e 5 a e 5 a e Fe 2 e e e er r e r ez e 5 e e & e a e ez e a e e e 5 e e e e 5 e 5 a ez 5 5 e ez B B e AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL, Module -3, Sampling: Sampling of particulate and gaseous pollutant (Stack, Ambient & indoor sir pollution), Monitoring and analysis of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SOX, NOX, CO, NH3) 8 Hours (L2,L3,L4) SAMPLING OF PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS POLLUTANTS. io Sampling and measurements of air pollutants generally known as air quality ‘monitoring, Air quality monitoring provides the information which is helpful in implementing Control measures for reducing pollutant concentrations to acceptable levels and in assessing the effect of air pollution control strategies. idered w1 1. The sample collected must be representative in terms of time and location. 2. The sample volume should be large enough to permit accurate analysis. 3. The sampling rate must be such as to provide maximum efficiency of collection. ould reflect nreooreenereenonneerennnnnnnneenenneeneennoeneSOS OP DUO SON DOS UEC UES DEK EO EU UE SORES CHORE CHORES EOC ECOR CEE SCESEEEERE! 2 18cv732 ‘SME ‘AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL 5 ‘Sampling Methods for Collecting Gaseous Pollutants : Several methods are available for collection of gaseous pollutants from ambient atmosphere, The common methods are as given below : ) Grab Sampling : In this method sample is collected by filling an evacuated flask or an inflatable bag. In case of use of plastic bags sampling is subjected to losses caused by moisture condensation or diffusion through walls. This can be minimized by analysing sample immediately after collection. Incase of flasks made up of glass or stainless steel, these containers are first evacuated and then filled by allowing air to enter. Alternatively, a container may be filled with water and then used as a collector simply by draining away the water which is replaced by the air sample. ii) Absorption in Liquids ‘This is the most common method of sampling gaseous pollutants. This method employs suitable absorbent liquid media to collect a specific type of ‘gascous pollutant. Many different types of collectors are in use ranging from simple bubbles to ‘complex devices. One such device isthe Fritted-Glass absorber where gas stream is broken up into ‘extremely small bubbles, thus promoting liquid-gas contact period. Often glass frit can become blocked and itis difficult to clean after use. Therefore it is always advised to pre-filter the air prior to sampling. is impinged at high velocity onto a flats liquid. The flat surface can be the botCOOL LCOLELLOOLLLELLOLELEL EEO EOOOREOOE de S SS BEER BEEEEREEBS ERR REK KORO: MELCOR eC eee SERRANO AMER N ENE R ERO R NEEM MURR N NEE RR ee veceren pew AIR POLLUTION q ent RR, NO Advorpaion on Sots tn shistsampte i i POCORN Raha SORA # Hhety civic sath anton on whose suEtAoe the pollutants ary net Rang RRL TRE most company use sot asorbonts are BEANE porOU. sol activated roti its ‘Sharwoal ant sitioa gel with ery ange suehRee area, ange Wh ay toon, the SAME yA Ate desoxbee ther by hey ANAT matertal or by washing it with @ tiquid solvent NNR the 1) Rreese-out Sampling: Wo fhoore Out sampling a series of cold try Savintained at pragressiy Patlotants are ontensad Smalysed by means of Chas Spectrometers or by Wat Ch Ratlowing is the tist ofr Coat eo Water keW PS. Which SY Yower temperature, are used to draw the ait sample whe - Uren tape ae tought tory the samples te come 2 Liquid Oxygen A. Sedimentation: ( dust fat jar) 5 toes anc te soe techniques foe cltstion of prise mater ‘whose diameter exceeds about 10h. Sane e 0 st. The collectors are_ondinarly 4 PageSR SR CCRC CRON GHG CON DEBE E EU EEE EHOW URW C CURE U NEEL UU KEE ERED ecv732 sma ‘AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL In sampling rather large areas such as entire communities, it is common to employ at least are ‘communities, itis common to employ atleast one dust fall jar for every 2600 hectares. Site selected for sampling should be such that : }) It should be free from overhead obstructions and away from local interferences such as incinerators or chimney. 'b) Mouth of dust fall jar should be not less than 2.5m and not more than 16m above the ground: level, with standard height of 6 m as recommended elevation, 2. Filtration : Particulate matters that are less than 10 1 in diameter remain entrained in an air stream, such particulates are referred as “Suspended Particulate Matter” SPM. Since this class of air contaminant dust is respirable, it is certainly more harmful to man than the large-diameter settleable particulates. ‘The most common method of particulate sampling employs the principle of filtration, where by particles are quantitatively removed from an air stream flowing through a dense material containing sub-micrometer pore sizes. It is widely believed that a particle will be collected by a filter only if it physical size is too great to permit it to pass through the filter pores ( direct interception) of inertia is sufficiently great for it to impact on the solid structural material of the filter ( inet deposition). In the selection of a filter medium following points should be considered : well as injury to air pump. ‘b.Chemical nature ofthe filter: Some organic particulates may diss fibres instantaneously, while gases such as NO> or SO> filters. Glass fibre filters should not be used to collect p. be performed. : on a dry surface or impinger tube. efficiency by this particles having di greater. For particles BRSCGCUREEEL SUEDeeecereeereeereeerereerereeeererernne! WORK BE BUECRROWEKKEEL AU KUR CREE RH ENCUUE NUE BREEN ER Bee Ascv732, emit ‘AIK POLLUTION & CONTROL A Ji, the impinger should be operated at high velocities. The general impingers employed are; iteenburg- Smith type, Fritted-Glass type impingers. " Dry cascade impactors are also available in the market, A typical cascade impactor consist of to 10 collection stages, in which the air stream is passed through a series of jets where particles are directed against collection surfaces placed normal to the jets. Smaller particles having lower momentum are collected in later stages, where jet velocities become progressively higher. In most of the cascade impactors a filter is placed ofter last stage to collect ‘any fine particles that might have passed through impactor. 4, Electro static precipitation: This method involves the application of potential difference of 12-30 kV across sample airflow so that particles are electro statically charged. These charged particles are removed by migration towards the electrode having opposite charge and deposition over that electiode, Several types of portable commercial precipitators are available in the ‘market, During their operation a negative charge is imparted to a wire placed axially inside a cylinder which is positively charged, When air steam passes through the cylinder, the particles acquire a negative charge and migrate towards the inner surface of the cylinder and are removed for subsequent chemical or microscopic analysis, Collection of particles at nearly 100% efficiency ‘occurs readily for particles ranging from 10-0.2 S. Thermal precipitation: In this method a strong temperature gradient is ‘maintained between two surfaces and an air stream is made to pass through this temperature gradient with a very low velocity of the order of 10 to 200 ml per minute, Small particles have the tendency to move towards lower temperature and get deposited on the colder ofthese surfaces, ‘The collection efficiency of thermal precipitator is quite high for small Particles and is 100% for particles i ge 10 pm to 0.01)umFibre glass filter free from pinholes, particles or other imperfections is taken and dried in the desicéator for 24 hour and initial weight is noted down to the nearest milligram ” gms. Open the shelter of high volume sampler, loose the wing nuts and remove the face plate and install pre- weighed, glass fibre filter in position ( rough side up). e Replace the face plate and fasten the screws. Close the roof of the shelter. Set the on-off timer to start sampling iaseartbhy for the prescribed time (24 hr), Gasket and Face pare record the starting time. After 5 ‘min note down the initial flow rate “Qi cum/min, At the end of sampling period, record the length of sampling period and final flow rate “Q2” cum/min, Remove the face plate and carefully remove the exposed filter without tearing and touching the collected surface. By weighing the filter note down the final weight ‘Wz’ gms. Along with above Pressure and Temperature data also collected i plow Uor, mm of Hg & °K respectively.prnnnnennnnnon SCL EE CORNER EEE RREEEREEEE! SME Initial Flow Rate cum/min Final Flow Rate cum/min Q@ Q T ‘Sampling Time in min. STACK SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: Objectives: 3. {traverse points- velocity and temperature profile, cross sections, 4. Measurement of rate of flow. . 5. Selection of suitable Sampling Train, 6. Iso-kinetic sampling rate for partiS008 SO DS DP PS EERE 180V732 SME ‘AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL ‘SAMPLING TRAIN: Itis a collection and arrangement of mechanical devices employed for stack sampling. Stack Wall nenoneeneennennenne Thimble Oo cm Dry Gas Meter Le/Impingers neter/ Dry Gas Meters pl collection devices JS POSE EERE CUBE RCE R ER LURCEEERnner neeeeceenenoneneneneenennenerneneeeeeenenenceeeennnenneen : mn onler to get a representative sample, it should be collected at various | retrace cwoss the stack, Because there will be changes in velocity and temperature across the crose soincn Of the stack, To achieve this traverse points have to be located, The number of traversq. Points may be selected wit) ih reference to following table: Cross section of area of No. of points 02 04 0.21025 2 i mn circular stacks, traverse points are located across two perpendicular § {Gameters at the centre of equal annular are, Incase of rectangular stacks, the ate ny be divided, into 12 to25 oqua areas and the centres foreach area are fixed. The traverse should by cartied our atleast on nine hypothetical squares on at least 3 lines,OOO CER CORREA CO ECE O RU UU EEOC UBB UE UU CORRE ENE ‘AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL Eas joes Up 'b) Flow Rate Less Than Isokinetic Rate €) Flow Rate Greater Than isokinetic Rate collected will be ppiataedcnomteh high concentration of coarse particles. Conversely, Up > Uz when velocity of probe “Up’ is hi gas stream being sampled “Uz. a convergent stream develops at the tip of amount of lighter particles entering the probe, This results in a high c particles. Particulate Mass Emission Rate : PMR. After collection the concentration of particula particulate mass emission rates as follows: PMRs= Cs. x Qs G - VsxAs Vs= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = © © © 5 s s Average Volumetric Stack Gas Flow Rate ‘Average Gas Velocity Dimension Constant Pitot Coefficient Stack Temperature, °K Absolute Stack Gas Pressure, mm Hg ‘Velocity Head, mm H:0.SUSE O EOS SOUR ESO R EEE OCU POSE EEE KL CO EOE OER RES iscv732 SMH [AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL imetric E This method is based on the principle that the intensity of color developed by sample with special chemical reagents is directly proportional to. the concentration of particular pollutant present in that sample. A very large number of elements, radicals and organic compounds form colored complexes with special reagents. This method is very sensitive, Filter photometer or other types of photometers working in this principle are available. yidimetric ic 2 In this method the intensity of light absorbed or passed by the solution of sample with specific reagent is measured by optical means which will give the strength of pollutants present. It is suitable for gas and particulate matter, highly suitable for Chlorine gas Cl, and Sulphur Trioxide gas SOs. Turbidity meter and nephelo turbidity meters are employed in the analysis. ‘S.Chromatographic Analysis : This method makes possible the separation and ‘identification of many substances by means of adsorption on adsorption columns, or on sensitised paper, followed by elution of various compounds adsorbed with selective solvents. This method is specially suitable for metals and volatile organic compounds. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS 1. Emission Spectrophotometric Method : Principle: ‘Any element, when in an excited state, emits its own The identification of these spectral lines by means of spectrophotomete ‘measure of the pollutant. This method is applicable to the clements. The apparatus consists of a source of radiat radiation and a receptor, which can be either phot ‘method is particularly suited for Beryllium, Sod Antimony.= 8 5 a = S = = & c = 5 5 S = = 5 = 5 5 = 5 5 = 5 5 5 = = 5 5 S 5 5 5 5 © 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 s 5 © 5 © = = o patterns with those of known substances. This method is quite similar to that of spectrophotometric method. The only difference is in spectrometric method measurement involves range of wave length from 40u ( Infra - red ) to 0.2u ( Ultra- Violet ), where as X-ray diffraction ‘method involve wave lengths of the order of 0.00011. 4. Mass Spectrometric Method ; This method is based om the fact that if a gas is ionized by means of electric the magnetic and electric field and distributed Proportional to mass of ions. Mass spectrometer —-