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001 - Lecture - 7 - Annotated - Inverse Matrix - Cramer's Rule

The document discusses properties of determinants, specifically that expanding a determinant using cofactors from a different row or column than the one being expanded will always yield zero. It provides an example of expanding a 2x2 matrix using the second row but first row cofactors. The document also introduces Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations, which involves replacing the right side vector into each column of the coefficient matrix to obtain the solution components.

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Sahana Nayaka
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25 views20 pages

001 - Lecture - 7 - Annotated - Inverse Matrix - Cramer's Rule

The document discusses properties of determinants, specifically that expanding a determinant using cofactors from a different row or column than the one being expanded will always yield zero. It provides an example of expanding a 2x2 matrix using the second row but first row cofactors. The document also introduces Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations, which involves replacing the right side vector into each column of the coefficient matrix to obtain the solution components.

Uploaded by

Sahana Nayaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Properties of Determinants 7

7) The expansion of a determinant by alien cofactors (the


cofactors of a “wrong” row or column) always yields zero:

(i) Expansion by i-th row; cofactors of k-th row:

a
j 1
ij Ckj  0 (k  i)

(ii) Expansion by j-th column; cofactors of k-th column:


n

a
i 1
ij Cik  0 (k  j )
Expansion by Alien Cofactors
Ex: Expand A using the 2nd row elements but the cofactors
of the 1st row elements
a b c
A   d e f 
 g h i 
Expansion by Alien Cofactors 2

 Reason for result: The expansion is the same as the


regular expansion by 1st row of the matrix A* below

d e f
A*   d e f 
 g h i 

 Linear dependence ==> |A*| = 0


Plan for Today
 Finding A-1

 Solution to a system of linear equations


 Theinverse matrix method
 Cramer’s rule

 Examples
Matrix Inversion
 Suppose A below is non-singular:
 a11 a12 ... a1n 
a a22 ... a2 n 
A  21

 ... ... ... ... 


 
an1 an 2 ... ann 

 We can use Property 7 to find A-1 as follows:


Step 1: Replace each aij with |Cij| to get a cofactor matrix C:

C = [|Cij|]
Matrix Inversion 2
Step 2: Form the transpose C’, called the adjoint of A:

 C11 C21  Cn1 


 
 C12 C22  Cn 2 
C '  adjA 
( nxn )     
 
 C1n C2 n  Cnn 

 Note that C’ is nn ==> can be pre-multiplied by A


Matrix Inversion 3
Step 3: Pre-multiply C’ by A (a 2 x 2 example):
Matrix Inversion 3
Step 3: Pre-multiply C’ by A to get

 n n n

  a1 j C1 j a 1j C2 j   a1 j Cnj 
 j 1 j 1 j 1

 n n n 
  a2 j C1 j a 2j C2 j   a2 j Cnj 
AC '   j 1 j 1 j 1 
( nxn )
    
 n 
 
n n

 anj C1 j a nj C2 j   a1 j Cnj 
 j 1 j 1 j 1 
Matrix Inversion 4
Step 4:
(i) Property 7 ==> in AC’, the elements off the main
diagonal are all = 0
(ii) The elements on the main diagonal are all = |A|
A 0 ... 0
 
 0 A 0 0
AC ' 
n n  ... ... ... ... 
 
 0 0 0 A 

1 1
==> A  adj A
A
Matrix Inversion: Example
3  2
Ex: A   
 0 5 
Solution to a System of
Linear Equations
Solution to a System of Linear Equations

 A vector x* s.t. Ax* = d is called a solution

 If Ax = d has a solution, it is said to be consistent.


Otherwise, it is inconsistent.

 Recall: If A is square and nonsingular, then x* is


unique and can be obtained as:
x* = A-1 d
Solution to a System of Linear Equations 2

 Def: The equation


Ax = 0
is called a homogeneous equation

 The solution x* = 0 to a homogeneous equation is


called the trivial solution
 A solution x* ≠ 0 is a nontrivial solution

 If A is non-singular, Ax = 0 has only a trivial solution:


x* = A-10 = 0
Solution to a System of Linear Equations
2 x1  3 x2  7
 Ex 1: Find the solution to
x1  4 x2  6
2 x1  3 x2  7
x1  4 x2  6
Example 2
tx1  x2  1
2 x2  x3  3
x1  x2  x3  0
tx1  x2  1
2 x2  x3  3
x1  x2  x3  0
1
x A d
* 1
 AdjA d
A
 1  1  1 1 
  
1   
   1 t t   3
t 1
  
  2 t  1 2t   0 
  
Cramer’s Rule

 Let Aj be the matrix obtained from A by replacing the


j-th column with d :

a11 a12 ... d1 ... a1n 


a ... d2 ... a2n 
 21 a22
Aj 
 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
 
an1 an2 ... dn ... ann 

 Cramer’s Rule: If x* solves Ax = d, then


Aj
x 
*
j
A
Cramer’s Rule 2

 Note: |A| ≠ 0 is necessary for the application of


Cramer’s Rule!

 The rule is based on the concept of A-1, even though


in practice it bypasses the process of matrix
inversion

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