 cm. (Ans. 20 D) object to be magnified.
7. A child has a near point at 10 cm. What is the 2. Eyepiece or ocular. It is a convex lens of compara
maximum angular magnification the child can have tively larger focal length f. and larger aperture than
with aconvex lens of focal length 10 cm ? (Ans 2) the objective (f, >f) it is positionednear the eye for
HINTS viewing the final image.
The distance between the two lenses can be varied
1. Here m= 26, D= 25 cm, f?
As m=1+
D
26 1+ 25
or f 1 cm. by using rack and pinion arrangement.
f Working (a) When the final image is formed at the
least distance of distinct vision. The object AB to be
2. Use f- and m=l+ f viewed is placed at distance y slightly larger than the
focal length f, of the objectiveO. The objective forms a
3. () Here f+6.25 cm, v=- 25 cm real, inverted and magnified image A' B, of the object
1.1.1 1 1 AB on the other side of the lens O, as shown in
Fig. 9.152. The separation between the objective Oand
1.25 1 Of 5cm.
the eyepiece E, is so adjusted that the image AB lies
6.25 5 within the focal length f of the eyepiece. The image
AB acts as an object for the eyepiece which essentially
(i) Angular magnification, m
D35 5
acts like a simple microscope. The eyepiece Eforms a
virtual and magnified final image A" B' of the object
The final image is formed at infinity when = f. AB Clearly,. the final image A" B' is inverted with
HD 25 respect to the object AB
mf 6.25
4. Power of combination, P= +B= 20- 4 16 D
Focal length of combination, B F; B
F
-m- cm
P 16 4
Objective
25
m=1+=1
f 5/45 Eyepiece
Size of image, I mx 5 x210 cm.
7. For maximum angular magnification,
D=-10 cm

10 10 D

or u - 5 cm Fig. 9.152 Compound Microscope, final image at D.

10 Magnifyging poeer. The magnifying poeer of acompound
microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at
9.92 PHYSICS-XIl

the eye by the final virtual image to the angle subtended at Obviously, magnifying power of the compound
the eye by the object, when both are at the least distance of microscope is large when both f, and f are small.
distinct vision from the eye.
mP.tanß/lu, r D For Your Knowledge
tan a h / D M " > In a compound microscope, the objective is a convex
lens of short focal ength and small aperture, while
Here
h o the eyepiece is a convex lens of short focal length and
As the eyepiece acts as a simple microscope, so large aperture.
> In actual practice, each of the objective and the
eyepiece consists of combination of lenses. To
eliminate chromatic aberration, an objective consists
D of two lenses in contact. To minimise chromatic and
m=1+ e o s an eyepiece consists of
spherical
lenses Iby a certain distance.
twe

As the object AB is placed close to the focus F, of > In a compound microscope, the objectiv and the cypiece
the objective, therefore, 4 - fo are placed afixed distance apart. For focussing on an object,
Also image A B is formed close to the eyelens whose the distance of the objective from that object is changed
focal length is short, therefore v, L=the length of the with the help of a rack and pinion arrangement.
microscope tube or the distance between the two lenses >For large magnifying power, both fg and , have to be
small. Also, f is taken larger than f, so as to increase
the field of view of the microscope.
> The visibility and quality of the image can be
m= [for final image at D) improved by illuminating the object and by using oil
immersion objective.
(b) When the final image is formed at infinity. The >When the final limage is formed at the least distance Dof
magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as distinct vision, the length of the compound microscope,
the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image
formed at infinity to the angle subtended (atthe unaided eye) > When the final image is formed at infinity, the length
by the object. When the image A Blies at the focus of of the compound microscope, L
the eyepiece ie., u, = f,, the image A" B" is formed at
infinity, as shown in Fig. 9.153. Examples based on
Eyepiece Compound Microscope
Formulae Used
1. Magnifying power, m= m, x m,
2. When the final image is formed at the least
distance of distinct vision
Objective m

3. When the final image is formed at infinity,

D LD

Fig. 9 153 Compound microscope, final image at Units Used

o.
Magnification due to objective, b -. The distances 4 4 Vo ,, Dand Lare all in
metre or cm and magnification m has no units.
D-25 m, for a normal eye.
Angular magnification due to eyepiece, m, = D
Example 127- compound microscope with an objectie
Total magnification when the final image is formed of1.0 am focal lengthA and an eyepiece of 2.0 cm focal length
at infinity, has a tube length of 20 cm Caleulate the magnifying power
of the microscope, if the final image is formed at(CBSE
the Dnear
04]
point of the eye.
 RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 9.87
2. Here, u-12 m, -3m, f? the image and the object at the eye, when both are at the least
distan of distinct vision from the eye. Thus,
Magnifying power,
1 1 Angle subtended by the image at the least
distance of distinct vision
f-4m.
or
m Angle subtended by the object at theleast
3 The book placed at 25 cm from the corrective lens distance of distinct vision
must form the virtual image at 50 cm. As the eye is held close to the lens, the angles
u-25 cm, =-50 cm subtended at the lens may be taken to be the angles
1 subtended at the eye. The image A' B is formed at the
fD u 50 25 50 least distance of distinct vision 'D. Let ZA OB =ß
or 50 cm 0.50 m Imagine the object AB to be displaced to position A'B
1
at distance D from the lens. Let ZA'OB =a. Then
Power P==2D
f 050 m magnifying power,
Thus, the corrective lens must be a converging lens MB_tan [: a,B are small angles]
of power 2 D. tan a

AB/ OB AB/ OB
9.43 SIMPLE MICROSCOPE [:: AB = AB]
A" B/OB AB/OB
79. What is a simple microscope ? Give its working _OB-D
principle. Write expressions for its magnifying power OB -x
tohen itforms final image at the least distance ofistinct D
vision and at infinity. m=

Simple microscope. Asimple microscope or a magnifying Let fbe the focal length of the lens. As the image is
glass is just a contex lens of short focal length, held close to formed at the least distance of distinct vision from the
the eye. lens, so
Working principle : When the final image is formed V=-D
at the least distance of distinct vision. When an object Using thin lens formula,
ABis placed between the focus F and optical centre O
of a convex lens ; a virtual, erect and magnified image
AB is formed on the same side of the lens as the
object. Since a normal eye can see an object clearly at we get, 11_1
the least distance of distinct vision D (=25 cm), the -D -x f
position of the lens is so adjusted that the final image is
formed at the distance D from the lens, as shown in or
Fig. 9.150.
or

mel4 D
f
-
Ba
Thus shorter the focal length of the convex lens, the
Eye greater is its magnifying potver.
Working principle: When the final image is formed
at infinity. When we see an image at the near point, it
Fig. 9.150 Asimple microscope with the eye
causes some strain in the eye. Often the object is placed
focussed at the near point. at the focus of the convex lens, so that parallel rays
enter the eye, as shown in Fig. 9.151(a). The image is
formed at infinity, which is more suitable and
Magnifying power. The magnifying power of a simple comfortable
microscope is defined as the ratio of the angles subtended by for viewing by the relaxed eye.
 9.88 PHYSICS-XI
For Your Knowledge
> Least distance of distinct vision (D). The
minimum
distance from the eye, at which the eye can see the
objects clearly and distinctly without any strain is
called the least distance of distinct vision. For a
normal eye, its value is 25 cm.
Near point. The nearest point from the eye, at which
an object can be clearly seen by the eye is called its
(a near point. The near point of a normal eye is at a
Eye focussed distance of 25 cm.
A at infinity > Far point. The farthest point from eye, at which an
object can be seen Cdearly by the eye, is called the far
point of the eye. For a normal eye, the far point is at
infinity.
(b) >Accommodation. It is the ability of the eyelens due to
Fig. 9.151 (a) With object at F, image is at infinity. which it can change its focal length so that images of
objects at various distances can be formed on the
(b) Object at the near point.
same retina.
Magnifying power. It is defined as the ratio of the Power of accommodation. The power of accommo
angle formed by the image (when situated at infinity) at the dation of the eye is the maximum variation of its power
for focussing on near and far objects. For a normal
eye to the angle formed by the object at the eye, when situated eye, the power of accommodation is about 4 dioptres.
at the least distance of distinct vision.
> The magnifying power is expressed with a unit X. So
tan ß if a magnifying glass produces an angular magni
tan a
[a,B are small) fication of 10, it is called a 10 Xmagnifier.
>A simple microscope has alimited maximum magni
From Fig. 9.151(a), fication of about 10, for realistic focal engths. For
much larger magnifications, we use two convex lenses,
tan ß one enhancing (compounding) the effect of the other.
This is known as the compound microscope.
From Fig 9.151(b),
Examples based on
tan a Simple Microscope
D
Formulae Used
h/D 1. When the final image is formed at the least distance
of distinct vision, the magnifying power is
D D
or m= m=1
f
This magnification is one less than the magni 2. When the final image is formed at infinity, the
fication when the image is formed at the near point. magnifying power is m= f
But viewing is more comfortable when the eye is Units Used
focussed at infinity.
Magnification m has no units.
Uses of simple microscopes : D= 25 cm, for a normal eye.
1. Watch makers and jewellers use a magni
fying glass for having a magnified view of Example 118. Athin convex lens of focal length 5cm is
the small parts of watches and the fine used as a simple microscope by a person twith normal near
jewellery work. point (25 cm). Find the magnifying power of the microscope
if the image is formed at (i) infinity, and (i) the least
2. In magnifying the printed letters in a book, istance
textures of fibres or threads of a cloth of distinct vision. (NCERT; 1SCE 221

engravings, details of stamp, etc. Solution. Here f=5 cm, D=25 cm

3. Magnifying glass is used in science laboratories (9mD 25 5. () m=1+1+
for reading vernier scales, etc.