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Lesson 5 - Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the repeating process of cell growth and division. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated, and mitosis/cytokinesis where the cell divides. Cells spend most of their time in interphase, especially G1 phase. Checkpoints ensure DNA is intact before replication and division. Uncontrolled cell division can lead to disorders if checkpoints are defective.

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Arvin Jay Lamberte
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Lesson 5 - Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the repeating process of cell growth and division. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated, and mitosis/cytokinesis where the cell divides. Cells spend most of their time in interphase, especially G1 phase. Checkpoints ensure DNA is intact before replication and division. Uncontrolled cell division can lead to disorders if checkpoints are defective.

Uploaded by

Arvin Jay Lamberte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Lesson 5: Cell Cycle

Lesson
Objectives:
• Characterize the phases of
the cell cycle and their
control points.
• Describe the stages of
mitosis and meiosis.
• Identify disorders and
diseases that result from
the malfunctioning of the
cell during cell cycle.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA


Guide Question:
1. What is a cell cycle?
2. What are the phases of the cycle?
3. Which of the stage do cells spend most of their
time?
4. What happened if cells reproduce
uncontrollably?
CELL CYCLE
• The cell cycle is a repeating sequence
of cellular growth and division during
the life of an organism.
• A cell spends 90 percent of its time in
the first three phases of the cycle,
which are collectively called
interphase.
• A cell will enter the last two phases of
the cell cycle only if it is about to
divide. T
G1 Phase
• First growth (G1) phase. During the
G1 phase, a cell grows rapidly and
carries out its routine functions.
• For most organisms, this phase
occupies the major portion of the
cell’s life.
• Cells that are not dividing remain in
the G1 phase.
• Some somatic cells, such as most
muscle and nerve cells, never divide.
• Therefore, if these cells die, the body
cannot replace them.
S Phase
• Synthesis (S) phase.
• A cell’s DNA is copied
during this phase.
• At the end of this phase,
each chromosome
consists of two
chromatids attached at
the centromere.
G2 Phase
• Second growth (G2) phase.
• In the G2 phase,
preparations are made for
the nucleus to divide.
• Hollow protein fibers called
microtubules are
rearranged during G2 in
preparation for mitosis.
Mitosis
• The process during cell
division in which the
nucleus of a cell is divided
into two nuclei is called
mitosis.
• Each nucleus ends up with
the same number and
kinds of chromosomes as
the original cell.
Cytokinesis
• The process during cell
division in which the
cytoplasm divides is
called cytokinesis.
Assignment:

1.How do cells know when to divide?


2.What are cells key checkpoints?
CELL CHECKPOINTS
First growth
(G1) checkpoint
• This checkpoint makes the decision of
whether the cell will divide.
• If conditions are favorable for division and
the cell is healthy and large enough, certain
proteins will stimulate the cell to begin the
synthesis (S) phase.
• If conditions are not favorable, cells can
typically stop the cell cycle at this
checkpoint.
• The cell cycle will also stop at this
checkpoint if the cell needs to pass into a
resting period. (𝐺0 )
Certain cells, such as some nerve and muscle cells,
remain in this resting period permanently and
never divide.
What happened when cells cannot
be repaired?
DNA
synthesis/Second
Growth checkpoint

• DNA replication is checked


at this point by DNA repair
enzymes.
• If this checkpoint is passed,
proteins help to trigger
mitosis.
• The cell begins the many
molecular processes that
are needed to proceed into
mitosis.
Mitosis
checkpoint
• This checkpoint triggers
the exit from mitosis.
• It signals the beginning of
the G1 phase, the major
growth period of the cell
cycle.

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