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Lecture 12-Computer Networks

Computer networks have evolved over time from connecting mainframes in the 1960s to today's interconnected local and wide area networks. A computer network allows independent computers to exchange information without third party involvement. Common network goals include resource sharing, remote access, high reliability, and data security. Networks can be classified as switched or broadcast and use various topologies like star, ring, tree or mesh. Transmission media include wired technologies like twisted pair, coaxial cable and fiber optic as well as wireless options like radio, microwave and satellite. Network devices help connect and transmit data between computers. Standards like Ethernet, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth enable communication.

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Sandakini Manodya
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11 views

Lecture 12-Computer Networks

Computer networks have evolved over time from connecting mainframes in the 1960s to today's interconnected local and wide area networks. A computer network allows independent computers to exchange information without third party involvement. Common network goals include resource sharing, remote access, high reliability, and data security. Networks can be classified as switched or broadcast and use various topologies like star, ring, tree or mesh. Transmission media include wired technologies like twisted pair, coaxial cable and fiber optic as well as wireless options like radio, microwave and satellite. Network devices help connect and transmit data between computers. Standards like Ethernet, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth enable communication.

Uploaded by

Sandakini Manodya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ICT1012 – Computer Systems

Computer networks

Historical Perspective

Manly early networks efforts focused on


supplying access from a remote terminal device
to a system or host
Network Evaluation
• 1960-Traditanal computer communication
environment centered around the mainframe.
• 1970-Introduction of PCs
– LAN  Primarily to share the printers and
Hard disks
– WAN Facilitate the distributed data
processing
• 1980- interconnect the networks
internetworking
• 1990- required to communicate
– Graphics and images

What is a computer Network?

• Inter connection of autonomous (independent)


computers.
• Two computers are said to be interconnected if
they are able to exchange information without a
third party involvement
Problems with standalone computers

• The administration of software and


hardware is difficult
• Poor utilization of existing resources
• Accessing common facilities is difficult
(eg. Internet)

Network Goals

• Resource Sharing
• Remote Computability
• High Reliability
• Ensure the data consistency
• Message passing
• Standards can be enforced
• Data security and privacy measures can be
enforced
• Save Money
Network Classification

• Switched Networks
– Circuit switched networks
– Packet switched networks

• Broadcast Networks
– Packet radio networks
– Satellite networks

Topologies for switched networks

• Star
• Ring
• Tree
• Mesh
Star

Ring
Tree

Mesh
Topologies using broadcast networks

• Bus
• Ring
• Satellite or Radio

Bus
Ring

Satellite or Radio
Transmission Media

• Guided Transmission
– Twisted pair cable
– Coaxial cable
– Optical fibre cable
• Unguided Transmission
– Radio transmission
– Microwave transmission
– Satellite transmission

Twisted pair cable

• Two insulated wires twisted around each


other to reduce the effects of outside
interference
• One or several pairs contained in a single
cable (usually 4 pairs)
• Unshielded or Shielded forms
Twisted pair

• Data transmission (Shielded)


• Voice transmission (Unshielded)
• Relatively cheapest
• Easy to install
• Suffer from attenuation (reduction in
amplitude and intensity of a signal )
• Data rate
– 9600 bps-64 Mbps
• Error rate down to 10-7

Twisted pair

• UTP (Unshielded Twisted pair) used as a


drop cable from hubs to computer
• Connected to network interface card (NIC)
or to the hub using RJ-45 interface
• UTP base networks which are operating at
10Mbps are popularly named in the industry
as 10-Base-T ethernet networks and
networks which are operating at 100Mbps
speed named as 100-Base-T
10-Base-T

10Mbps Baseband Twisted pair

Note:a digital transmission method is used in


baseband transmission where as analog
transmission is use in broadband
transmission

Coaxial cable
• Two types
– Thin ethernt10Base2
– Thick ethernet10Base5

• The cable is connected to network interface


card using BCN T-connector and BCN male
connector
Coaxial cable
Fibre Optic Cables

• Transmit data by pulses of lights


• Can travel much longer than copper cables
• Less attenuation
• Higher transmission rate
– 1000Mbps
• Much expensive
• Two types
– Multi-mode fibres
– Single-mode fibres

Radio

• 30 MHz to 1 GHz
• Transmission using grounded based
antennae
• Lower attenuation than microwaves
• Suffer from reflection from surrounding high
objects
• Mobile data communication over radio links
Microwave

• 2 to 40 GHz (higher frequency gives grater


bandwith and therefore higher data rate)
• Line of sight transmission using parabolic
dishes
• Range depend on height of dishes
• Affected by climatic condition (rainfall)
• Use for voice and TV telecommunication
• data transmission between buildings to link
up LANs

parabolic dishes
Satellite

• 1 to 30 GHz
• Geostationary Satellite positioned 35,784 km
above earth’s equator
• Point to Point and Broadcast (one to many)
• Different frequency for Uplink and Downlink
channels (eg:- 4/6 GHz)
• Attenuation increase as the transmission
frequency increases
• Mobile data communication over satellite links

Satellite
Devices used to link computers

• Network Interface Card (NIC)


• Modem
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Routers
• Gateways

Network Interface Card


• This adapter card provides an interface to
plug the network cable through an
appropriate connection
Network Interface Card with RJ45

Modem
• Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a
device that modulates an analog carrier
signal to encode digital information, and
also demodulates such a carrier signal to
decode the transmitted information. The
goal is to produce a signal that can be
transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital data.
Modem

Hubs
• A network hub or concentrator is a device
for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber
optic Ethernet devices together, making
them act as a single network segment.
• It regenerates and distribute the incoming
signal on every outgoing line
Hubs

Bridges
• bridge device filters data traffic at a network
boundary. Bridges reduce the amount of
traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two
segments.
• Interconnect two LANs which use identical
protocols
Bridges

Routers

• Routers are physical devices that join


multiple wired or wireless networks
together.
• Conversion of frame formats and route the
packets based on the logical destination
address
Routers

Gateways
• A network gateway joins two networks
together through a combination of hardware
and software.
• Translate message between dissimilar
networks that employ different higher level
protocols
Gateways

Different Types of Networks

• Personal Area Networks (PANs)


• Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Personal Area Networks
• A personal area network (PAN) is a
computer network used for communication
among computer devices (including
telephones and personal digital assistants)
close to one person
• A PAN is a network of devices in a range of
about 10 meters.

Local Area Networks

• A local-area network is a computer network


covering a small geographic area, like a
home, office, or group of buildings e.g. a
school.
Wide Area Networks
• The term Wide Area Network (WAN)
usually refers to a network which covers a
large geographical area, and use
communications circuits to connect the
intermediate nodes
• Transmission rates are typically 2 Mbps, 34
Mbps, 45 Mbps, 155 Mbps, 625 Mbps (or
sometimes considerably more).

Data communication standards

• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)


• ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
• Ethernet
• Wi-Fi
• Wi-Max
• Bluetooth
ISDN
• ISDN is a data communication standard
defined to be used with ordinary telephone
lines.

ADSL
• (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data
communications technology that enables
faster data transmission over copper
telephone lines than a conventional
voiceband modem can provide
Ethernet
• Ethernet is a family of frame-based
computer networking technologies for local
area networks (LANs)

Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi is the trade name for a popular
wireless technology used in home
networks, mobile phones, video games and
more. Wi-Fi is supported by nearly every
modern personal computer operating
system and most advanced game consoles.
Wi-Max
• WiMAX is a standards-based technology
enabling the wireless broadband access as
an alternative to wired broadband like cable
and DSL.

Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing
short-range communications technology
facilitating both voice and data
transmissions over short distances from
fixed and/or mobile devices, creating
wireless personal area networks (PANs)

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