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Lesson 2 - Organelles

This document provides information about organelles found in plant and animal cells. It lists 14 common organelles such as the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell wall, and vacuoles. In plant cells, organelles like chloroplasts and cell walls are present for carrying out photosynthesis and providing structural support. Animal cells contain organelles like lysosomes and centrosomes which aid in waste disposal and cell division. Overall, the document outlines and describes the various subcellular structures that carry out specialized functions within plant and animal cells.

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Arvin Jay Lamberte
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278 views34 pages

Lesson 2 - Organelles

This document provides information about organelles found in plant and animal cells. It lists 14 common organelles such as the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell wall, and vacuoles. In plant cells, organelles like chloroplasts and cell walls are present for carrying out photosynthesis and providing structural support. Animal cells contain organelles like lysosomes and centrosomes which aid in waste disposal and cell division. Overall, the document outlines and describes the various subcellular structures that carry out specialized functions within plant and animal cells.

Uploaded by

Arvin Jay Lamberte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell

Organelles
Cell Organelles
Despite the differences in size and complexity, all cells are mostly composed
of the same substances and they all carry out similar life functions. These
include growth and metabolism and reproduction by cell division.

Cells are made up of subcellular structures that are responsible for different
and specific functions. These structures are known as ORGANELLES.

A number of these organelles are common to both animal and plant cells.
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PLANT CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS
(14)
Plant Cell
Organelles
1
Cell Wall
This is the rigid outermost
layer of a plant cell. It makes
the cell stiff -providing the
cell with mechanical support -
and giving it protection.
2
Cell
Membrane
This is a protective layer that
surrounds every cell and separates
it from its external environment. It
is found just inside the cell wall and
is made up of complex lipids (fats)
and proteins.
3
Cytoplasm
a thick, aqueous (water-based)
solution in which the organelles are
found. Substances such as salts,
nutrients, minerals and enzymes
(molecules involved in metabolism)
are dissolved in the cytoplasm.
4
Nucleus
the ‘control center’ of the cell.
It contains Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), the genetic material that
directs all the activities of the cell.
Only eukaryotic cells have nuclei,
prokaryotic cells do not. The
nucleus is separated from the
cytoplasm by a specialized
membrane called the Nuclear
Membrane
5
Nuclear
Membrane
A double membrane that encloses
the cell nucleus. It serves to separate
the chromosomes from the rest of
the cell. The nuclear membrane
includes an array of small holes or
pores that permit the passage of
certain materials, such as nucleic
acids and proteins, between the
nucleus and cytoplasm.
6
Ribosomes
These are little round structures that
produce proteins. Ribosomes can be
found floating within the cytoplasm
or attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum
7
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
The ER is a membrane system of
folded sacs and tunnels. The ER
helps move proteins within the cell
as well as export them outside of the
cell.
ribosomes

2 TYPES OF
ENDOPLASMIC 8
RETICULUM
(8) Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is
covered with ribosomes.

(9) Smooth endoplasmic


9
reticulum
Has no ribosomes
10
Golgi Body
The Golgi body is a stack of
membrane-covered sacs that
prepares proteins for export from
the cell.
11
Mitochondria
This is the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell. It
converts the energy stored in food
(sugar and fat) into energy-rich
molecules that the cell can use
(Adenosine triphosphate
– ATP for short)
12
Lysosome
The lysosome is the digestive center
of a cell that produces many
different types of enzymes which are
able to break down food particles
and recycle worn out components of
the cell
13
Vacuoles
These are large membrane-enclosed
compartments that store toxic
wastes as well as useful products
such as water. These are mainly
found in plants.
14
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts contain a green
pigment that traps sunlight and
converts it into sugars by a process
called photosynthesis. The sugars
are a source of energy for the plants
and the animals that eat them.
(14)
Animal Cell
Organelles
1
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is a round body
located inside the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell. It is not
surrounded by a membrane but
sits in the nucleus. The nucleolus
makes ribosomal subunits from
proteins and ribosomal RNA,
also known as rRNA.
2
Nucleus
It is an organelle that
contains several other sub-
organelles such as nucleolus,
nucleosomes and
chromatins. It also contains
DNA and other genetic
materials.
3
Ribosomes
They are small organelles
made up of RNA-rich
cytoplasmic granules,
and they are the sites of
protein synthesis.
4
Vesicles
A vesicle is a small structure
within a cell, consisting of fluid
enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
Vesicles form naturally during the
processes of secretion
(exocytosis), uptake
(phagocytosis) and transport of
materials within the cytoplasm
5/8
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
This cellular organelle is
composed of a thin, winding
network of membranous sacs
originating from the nucleus. It
helps move proteins within the
cell as well as export them
outside of the cell.
ribosomes

2 TYPES OF
ENDOPLASMIC 5
RETICULUM
(5) Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is
covered with ribosomes.

(8) Smooth endoplasmic


8
reticulum
Has no ribosomes
6
Golgi
Apparatus
A flat, smooth layered, sac-like
organelle which is located near the
nucleus and involved in
manufacturing, storing, packing
and transporting the particles
throughout the cell.
7
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton has a variety
functions including, giving shape
to cells lacking a cell wall,
allowing for cell movement,
enabling movement of
organelles within the cell,
endocytosis, and cell division.
9
Mitochondrion
They are spherical or rod-shaped
organelles with a double
membrane. They are the
powerhouse of a cell as they play
an important role in releasing
energy.
10
Vacuole
A membrane-bound organelle
present inside a cell involved in
maintaining shape and storing
water, food, wastes, etc.
11
Cytosol
Cytosol is the liquid found
inside of cells. It is the water-
based solution in which
organelles, proteins, and other
cell structures float. Cytosol
contains proteins, amino acids,
mRNA, ribosomes, sugars, ions,
messenger molecules, and
more!
In plant cell, Cytoplasm
12
Lysosome
They are round organelles
surrounded by a membrane
and comprising digestive
enzymes which help in
digestion, excretion and in
the cell renewal process.
13
Centrosome
is an organelle that serves as the
main microtubule organizing
center (MTOC) of the animal cell,
as well as a regulator of cell-cycle
progression. The centrosome is
thought to have evolved only in
the metazoan lineage of
eukaryotic cells.
14
Cell Membrane
A thin semipermeable membrane
layer of protein and fats
surrounding the cell. Its primary role
is to protect the cell from its
surrounding. Also, it controls the
entry and exit of nutrients and other
microscopic entities into the cell.
Biology is the study of
complicated things that have
the appearance of having been
designed with a purpose.
Richard Dawkins
References
● https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-
resources/backgrounders/plant-cell-
structures-and-functions
● https://byjus.com/biology/animal-cell/

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