UNIT 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

What is communication?
The English word ‘communication’ has been derived from the Latin word,
‘Communicare’ which means to impart or participate or to transmit.
About 80 percent of the entries in any English dictionary are borrowed, mainly
from Latin. Over 60 percent of all English words have Greek or Latin roots. In the
vocabulary of the sciences and technology, the figure rises to over 90 percent
The word 'Communicare' Is derived from the root ‘Communis’ which means to
make common or to share.
Why do we need communication? What is the importance of communication?
1. To inform
2 to convey
3. To persuade
4. to request
5 to warn
6 to reassure
7. To get something done.
8. Information broadcasting
9. Expressing emotions and ideas
10. Decision making
11. Entertainments.
12. Increase production
13. Better employee’s performance
14. Strategic Management
15 Technology and instructions
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16. Altering attitude
17. To build relationships
18. for planning
19. for leading
20. Directing
21. Motivating
22. Coordinating
23. Controlling
24. Motivation
25. Inspiration.
Why do we need language in our daily lives?
1,. To be understood
2 to be accepted
3 To understand others
4 to share any kind of Ideas or expressions
5. To be in touch with the world
6. To build and maintain relationships
7. To drive out misunderstandings
8. To achieve personal and organizational goals
Explain the history of communication:
900 BC - the very first Postal service for government used in China
50030 BC - the Greek started the very first library
105 BC - Chinese invented the paper as we know it
1650 ,- first daily newspaper leasing
1831 - Henry invented the first electric Telegraph

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1843 - The first fax machine was patented
1867 - First successful typewriter
1889 - First direct dial telephone
1904 - First regular comic book
1927 - Time Magazine names the computer as Man of the Year
1928 - First cellular phone network started in the United States
1928 - First television broadcasting In england
1966 - Xerox invents the first the telecopier the first a successful fax machine
1969 - Arpanet the first internet started
1977 - Computers were sold commercially
1981 - IBM PC first introduced
1989 - Www is born making communication possible at this speed of light.

What are the characteristics of communication?

1. Communication is a process
2 is a thoughtful process
3 it’s a purposeful process.
4 is a punctuation process
5. it’s a contextual process
6. it’s a social process
7 dominating process
8. Universal process
9. Structured process
10. Flexible process
11 interactive processes

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12. Pragmatic process
What is the overview of technical communication?
Technical Communication is a field that focuses on making technical information
understandable to a wide variety of audiences, and using technology to make
information more usable in various workplaces, including business, industry,
government, healthcare professions, and research settings.

What are the 3 Cs of Technical communication?

1. Clear, 2. Concise, 3. Consistent
This is in line with the need to maintain consistency, which is one of the three
criteria a technical document should meet, also known as three C’s: clear, concise,
and consistent.
.What is ABC of technical communication?
The ABCs of effective and clear communication are
1. Accuracy 2 ) Brevity, 3) Clarity.
When you focus on these three elements, you’ll be able to emphasize one specific
message at a time, making it easier to understand and elicit a clear response.
A note on Royal Society who started Technical Communication.
Established in 1660
Under King Charles II
Founded on 28 November 1660
Primary aim was to bring together leading scientific minds of the day.
Another aim was to become an international network for practical and
philosophical investigation.
Third aim was to recognize, promote, and support excellence in science
Fourth aim was to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of
humanity.
It was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society.

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It’s the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world.

A brief note on fields where TC is used

Technical Communication is a field that
1. Focuses on making technical information
2. Which is understandable
3. To a wide variety of audiences,
4. Uses technology to make information more usable in various workplaces
such as .
.
Work space including

1. Business
2. Industry
3. Government
4. Healthcare professions,
5. Research field
6. Travel field
7. Space technology
8. Education.
9. Academics
10. Construction.
How is TC useful to us?
1. Technical communication helps
2. 7To advance our economy by ensuring viable research and development,
3. Safeguarding design and manufacturing,
4. Protecting consumers through accurate and informative documents.
5. Good technical writing will: Help employers understand and complete job
tasks more successfully.
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List Some Characteristics of Technical Communication:
1. Addresses particular readers;
2. Helps readers solve problems;
3. Reflects an organization’s goals and culture;
4. Is produced collaboratively;
5. Uses design to increase readability;
6. .Consists of words or graphics or both.
7. All technical communication serves a particular purpose
8. Typically to communicate ideas and concepts to an audience,
9. Or instruct an audience in a particular task.
10.Technical communication professionals use various techniques to
understand the audience and, when possible, test content on the target
audience.
List Forms of technical communication?
There are different forms of technical communication channels that may be used in
an organization.
1. Business letters
2. Memos,
3. Notices
4. Doctoral thesis
5. Reports
6. Research papers
7. Proposals
8. Quick reference guides,
9. User manuals,
10.Diagrams
11.Online help
12.User assistance guides (FAQs), newsletters
13.Repair manuals
14.Medical studies.
15.End-user documentation: Electronics,
16.Consumer products.
17.Technical marketing content Press releases,
18.Catalogs.
19.Brochures

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 20.Instruction manual
21.Case studies
22.Legal papers
23.Contracts
List some forms of General communication
1. Essays
2. Blogs
3. Vlogs
4. Novels
5. Magazines
6. Hoardings
7. Newspapers
8. Stories
9. Comics
10.Social media
11.Face book
12.Twitter
13.Radio
14.Television
15.Letters
16.What sap
17.Telephone messages
18.Serials
19.Movies
20.Ted talks
Differences between Technical communication and General communication.
1. TC is Formal/ GC is informal
2. TC uses technical vocabulary / GC uses general vocabulary.
3. TC has a set pattern / GC does not follow any pattern.
4. TC has a specific audience/ GC has general audience.
5. TC conveys technical information. /GC conveys general information.
6. General communication has General information.

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7. T C is subjective in nature / GC is objective in nature.
8. TC uses very simple language /GC uses pompous decorative language.
9. TC needs specialized knowledge / GC does not need any specialized knowledge.
10. TC has a fixed format/ GC has no fixed format.
11. TC covers specific topics / GC covers general topics.
12. TC includes tables, graphs, charts, diagrams etc /GC has just text.
13. TC has short and meaningful sentences / GC has long lengthy sentences.
14. TC has factual information /GC has fictitious information.
15. TC has a precise topic of discussion/ GC has more of casual conversations.
16. TC uses facts figures statistics data extra/ GC uses feelings, emotions thoughts
actions etc.
17. TC is an outcome of diligence/ GC is an outcome of natural talent.
18. TC has scientific and Technical information / GC has literary and generic
information
19. The tone of TC is objective/ the tone of GC is subjective.
20. The purpose of TC is to inform, persuade and instruct./ The purpose of GC is to
entertain, impress and inspire.
21. TC has authorized and authentic content /GC have fictitious and imaginary
content.
22. The style of TC is plain, simple formal standard and scientific. The style of GC
is artistic attractive repetitive and figurative and informal.
23. In TC paragraphs are short and arranged logically /in GC the paragraphs are
long and has no specific arrangement.
24. TC is mostly written information /while GC can have oral information.
25. TC has brief and concise content / GC has vague and ambiguous content.

Some characteristic features of TC.

1. Addresses a particular set of audience
2. It helps readers to solve problems
3. It reflects an organization’s goals and culture.

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4. TC is produced collaborate mostly of experts.
5. TC consists of words graphics or both.
6. Every bit of TC has a particular purpose.
7 TC is designed to communicate ideas and concepts to audience.
8. TC also gives instructions for each task.
9. TC understands problems and conditions of audience and serves accordingly.
10. TC uses design to increase readability.
Language as a tool of communication
Language is used by everyone to convey information to others .We use language
to express our ideas, thoughts, arguments etc. We use language to reason, to build
relationships, create a sense of community and to stay together.
There are 6500 spoken language is in the world. Each language ia unique in its
own way. Effective communication is made possible only with the help of
languages. With language it is very easy to convey information from one person to
another and from one place to another .human memory cannot retain so many
things and thoughts for a long time. Language stays memory for a long time.
Almost everyone learns how to speak and write from their childhood. A child all
that is spoken from a very young age by the age of 2 the child starts expressing
himself in a language. It is tough for everyone to understand the language of body
movements so man takes shelter of language at last.
Language is created by people for their own convenience. We use a combination of
words to communicate in a very meaningful way.By changing order of the words
you can change the meaning and make it meaningless also. Language does not
exist in isolation or outside minds of people.
This is created by people for the people. Humans attach meanings to words and
change it according to their needs. We cannot express effectively without
language. Language is used by millions of people for millions of reasons.
Knowledge becomes Universal because of it’s the ability to shift and change.
Communication stops to exist if there is no language .without language that would
have been no communication with people all over the world. Language has made
the world a global village today .language is not merely an expression of one s

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heart but touched one’s soul. Humans are wired for language is the best tool for
communication as it requires minimum efforts and gives maximum results. Every
human speaks at least one language fluently.
Language is artificial because it’s created by people .every symbol is attached to a
particular thought and action. Language is very restricted no words can express
exact thoughts, while encoding ideas in mind and brain some meaning is lost.
Language is also abstract it means to generalize that means it leaves out
particulars. For example dress .furniture.

State some characteristic features of language?

Language is artificial
Language is restricted language is abstract
Language is creative
Language is redundant
Language is created by people it does not exist outside the minds of people it is
basically created by as and depends on army every symbol is attached to a
particular path which is called referent.
Language is restricted because when we try to convey the thoughts into language
the meaning is lost in the process. No symbols on words can express our exact
perception.
Language is abstract because it represents generalized ideas of things or thoughts.
One Word Can represent different ideas at different times..
Language is creative because it has the ability to generate new words constantly.
Language is redundant because it has the capacity for repetition.
What are the different directions / levels of communication?
1. Upward communication
2. Downward communications
3. Horizontal / lateral communication
4. Diagonal / cross comm.

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Upward communication
Upward communication is the process in which employees provide feedback to
their managers and company leadership.
Hearing from employees can help managers avoid losing key talent and achieve
better results by restructuring processes.
Information moving from lower-level employees to high-level employees is
upward communication .this is also sometimes called vertical communication.
Refers to communication which is the transfer of information request and
feedback from subordinate to their seniors.
It promotes better working relationships within an organization by giving junior
level staff opportunities to share their views and ideas with their supervisors.
It facilitates employee involvement in the decision making process.
A business report from the branch manager of a company to the Managing
Director of the company is an example of upward communication.
The advantages of upward communication are as follows:
1. Good Relationships
2. Providing Counsel.
3. Favorable Organizational Environment.
4. Knowing Employee Attitude.
5. Feedback.
6. Prompt Appreciation.
7. Decision Making.
8. Development of Creativity.
What are the disadvantages of upward communication?
Subordinate provides only that information which is favorable to upper
management.
It may be discouraged due to lack of proper response of top management.
It takes a lot of time to communicate the problems at higher level due to various
levels from which it has to pass.
There may be willful manipulation of information to attain personal goals.

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There arises a threat that superior may react negatively.
Downward communication
This form of communication involves vertically sending messages to the bottom of
an organization’s hierarchy.
Downward communication is only deemed successful when the person in the
organization’s lowest position has gotten the message passed down to them.
A type of communication where key messages flow from upper management
down to lower-level employees. In the workplace, directives from managers to
employees are the most basic form of downward communication. These can be
written manuals, handbooks, memos, and policies, or oral presentations. Another
example of downward communication is a board of directors instructing
management to take a specific action. Job instructions, job rationales, procedures
and practices, feedback, and indoctrination.
Lateral communication / horizontal
Is “the exchange, imparting or sharing of information, ideas or feelings between
people within a community, peer groups, departments or units of an organization
who are at or about the same hierarchical level as each other for the purpose of
coordinating activities, efforts or fulfilling a common goal. Think
about brainstorming sessions, department-wide meetings and group discussions
with your coworkers. These are examples of horizontal communication.
Information that flows laterally or from left to right and vice versa follows a
horizontal path
Diagonal Communication
Is a flow of information between the person working in different departments and
holding different levels of authority. For example, the salesman may request the
production manager to modify the product design according to the requirement of
the customer.
Reading
What do you mean by reading?
Is making meaning from print. It requires that we: Identify the words in print – a
process called word recognition. Construct an understanding from them – a process

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called comprehension. Coordinate identifying words and making meaning so that
reading is automatic and accurate – an achievement called fluency.
What do you mean by reading comprehension?
Reading comprehension is the ability to read text, process it and understand its
meaning. It relies on two, interconnected abilities: word reading (being able to
decode the symbols on the page) and language comprehension (being able to
understand the meaning of the words and sentences).
What is the importance of reading comprehension?
Reading comprehension is the foundation for all other academic skills. It helps
children build vocabulary, learn about the world, and understand complex
concepts. Adults who improve their reading comprehension skills understand work
instructions better.
What are the reasons for Poor reading comprehension?
1. Inability to identify letters.
2. Inability to read and understand words.
3. Inability to understand sentences.
4. Inability to understand the link between sentences.
5. Inability to understand the logical arrangement of paragraphs.
6. Lack of interest.
7. Lack of vocabulary.
8. Lack of general knowledge.
9. Lack of linguistics skills.
10.Lack of time.
11.Lack of aptitude.
12.Lack of focus.
13.Lack of concentration.
14.Lack of language exposure.
15.Lack of experience.
16.Poor eyesight.
17.Learning disorders.

What are the ways to improve reading and comprehension?

1. Read and reread the content.
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2. Practice reading continuously
3. Have a nice balanced diet
4. Identify disorders
5. Read a number of books on different topics
6. Try to stay focused.
7. Do not get distracted by other things.
8. Try reading at leisure.
9. Do not read under stress.
10.Underline the important words.
11.Circle the difficult words.
12.Cultivate interest in reading.
13.Ask yourself questions.
14.Try to remember everything that you read.
15.Please read again if you can’t remember everything.
Types of communication
1. Intrapersonal Communication
2. Interpersonal Communication
3. Extra personal Communication
4. Group Communication
5. Organizational Communication
6. Mass Communication
7. Verbal Communication
8. Non verbal Communication
9. Formal Communication
10. Informal
Interpersonal communication
The process of people exchanging ideas, information, feelings and intent through
messages and signals. Interpersonal communication consists of any exchanges
between people – this can be face-to-face but can also exist online or over the
phone.

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Intra personal Communication
This is communication within and to the self. This could be in form of reflecting
on or thinking on how to do something. In this case, one is both the sender and
receiver. It could also be in form of writing diaries for oneself or talking to oneself.
Self motivation self determination self reflection are all part of this. There is a
negative dimension to this because most of the people these days talk to
themselves. Because of life challenges, many people get involved in this type of
communication than other types of communication.

Extra personal communication

Communication that takes place with human entities and non-human entities as
well, it is called to be extra personal communication. Eg btwn a man and his pet.
Group communication..
Traditionally, this refers to interpersonal communication between group members
in face-to-face interaction.” Essentially, group communication refers to any verbal
or nonverbal interaction between a groups of 3 to about 20 people.
Organizational communication
Refers to the communication that takes place between people who are working
towards common goals within an organization. It consists of the interactions that
take place for the purpose of working together towards these goals or conducting
business in general.
Mass communication,
Process of sharing information with a large audience. Mass communication is
accomplished via mass media—that is, technology capable of sending messages to
great numbers of people, many of whom are unknown to the sender (e.g.,
television.
Verbal communication
is a type of communication where we use spoken and written words to get our
message and information across to the other person. In other words, whenever we
use our words to express ourselves, our feelings, and our thoughts, we are verbally
communicating

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Nonverbal communication
The transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye
contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, use of objects and body language. It
includes the use of social cues, kinesics, distance and physical
environments/appearance, of voice and of touch.
Formal communication
Refers to the flow of official information through proper, predefined channels and
routes. The flow of information is controlled and needs deliberate effort to be
properly communicated. Formal communication follows a hierarchical structure
and chain of command.
Informal communication
Refers to the communication that flows without following the formal defined
path. An informal communication system is also known as grapevine. Under
informal communication, a piece of information flows in all directions without
paying any heed to the level or authority.
.
Barriers to communication
The process of communication has multiple barriers. The intended communiqué
will often be disturbed and distorted leading to a condition of misunderstanding
and failure of communication.
Although the barriers to effective communication may be different for different
situations, the following are some of the main barriers:
1. Linguistic Barriers.
2. Psychological Barriers.
3. Emotional Barriers.
4. Physical Barriers.
5. Cultural Barriers.
6. Organizational Structure Barriers.
7. Attitude Barriers.
8. Perception Barriers
9. Technological barriers

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 10.Socio religious barriers
1. Linguistic Barriers
The language barrier is one of the main barriers that limit effective communication.
Language is the most commonly employed tool of communication. The fact that
each major region has its own language is one of the Barriers to effective
communication. Sometimes even a thick dialect may render the communication
ineffective.
As per some estimates, the dialects of every two regions changes within a few
kilometers. Even in the same workplace, different employees will have different
linguistic skills. As a result, the communication channels that span across
the organization would be affected by this.
2. Psychological Barriers
There are various mental and psychological issues that may be barriers to effective
communication. Some people have stage fear, speech disorders, phobia, depression
etc. All of these conditions are very difficult to manage sometimes and will most
certainly limit the ease of communication.
3. Emotional Barriers
The emotional IQ of a person determines the ease and comfort with which they can
communicate. A person who is emotionally mature will be able to communicate
effectively. On the other hand, people who let their emotions take over will face
certain difficulties.
A perfect mixture of emotions and facts is necessary for effective communication.
Emotions like anger, frustration, hum our, can blur the decision-making capacities
of a person and thus limit the effectiveness of their communication
4 Physical Barriers to Communication
They are the most obvious barriers to effective communication. These barriers are
mostly easily removable in principle at least. They include barriers like noise,
closed doors, faulty equipment used for communication, closed cabins, etc.
Sometimes, in a large office, the physical separation between various employees
combined with faulty equipment may result in severe barriers to effective
communication.
5 Cultural Barriers of Communication

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As the world is getting more and more globalized, any large office may have
people from several parts of the world. Different cultures have a different meaning
for several basic values of society. Dressing, Religions or lack of them, food,
drinks, pets, and the general behavior will change drastically from one culture to
another.
Hence it is a must that we must take these different cultures into account while
communication. This is what we call being culturally appropriate. In many
multinational companies, special courses are offered at the orientation stages that
let people know about other cultures and how to be courteous and tolerant of
others.
6. Organizational Structure Barriers
As we saw there are many methods of communication at an organizational level.
Each of these methods has its own problems and constraints that may become
barriers to effective communication. Most of these barriers arise because of
misinformation or lack of appropriate transparency available to the employees.
7 Attitude Barriers
Certain people like to be left alone. They are the introverts or just people who are
not very social. Others like to be social or sometimes extra clingy! Both these cases
could become a barrier to communication. Some people have attitude issues, like
huge ego and inconsiderate behaviours.
8. These employees can cause severe strains in the communication channels that
they are present in. Certain personality traits like shyness, anger, social anxiety
may be removable through courses and proper training. However, problems like
egocentric behaviour and selfishness may not be correctable.
9 Perception Barriers
Different people perceive the same things differently. This is a fact which we must
consider during the communication process. Knowledge of the perception levels of
the audience is crucial to effective communication. All the messages or
communique must be easy and clear. There shouldn’t be any room for a diversified
interpretational set.
10. Physiological Barriers

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Certain disorders or diseases or other limitations could also prevent effective
communication between the various channels of an organization. The shrillness of
voice, dyslexia, etc are some examples of physiological barriers to effective
communication. However, these are not crucial because they can easily be
compensated and removed.
11. Technological Barriers & Socio-religious Barriers
Other barriers include the technological barriers. The technology is developing fast
and as a result, it becomes difficult to keep up with the newest developments.
Hence sometimes the technological advance may become a barrier. In addition to
this, the cost of technology is sometimes very high.
Most of the organizations will not be able to afford a decent tech for the purpose of
communication. Hence, this becomes a very crucial barrier. Other barriers are
socio-religious barriers. In a patriarchal society, a woman or a transgender may
face many difficulties and barriers while communicating.

What are the elements of communication?

1. Message
2. Messenger
3. Channel
4. Receiver
5. Feed back

What are the differences between verbal and non verbal communication?
Verbal communication
1. Involves the use of words, spoken or written.
2. Can be easily recorded and transmitted through various mediums, such as
text, email, or video conferencing
3. Can convey a lot of specific information, such as facts, ideas, and
instructions.

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 4. Can be used to persuade, negotiate, or influence others through logical
arguments.
5. Can be easily disrupted by external noise or distractions.
6. Can be delivered remotely through technology, such as phone or
video calls.
7. Can be formal or informal, depending on the context and relationship
between communicators.
8. Can involve interactive dialogue and questioning for clarification or
feedback
9. Is typically learned through formal education, training, or practice.
Non Verbal communication
1. Involves use of body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture, tone
of voice, etc.
2. Is often instant and difficult to record or transmit accurately.
3. Can convey emotions, attitudes, and social cues that may not be expressed
through words alone.
4. Can be used to build trust, establish rapport, often spontaneous and
immediate, and create emotional connections.
5. Is often spontaneous and immediate, making it harder to control or modify.
6. Can continue to communicate even in the absence of words or in noisy
environments.
7. Can be hindered by technological limitations or lack of physical presence.
8. Can be spontaneous and informal, often reflecting genuine emotions and
reactions.
9. Can involve reciprocal non-verbal responses and cues between
communicators.
10.Is learned through observation, experience, and cultural exposure

Voice Dynamics
Vocal dynamics is the practice of controlling vocal volume. It goes beyond
simply singing or talking loud and quiet. It also includes singing vowels and
phrases at the appropriate volume. Dynamics also include silences and rests, which
speakers shouldn't forget about.
They can help you convey your message more clearly, create interest and variety,
and engage your audience's attention and emotions.

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Nuances of voice dynamics help the speaker to make his oral presentation
impressive. Pronunciation: Words should be pronounced clearly, with proper stress
and intonation..
Vocal dynamics is one of the most powerful tools a presenter can use to win over
an audience. Tone quality, pitch, inflection, emphasis, variety in pace, pauses, and
all the emotional nuances our voices can project offer a nearly limitless palette to
paint our “word pictures” and convince others. 5 P's of Voice dynamics are Pitch,
Pace, Pause, Projection & Personality. Pitch refers to the ups and downs of your
notes when you speak. We all have the ability to speak from a vocal range – which
includes higher notes and lower notes.

Explain the process of encoding and decoding in Communication?

Encoding means the creation of messages (which you want to communicate with
other person). On the other hand decoding means listener or audience of encoded
message. So decoding means interpreting the meaning of the message.
In the process of encoding, the sender uses verbal (e.g. words, signs, images,
video) and non-verbal (e.g. body language, hand gestures, face expressions)
symbols for which he or she believes the receiver (that is, the decoder) will
understand. In order to read, you need to decode (sound out) words. In order to
spell, you need to encode words. In other words, to spell, you need to pull the
sounds apart within a word and match the letters to the sounds. Encoding and
decoding combine the components of auditory and visual processing.

7 C’s of Communication
Whether at work or during our personal lives, good communication skills are
essential. They can improve relationships, further your career, and build your
social confidence. So how can you make sure you’re communicating to the best of
your abilities?
The 7 Cs can help. They can be applied to all forms of communication, whether
that’s writing an email, creating marketing content, giving a presentation, having a
job interview, or chairing a meeting. You can use the 7 Cs of communication
checklist to ensure you’re a more productive and effective communicator:

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Clearity
Clarity is ensuring what you’re saying is communicated clearly and with no room
for misunderstanding. Good advice for being clear includes:

 Use simple language and focus on core points of your message

 Don’t use idioms to prevent any confusion and ambiguity
 Be clear in your mind about what you want to say and its purpose before you
say it

Conciseness
Convey your points in a succinct and concise way. Short sentences are more likely
to keep the attention of the listener, so try to use as little words as possible to
communicate your message.
Concise communication is non-repetitive, saves time, and is more comprehensible
for the audience.
Concreteness
A concrete message is precise and backed by confidence as well as the use of
supporting facts and figures.
Correctness
You should use the most suitable language for your specific message, and the best
form of communication. Correctness also means keeping your language free of
mistakes, whether that’s grammatical, spelling, or other inaccuracies.
Coherence
Coherent conversation makes sense and flows logically. Think carefully about the
order of your points and how you can make it come across in an easy-to-
understand way. It’s also important to be consistent with style and content when
delivering multiple forms of communications.
Completeness
Make sure nothing is missing. Complete communication ensures the audience has
all the information they need, and are able to easily come to the desired conclusion.
Good ways to be complete include:

 Providing a ‘call to action’ i.e. what you would like your audience to do
after receiving the message?
 Including hyperlinks in written content to ensure all information is provided

Courteousness
It’s important to be polite and respectful of your audience. Being friendly,
considerate, and professional will make your communications much more

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effective. You should also be transparent, open, and honest, and be happy to
answer any questions if applicable.

Voice/Vocal dynamics
This is the practice of controlling vocal volume. It goes beyond simply singing or
talking loud and quiet. It also includes singing vowels and phrases at the
appropriate volume. Dynamics also include silences and rests, which speakers
shouldn't forget about.
They can help you convey your message more clearly, create interest and variety,
and engage your audience's attention and emotions.
Nuances of voice dynamics help the speaker to make his oral presentation
impressive.
Pronunciation: Words should be pronounced clearly, with proper stress and
intonation..
Vocal dynamics is one of the most powerful tools a presenter can use to win over
an audience. Tone quality, pitch, inflection, emphasis, variety in pace, pauses, and
all the emotional nuances our voices can project offer a nearly limitless palette to
paint our “word pictures” and convince othersocal dynamics
Vocal dynamics is the practice of controlling vocal volume. It goes beyond simply
singing or talking loud and quiet. It also includes singing vowels and phrases at the
appropriate volume. Dynamics also include silences and rests, which speakers
shouldn't forget about.

Codes in communication
Nonverbal codes include facial expressions, eye contact (oculesics), gestures, time
management (chronemics), silence, space (proxemics), touch (haptics), senses
(sensorics), tone and intonation (paralanguage).
There are three types of communication codes:
Communication can be categorized into three basic types:

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(1) Verbal communication, in which you listen to a person to understand their
meaning;
(2) Written communication, in which you read their meaning; and
(3) Nonverbal communication, in which you observe a person and infer meaning.
The stimulus-response

This is a communication model that describes communication as a linear process

of transmitting information from a sender to a receiver.
According to this model, the sender produces a message (stimulus) that is
transmitted through a channel to a receiver who then responds to the message
(response).
The model suggests that communication is a one-way process, where the sender's
goal is to convey a message to the receiver accurately and completely
They can help you convey your message more clearly, create interest and variety,
and engage your audience's attention and emotions.

Nuances of voice dynamics help the speaker to make his oral presentation
impressive. 1) Pronunciation: Words should be pronounced clearly, with proper
stress and intonation..
Vocal dynamics is one of the most powerful tools a presenter can use to win over
an audience. Tone quality, pitch, inflection, emphasis, variety in pace, pauses, and
all the emotional nuances our voices can project offer a nearly limitless palette to
paint our “word pictures” and convince others

Feedback:

It is the communication from a receiver to the sender about how he/ she understood
the message and reacted to it.
In this reverse flow of communication, receivers encode their messages and send
them to the sender. Communication is incomplete without feedback,

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