The Nano World

THE NANO WORLD
Prepared by: JAMES PALMA & JADE VICADA

(BSED1-ENGLISH)
OBJECTIVES
1. define nanoscience cleary,

2. discuss the contributions of persons to this subject ; and
3. appreciate the uses of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Guess what?
Sunscreen Clothing
Computer Equipment
Adhesive
Nanoworld of science and technology is of interest to
governments, industries and academia. The prefix “nano”
denotes sizes of of the order of one billionth of a meter.
Nanostructure science and technology is a broad and

interdisciplinary area of research and development activity that
has been growing explosively worldwide in the past few years.
It has the potential for revolutionizing the way in which
materials and products are created and the range and nature of
functionalities that can be accessed (Siege, 1991)
The history of Nanotechnology traces the development of
the concepts and experimental work falling under the broad of
nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is relatively recent
development in scientific research, the development of its
central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The
emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980’s was caused by the
convergence of experimental advances such as inventions of
the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of
fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a
conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology.
Defining the terms
The two terms often used in the literature with reference to the
world of nano materials are nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Nano materials denote divided matter “ as Rao (1999) said, “ If
you take a piece of solid matter (say a metal) containing an
Avogadro number of atoms and go on dividing it to smaller bits,
you will ultimately end up with atom of the substance. Before
that, you will reach a stage of very tiny particles containing 100
to 10,000 atoms. Such as particles with diameters of (1-50nm)
(10-500) Ao are referred to as nanoparticles.
Nanomaterials exhibit properties entirely different from
bulk materials and constitute materials of the future.
Increased surface area and quantum effects are the two key
factors that separate nanomaterials from bulk materials (The
Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004).
A substance of size 3 nm has 50% of its atoms on the surface
compared to a substance of size 30 nm with 5% of its atoms
on its surface. As size decreases more quantum effects begin
to manifest in the form of electrical, magnetic and optical
properties.
Nanoscience refers to the scientific study of materials of
nanometer size, i.e.,one billionth of a meter (The Royal
Society, 1994). It is a combination of developments in solid state
chemistry, synthetic chemistry, molecular biology, solid state
physics and engineering and scanning tunneling microscopy.
According to Alfred Nordmann (cited in Schummer2003)it is a

site-oriented technoscience approach that differs both from
classical theory-driven and problem-driven.
For example, nanosized indium melts at much lower
temperature than respective bulk metal (Allen, 2002).
Copper in extremely thin layers, in the presence magnetic
field, becomes a poor conductor of electricity (Loder, 2005).
Nanotechnology refers to various technologies to produce

materials of extra high precision and dimensions on the scale of
one-billionth of a meter. (Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo Science
University is credited with coining the term nanotechnology in
1974).
Nanotechnology implies the ability to generate and utilize
structures ,components, and devices with a size range from
about 0.1 nm (atomic and molecular scale ) to about 100 nm
(or larger in some situations) by control at atomic molecular
and macromolecular levels" (Roco,1999). One of the most
interesting aspects of nanotechnology is building molecule by
molecule materials similar to those produced by biological
self-assembly, self-organization and self-regulation (Carraher,
Jr. 1994).
What is Nano World?
Richard Feynman
The retroactive rediscovery of Feynman's
"Plenty of Room" gave nanotechnology
a packaged history that provided an early
date of December 1959, and connection
to the charisma and genius of Richard
Feynman. Feynman's stature as a Nobel
laureate and as an iconic figure in 20th
century science surely helped advocates of
nanotechnology and provided a valuable intellectual link to
the past.
Erick Drexler
His paper on the Nanosystems : The
Molecular machinery, Manufacturing and
Computation, received the Association of
American Publishers Award for Best
Computer Science Book of 1992. Drexler
founded the foresight Institute in 1986
with the mission of "Preparing for
nanotechnology."
Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer
Nanotechnology and nanoscience got a boost in the early
1980s with two major developments : The birth of cluster
science and the invention of the scanning tunneling
microscope (STM). These developments led to the discovery
of fullerenes in 1985 andthe structural assignment of carbon
nanotubes a few years later.
The scanning tunneling microscope an instrument for imaging
surfaces at the atomic level was developed in 1981 by Gerd
Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich research Laboratory
for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.
Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber invented the first
atomic force microscope in 1986. The first commercially
available atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.
IBM researcher Don Eigler was the first to manipulate atoms

using a scanning tunneling microscope in 1989. He used 35
Xenon atoms to spell out the IBM logo. He shared the 2010
Kavli Prize in Nanoscience for this work.
Scanning tunneling microscope
Initial commercial applications
The early 2000s saw the beginnings of use of nanotechnology
commercial products, although most applications are limited to the
bulk use of passive nanomaterials.
Examples include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, nanoparticles in

sunscreen, cosmetics and some food products; silver nanoparticles
in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household appliances
such as Silver Nano; carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles;
and cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst.
As of March 11, 2011 project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
estimated that over 1300 manufacturer-identified nanotech
products are publicly available with new ones hitting the market
at a pace of 3-4 per week.
The joint Center for Bioethics in Canada ranked potential uses of

nanosciences and nanotechnologies with respect to development.
The top ten uses follow (BBC News,2005).
Potential Uses
✓ Energy production, conservation and storage
✓ Enhancement of Agricultural productivity
✓ Treatment and remediation of water
✓ Screening and diagnosing diseases
✓ Systems for drug delivery
✓ Processing and storing food
✓ Controlling air pollution
✓ Construction
✓ Monitoring health
✓ Detecting and controlling pests
Do you have
any questions?
Your turn
1. Who developed the Scanning tunneling microscope in the
year of 1981?
2. What does the prefix “nano” mean?
3. Who founded the foresight institute in 1986 with the mission
of “Preparing for nanotechnology”.
4. According to (Roco of 1999). What does Nanotechnology implies?
5. Give at least 3 potential uses of nanosciences and nanotechnologies
with respect to development.
THE NANO WORLD
Prepared by: JAMES PALMA & JADE VICADA (BSED1-

ENGLISH)

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THE NANO WORLD

Prepared by: JAMES PALMA & JADE VICADA

1. define nanoscience cleary,

Nanostructure science and technology is a broad and

According to Alfred Nordmann (cited in Schummer2003)it is a

Nanotechnology refers to various technologies to produce

IBM researcher Don Eigler was the first to manipulate atoms

Examples include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, nanoparticles in

The joint Center for Bioethics in Canada ranked potential uses of

Prepared by: JAMES PALMA & JADE VICADA (BSED1-

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