NCERT Exemplar For Class 10 Maths Chapter 1

NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 10
Mathematics
Chapter 1 – Real Numbers
Solved Example
1. The decimal expansion of the rational number 33

2
will terminate after
2 .5
(A) One decimal place
(B) Two decimal place
(C) Three decimal place
(D) More than 3 decimal places
Ans: B
Express the denominator as the multiple of 10,
If we divide both numerator and denominator by 5, denominator can be changed to

100 ,
33 33  5

2 5 4 5 5
2
33  5 165
 
100 100
Convert the obtained fraction into decimal.
165
 1 65
100
Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 1

2. Euclid’s division Lemma states that for two positive integers a and b there
exist unique integers q and r such that a = bq + r , where r must satisfy.
(A) 1 < r < b
(B) 0 < r  b
(C) 0  r < b
(D) 0 < r < b
Ans: C
Euclid’s division lemma states that for two positive integers a and b, there exist
unique integers q and r such that a = bq + r , where 0  r < b .
EXERCISE 1.1
1. For some integer m , every even integer is of the form
(A) m
(B) m + 1
(C) 2m
(D) 2m + 1
Ans: C
Every Even integer is a multiple of 2.
Let,
m  Integer  Z
 m  ....  3,  2,  1, 0,1, 2,3....
 2m  ....  6,  4,  2,0, 2, 4,6.... (all even numbers)

Hence,
Even numbers can be written in the form of 2m.
2. For some integer q, every odd integer is of the form
(A) q
(B) q + 1
(C) 2q
(D) 2q + 1
Ans: D
Every Even integer is a multiple of 2.
Let,
q  Integer  Z
 q  ....  3,  2,  1, 0,1, 2,3....
 2q  ....  6,  4,  2,0, 2, 4,6.... (all are even numbers)
 2q  1  ....  5,  3,  1,1,3,5,7.... (all are odd numbers)
Hence,
Every odd integer can be written in the form of 2q  1.
3. n 2 - 1 is divisible by 8, if n is
(A) an integer
(B) a natural number

(C) an odd integer
(D) an even integer
Ans: C
Let x  n 2  1
Since, ‘n’ is any number. Therefore, it can be even or odd.
Condition I,
When ‘n’ is an even integer.
Let, n  2k (where 'k ' is an integer)
 x  n2  1
 x   2k   1
2
 x  4k 2  1
When,
k  1
 x  4k 2  1
 x  4   1  1  3 (which is not divisible by

2
8)
k 0
 x  4k 2  1
 x  4  0   1   1 (which is not divisible by

2
8)
Condition II,
When ‘n’ is an odd integer.
n  2k  1 (where 'k ' is an integer)

 x   2k  1  1
2
 x  4k 2  1  4k  1
 x  4k 2  4k
 x  4k  k  1
When,
k  1
 x  4k  k  1
 x  4   1  1  1  0 (which is divisible by 8 )
k 0
 x  4k  k  1
 x  4  0  0  1  0 (which is divisible by 8 )
k 1
 x  4k  k  1
 x  4 11  1  8 (which is divisible by 8 )
Hence, we can conclude from the above two cases that if n is odd, then n 2  1 is
divisible by 8 .
4. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65 m – 117 , then the
value of m is
(A) 4
(B) 2

(C) 1
(D) 3
Ans: B
HCF of 65 and 117 by prime factorisation method.
65  5  13
117  3  3  13
As, 13 is the common factor between 65 and 117 .
Therefore, HCF  65, 117   13
65m  117  HCF

 65m  117  13
 65m  13  117
 65m  130
130
 m 2
65
5. The largest number which divides 70 and 125 , leaving remainder 5 and 8
respectively is
(A) 13
(B) 65
(C) 875
(D) 1750
Ans: A

Since, 5 and 8 are the remainders of 70 and 125, respectively. Thus, after
subtracting these remainders from the numbers, we have the numbers 65   70  5
and 117  125 – 8 , which is divisible by the required number.
The number to be obtained = HCF  70, 125
 117  65 1  52 ( Dividend  divisor  quotient  reminder)

 65  52  1  13
 52  13  4  0
Hence, 13 is the highest common factor of 70 and 125, leaving 5 and 8 as

remainder receptively.
6. If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x 3 y 2 and b = xy 3 ; x, y are

prime numbers, then HCF  a, b  is
(A) xy
2
(B) xy
3 3
(C) x y
2 2
(D) x y
Ans: B
HCF is defined as the highest common factor between the two numbers and for
variables it’s the smallest exponent of every common variable.
We can write,
a  x x x y y
b x y y y

So, x and y are both common variables in a and b , with lowest exponent as 1 and
2 respectively.
Therefore, the HCF will be xy 2 .
7. If two positive integer p and q can be expressed as p = ab 2 and q = a 3b; a, b

being prime number then LCM  p, q  is
(A) ab
2 2
(B) a b
3 2
(C) a b
3 3
(D) a b
Ans: C
LCM is defined as least common multiple of integers a and b . For variables it’s
the highest exponent of every common variable.
We can write,
p  abb
q  aaab
So,
a and b are both common variables in p and q, with highest exponent as 3 and 2
respectively.
Therefore, the LCM will be a 3b 2 .
8. The product of a non-zero rational and an irrational no. is

(A) Always irrational
(B) Always rational
(C) Rational or Irrational
(D) One
Ans: A
Irrational number can be defined as a non- repeating, non-terminating decimal

number unlike the case of rational number which is a terminating number.
When a non-repeating and non-terminating number is multiplied by an irrational

number. The result number is always an irrational number.
Example:
2 2 3
 3
5 5
9. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1-10 (both
inclusive) is
(A) 10
(B) 100
(C) 504
(D) 2520
Ans: D
Since, the required number is divisible from all the number from 1 to 10.
Therefore, we need to find the LCM.
Factors of numbers from 1 to 10.

11
2  1 2
3  1 3
4  22
5  1 5
6  23
7  1 7
8 222
9  3 3
10  2  5
We know that:
LCM is defined as least common multiple of integers a and b . For variables it’s
the highest exponent of every common variable.
Therefore,
LCM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10   2  2  2  3  3  5  7  2520
14587
10. The decimal expansion of the rational number will terminate after:
1250
(A) One decimal place
(B) Two decimal places
(C) Three decimal places
(D) Four decimal places
Ans: D
14587
Rational number =
1250
Multiply the numerator and the denominator with 23 to make the denominator as a
multiple of 10.

14587 14587 23
 
1250 21  54 23
14587  8
 
2 4  54
116696 116696
  
10 
4
10000
  11.6696
Hence, given rational number will terminate after four decimal places.
Solved Example
1. The values of the remainder r, when a positive integer a is divided by 3 are

0 and 1 only. Justify your answer.
Ans: The given statement “The values of the remainder r, when a positive integer a
is divided by 3 are 0 and 1 only.” is False.
According to Euclid's division Lemma,
a  bq  r , a  3q  r
where b = 3
0r b
0r 3
Therefore, r can have 0, 1 and 2.
2. Can the number 6n , n being a natural numbers end with the digits 5? Give
reasons.
n
Ans: Consider the number 6
On prime factorisation of 6,

6n   2  3
n
6n  2n  3n
Since, on factorising 6 n we get 2n  3n , which does not contain 5. Therefore, 6 n

cannot end with the digit 5.
EXERCISE 1.2
1. Write whether every positive integer can be of the form 4q + 2 , where q is

an integer. Justify your answer.
Ans: Euclid’s division lemma states that for two positive integers a and b, there
exist unique integers q and r such that a = bq + r , where 0  r  b .
Where,
a = dividend
b = divisor
q = quotient
r = remainder
According to question,
‘a’ is any positive integer.

b4
r  0, 1, 2, 3 0  r  b; 0  r  4
Therefore, ‘a’ can be in the form of 4q, 4q  1, 4q  2, 4q  3 i.e., a  bq  r .
Hence, it is not necessary that every positive integer is in the form of 4q  2 .

2. “The product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2”. is this
statement true or false? Give reasons.
Ans: Two consecutive positive integers are always an even and an odd number.
The product of even and an odd number is always an even number.
Since, even number is divisible by 2.
Therefore, the product of two consecutive positive integers is also divisible by 2.
Hence, the given statement “The product of two consecutive positive integers is
divisible by 2”. is true.
3. “The product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 6. Is this

statement true or false”? Justify your answer.
Ans: We can verify it taking different random groups of three consecutive positive
integers.
a) Let take 2, 3, 4 as 3 consecutive positive integers
So, 2  3  4  24 which is divisible by 6
b) Let take 5, 6, 7 as 3 consecutive positive integers
So, 5  6  7  210; which is divisible by 6
Hence, The statement “The product of three consecutive positive integers is

divisible by 6 .”
4. Write whether the square of any positive integer can be of the form 3m + 2 ,
where m is a natural number. Justify your answer.
Ans: No
Consider any random positive integer say ‘a’.

According to Euclid’s division lemma; a can be written as
a  bq  r ; 0  r  b
Let b = 3 then,
a  3q  r where 0  r  3
So, r can have the following values 0, 1, 2.
Since, any positive integer can have the following forms.
r 0  a  3q
r 1  a  3q  1
r2  a  3q  2
When r  0, a  3q
 a 2   3q 
2
 
 9q 2  3 3q 2  3m (where m  3q 2 )
When r  1, a  3q  1
 a 2   3q  1
2
 
 9q 2  6q  1  3 3q 2  2q  1  3m  1 (where m  3q 2  2q )
When r  2, a  3q  2
 a 2   3q  2 
2
 
 9q 2  12q  4  3 3q 2  4q  3  1  3m  1 (where m  3q 2  4q  3 )
Hence, square of positive integer cannot be expressed in the form 3m  2 .

5. A positive integer is of the form 3q + 1, q being a natural number. Can you
write its square in any form other than 3m + 1 , i.e., 3m or 3m + 2 for some
integer m? Justify your answer.
Ans: According to Euclid’s division lemma,
Put b  3
a  bq  r , where all of a, b, q, r are positive integers and 0  r  b i.e., 0  r  3 .
 a  3q,3q  1 or 3q  2 .
Now,
When a  3q ,
 a 2   3q 
2
 9q 2  3.3q 2 (here, m  3q 2 )
When a  3q  1 ,
 a 2   3q  1
2

 9q 2  6q  1  3 3q 2  2q  1  (here, m  3q 2  2q )
When a  3q  2 ,
 a 2   3q  2 
2
 9q 2  12q  4

 3 3q 2  4q  1  1  (here, m  3q 2  4q  1 )
Therefore, square of a positive integer can be expressed in the form of 3m  1.

6. The numbers 525 and 3000 are both divisible only by 3, 5, 15, 25 and 75.
What is HCF (525, 3000)? Justify your answer.
Ans: The common factors of 3000 and 525 is 75.
By Euclid’s division lemma,
3000  525  5  375

525  375  1  150
375  150  2  75
150  75  2  0
By Euclid’s method, we get the HCF (525, 3000) as 75.
7. Explain why 3 × 5 × 7 + 7 is a composite number.
Ans: A composite number can be expressed as product of primes
Considering the given number,
 3  5  7   7
 105  7  112
On prime factorisation of 112,
112  2  2  2  2  7
 24  7
Here 2 and 7 both are prime numbers.
We know that:
The product of two prime number is always a composite number.
Therefore, 3  5  7  7 is a composite number.

8. Can two numbers have 18 as their HCF and 380 as their LCM? Give
reasons.
Ans: HCF of two numbers means highest common factor and LCM of two
numbers means their lowest common multiple. So, as per definition LCM of two
numbers is always divisible by the HCF of two numbers. HCF is the factor of
LCM.
Since, 18 is not the factor of 380. Therefore, no numbers can have 18 and 380 as
there HCF and LCM respectively.
987
9. Without actually performing the long division, find if will have
10500
terminating or non-terminating (repeating) decimal expansion. Give reasons
for your answer.
987
Ans: Let
10500
On simplifying the given number,
987 3  7  47
 
10500 3  7  500
47
 .
500
47

22  53
Here, the denominator is in the form 2m  5n .
If the denominator is in the form of 2m  5n then its terminating rational number.
987
Hence, the number is a terminating rational number.
10500

10. A rational number in its decimal expansion is 327.7081 . What can you say
p
about the prime factors of q , when this number is expressed in the form ?
q
Give reasons.
Ans: 327.7081 can be written as,

3277081 32777081 p
 
10000 104 q
q  10000
 104
  2  5
4
Hence, the denominator can be expressed in the form of 2m  5n .
Sample Questions
1. Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find which of the following pairs of

numbers are co-prime:
(i) 231, 396
Ans: Let's calculate the HCF of each number pair.
Here, Co-primes are two numbers that have only 1 as a common factor.
Then, by Euclid's lemma a  bq  r , 0  r  b
So, HCF of 231,396 is
 396  1 231  165
 231  1165  66
 165  2  66  33
 66  2  33  0

The HCF of 231,396 is 33 which is not equal to 1 ,
Therefore, 231,396 are not co-prime.
(ii) 847, 2160
Ans: Let's calculate the HCF of each number pair.
Here, Co-primes are two numbers that have only 1 as a common factor.
Then, by Euclid's lemma a  bq  r , 0  r  b
So, HCF of 847 and 2160 is
2160  847  2  466
 847  466  1  381
 466  381  1  85
 85  41  2  3
 41  3 13  2
 3  2 1  1
 2  1 2  0
Since, The HCF of 847 and 2160 is 1 .
Therefore, 847 and 2160 are co-primes.
2. Show that the square of an odd positive integer is of the form 8m +1 , for
some whole number m .
Ans: Let us take 2 p  1 is any odd positive integer for which p  I

 (2 p  1) 2  4 p 2  1  4 p
 (2 p  1) 2  4 p 2  4 p  1
 (2 p  1) 2  4 p( p  1)  1
p( p  1) is even and also a product of two consecutive integers .
Let p( p  1)  2m for some whole number m W
 (2 p  1) 2
 2 p  1  4 p
2
 4 p2  4 p  1
 4 p  p  1  1
 4(2m)  1
 8m  1
Therefore, square of an odd integer is of the form 8 m  1 for some whole number
m W .
3. Prove that 2 + 3 is irrational.
Ans: Let us assume 2  3 is a rational number.
So it can be represented in the form of a/b

a
 2 3
b
a
 2  3
b
Now, squaring on both sides, we get

2
 2 a 
2
    3
b 
Expand   3   2  3  2   3
2
a a a
b  b b

a2 a
2  3 2 3 
b
2
b
a2 a
 2
322 3
b b
a2 a
 1 2 3 
b
2
b

a 2
 b2  b
 3
2
b 2a

a 2
 b2  3
2ab
a 2
 b2  which is a contradiction.
2ab
Since, a, b are integers. Therefore,

a 2
 b2  is a rational number but 3 is an
2ab
irrational number. Therefore, it contradicts the fact that 2  3 is rational.
Hence, it is an irrational number.
EXERCISE 1.3:
1. Show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 4q or 4q +1
for some integer q .
Ans: Let us consider a be any positive integer
Using Euclid's division lemma a  bm  r
a  4q  r , 0  r  4 when b  4
So, r  0,1, 2,3

Now, squaring on both sides the equation a  4q  r in every case
Case. i) when r  0
a  4m
a 2  (4m) 2

a 2  4 4m 2 
a 2  4q
where q  4m 2
When r  1
a  4m  1
a 2  (4m  1) 2
a 2  16m 2  1  8m
 
a 2  4 4m 2  2m  1
a 2  4q  1 , where q  4m 2  2m
Case. ii) when r  2
a  4m  2
a 2  (4m  2) 2
a 2  16m 2  4  16m

a 2  4 4m 2  4m  1 
a 2  4q , Where q  4m 2  4m  1
Case. iii) when r  3

a  4m  3
a 2  (4m  3) 2
a 2  16m 2  9  24m
a 2  16m 2  24m  8  1

a 2  4 4m 2  6m  2  1
a 2  4q  1 , where q  4m 2  6m  2
Therefore, Square of any positive integer is in form of 4q or 4q  1 , where q is any

integer.
2. Show that cube of any positive integer is of the form 4m, 4m + 1 or 4m + 3 ,

for some integer
Using Euclid's division lemma a  bq  r
a  4q  r , 0  r  4 when b  4
So, r  0,1, 2,3
Now, cubing on both sides of a  4q  r in every case
Case 1: When r  0
a  4q
(a)3  (4q)3

(a)3  64q 3  4 16q 3 
a3  4 m , where m  16q 3

Case. 2) when r  1
a  4q  1
a 3  (4q  1)3
Since, (a  b)3  a 3  b3  3a 2b  3ab 2
a 3  (4q)3  (1)3  3(4q) 2  1  3(4q)  (1) 2
a 3  64q 3  1  3  16q 2  12q
a 3  64q 3  1  48q 2  12q
 
a 3  4 16q 3  12q 3  3q  1
a 3  4m  1 , where m  16q 3  12q 2  3q
a  4q  2
a 3  (4q  2)3
a 3  (4q)3  (2)3  3  (4q) 2  2  3  4q  2 

2
a 3  64q 3  8  3  16q 2  2  3  4q  4
a 3  64q 3  8  96q 2  48q

a 3  4 16q 3  2  24q 3  12q 
a3  4 m , Where m  16q 3  2  24q 3  12q
a  4q  3
a 3  (4q  3)3


a 3  64q 3  24  144q 2  108q  3
a 3  4 16q 3  6  36q 2  27q   3
a3  4 m  3 , where m  16q 3  6  36q 2  27 q
Therefore, a 3 is of the form of 4 m, 4 m  1, 4 m  3 .
Hence, the cube of any positive integer is of the form 4m, 4m  1 or 4m  3 , for some
integer m .
3. Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 5q + 2 or
5q + 3 for any integer q .
a  5m  r , 0  r  5 when b  5
So, r  0,1, 2,3, 4
Now, Squaring both sides of an equation a  6m  r in every case
Case 1: when r  0
a  5m
a 2  25m2

a 2  5 5 m2 
a 2  5q, where q = 5 m 2
a  5 m 1

a 2  (5m  1) 2
a 2  25m 2  10m  1
 
a 2  5 5 m2  2 m  1
 5q  1 , where q  5 m 2  2 m
a  5m  2
a 2  25 m2  20 m  4
 
a 2  5 5 m2  4 m  4
a 2  5q  4 , where q  5m 2  4m
a  5m  3
a 2  25 m2  30 m  9
 25 m 2  30 m  5  4
 
 5 5m 2  6m  1  4
 5q  4 , where q  5m 2  6m  1
a  5m  4
a 2  25m 2  40m  16
a 2  25m 2  40m  15  1
 
 5 5 m2  8 m  3  1

 5q  1 , Where q  5 m 2  8 m  3
From the above cases, (5q  2) and, (5q  3) are not perfect square for some value of
q.
Hence, the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 5q  2 or 5q  3 for
any integer q .
4. Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 6m + 2 or
6m + 5 for any integer m .
Ans: Let us consider a be any positive integer.
a  6q  r , 0  r  6 when b  6
So that r  0,1, 2,3, 4,5
Now, squaring both sides of an equation a  6q  r in every case.
Case 1) when r  0
a 2  6 6q 2  2q  0   02
 a 2  36q 2
 a2  6 m , where m  6q 2
a 2  6 6q 2  2q  1  12
 
 a 2  6 6q 2  2q   1
 a2  6 m  1 , where m  6q 2  2q

Case 3) When r  2
a 2  6 6q 2  2q  2   22
 a2  6 m  4 , where m   6q 2  4q 
a 2  6 6q 2  2q  3  32
 a 2  6 6q 2  6q   6  3
 a 2  6 6q 2  6q  1  3
 a2  6 m  3 , where m  6q 2  6q  1
a 2  6 6q 2  2q  4   42
 a 2  6 6q 2  8q   12  4
 a 2  6 6q 2  8q  2   4
 a 2  6m  4 , where m  6q 4  8q  2
a 2  6 6q 2  2q  5  52
 a 2  6 6q 2  10q   24  1
 6 6q 2  10q  4   1
 a 2  6m  1 , where m  6q 2  10q  4

Therefore, the form of 6 m, (6 m  1), (6 m  3) and (6 m  4) are squares and (6 m  2)
and (6 m  5) are not perfect square for some value of m .
Hence, the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 6m  2 or 6m  5 for
any integer m .
5. Show that the square of any odd integer is of the form 4q + 1 , for some
integer q .
Ans: Using Euclid’s division lemma method, i.e., a  bq  r , 0  r  b .
Let b  4 then a  4q  r , where 0  r  4 i.e., r  0,1, 2,3 (i)
Case 1) If r  0  a  4q
4q is divisible by 2 .
4q is even
Case 2) If r  1  a  4q  1
(4q  1) is not divisible by 2 .
Case 3) If r  2  a  4q  2
2(2q  1) is divisible by 2
2(2q  1) is even.
Case 4) If r  3  a  4q  3
(4q  3) is not divisible by 2 .
(4q  1) and (4q  3) are odd integers, which are not divisible by 2 .
Now, squaring the odd number.

a 2  (4q  1) 2
Since, (a  b)2  a 2  2ab  b 2 
a 2  16q 2  1  8q
a 2  4(4q 2  2q )  1
a 2  4(4q 2  2q)  1 is a square.
Consider m   4q 2  2q 
Now, it is in the form of 4 m  1
a 2  (4q  3) 2
Since, (a  b)2  a 2  2ab  b 2 
a 2  16q 2  9  24q
a 2  4(4q 2  6q )  9
a 2  4(4q 2  6q  2)  1 is a square.
Consider m   4q 2  6q  2 
Now, it is of the form 4m  1 .
Therefore, the square of any odd integer is of the form 4 m  1 for some integer m .
6. If n is an odd integer, then show that n2 -1 is divisible by 8 .
Ans: As we know, odd number can be expressed in form 4q  1 or 4q  3 , where q

is an integer.
So, consider n  4q  1
Then

n 2  1  (4q  1) 2  1
n 2  1  16q 2  8q  1  1
n 2  1  8q (2q  1)
8q(2q  1) is divisible by 8 .
Now, consider n  4q  3
Then
n 2  1  (4q  3) 2  1
n 2  1  16q 2  24q  9  1

n 2  1  8 2q 2  3q  1 
 
8 2q 2  3q  1 is divisible by 8 .
From the above equations,
n is an odd positive integer n 2  1 is divisible by 8 .
7. Prove that if x and y are both odd positive integers, then x 2 + y 2 is even but
not divisible by 4 .
Ans: Let us consider that x and y are both odd positive integers of the form 2q  1 ,
where q is an integer.
So, x  2m  1 and y  2n  1 for some other integers of m and n .
Now, consider, x 2  y 2 is even but not divisible by 4 .
Substitute the values of x  2m  1 and y  2n  1 in x 2  y 2 .
x 2  y 2  (2 m  1) 2  (2n  1) 2

x 2  y 2  4 m 2  1  4 m  4n 2  1  4n
x 2  y 2  4 m 2  4n 2  4 m  4n  2
 
x 2  y 2  4 m 2  n 2  4( m  n)  2
  
x 2  y 2  4 m 2  n 2  ( m  n)  2
x 2  y 2  4q  2 , where q   m2  n 2   (m  n)
By Euclid’s division lemma,
2 is the remainder of x 2  y 2 which is even when divided by 4 .
Therefore, x 2  y 2 is even but not divisible by 4
8. Use Euclid's division algorithm to find the HCF of 441, 567, 693 .
Ans: The Euclidean Algorithm for finding HCF (A, B) is as follows:
If A=0 then HCF (A, B) = B, since the HCF (0, B) = B, and we can stop.
If B = 0 then HCF (A, B) = A, since the HCF (A, 0) = A, and we can stop.
Write A in quotient remainder form (A=BQ+R)
Find HCF (B, R) using the Euclidean Algorithm since HCF (A, B) = HCF(B, R)
Given 441,567, 693
Using Euclid’s division lemma method, we have:
a  bq  r , 0  r  b .
Calculate HCF for  693,567 
693  567  1  126

567  126  4  63
126  63  2  0
Since, remainder is 0
The HCF of  693,567  is 63 .
Now, calculate HCF for  441,63
441  63  7  0
Therefore, HCF of  693,567, 441 is 63 .
9. Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find the largest number that divides
1251, 9377 and 15628 leaving remainders 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Ans: The largest number that divides 1251,9377 and 15628 leaving remainders 1, 2
and 3 respectively.
Subtract the remainders from the given numbers then
1251  1  1250,
9377  2  9375
and 15628  3  15625
We know that:
The largest number that divides 1251,9377 and 15628 leaving remainders 1, 2 and 3
respectively is the HCF of 1251,9377,15628 .
Using Euclid’s division lemma method, i.e., a  bq  r , 0  r  b
Calculate HCF for 15625,9375

 15625  9375  1  6250
 9375  6250  1  3125
 6250  3125  2  0
The HCF of 15625,9375 is 3125
Now calculate HCF for  3125,1250 
 3125  1250  2  625
 1250  625  2  0
Therefore, HCF of 1251,9377,15628 is 625
625 is the required largest number that divides 1251,9377 and 15628 leaving
remainders 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
10. Prove that 3 + 5 is irrational.
Ans: Let us assume 3  5 is a rational number.
a
So it can be represented in the form of
b
a
 3 5 
b
a
 3  5
b
Now, Squaring on both sides

2
  a 
2
 3   5
b 
Expand   5   2  5  2   5
2
a a a
b  b b
a2 a
3 52 5 
b
2
b
a2 a
 2
532 5
b b
a2 a
  2  2 5 
b
2
b

a 2
 2b 2  b
 5
2
b 2a

a 2
 2b 2  5
2ab
Here,
a 2
 2b 2  is a rational number but 5 is an irrational number. Therefore, it
2ab
contradicts the fact that 3  5 is rational.
Hence, 3  5 is an irrational number.
11. Show that 12n cannot end with the digit 0 or 5 for any natural number n.
Ans:
12n  (2    n
 2n  2n  3n
Hence, 12n cannot end with the digit 0 or 5.

12. On a morning walk, three persons step off together and their step
measure 40 cm, 42 cm and 45 cm, respectively. What is the minimum distance
each should walk so that each can cover the same distance in complete steps?
Ans: The minimum distance to walk = LCM (Least Common Multiple) of 40, 42
and 45.
40  2      
      
      
LCM = (product of the highest power of each prime factor involved)
 23 32    
 2520
257
13. Write the denominator of the rational number in the form 2m × 5n ,
5000
where m, n are non-negative integers. Hence, write its decimal expansion,
without actual division.
257
Ans: The denominator of the rational number is 5000.
5000
5000  2  2  2  5  5  5  5
= 23  54
m  3, n  4
257
In order to find the decimal expansion for we must multiply the numerator
5000
and denominator by 2,

257 257  2

5000 5000  2
514
 3 4
2 5 2
514

(2  4
514
= 4
10
 0.0514
14. Prove that p + q is irrational, where p, q are primes.
Ans: Let’s assume that p and q are rational, where p and q are primes.
p  q  x , where x is rational
Rational numbers are closed under multiplication, so if we square both sides, we

will get rational numbers on both sides.
 ( p  q )2  x 2
 p  2 pq  q  x 2
 2 pq  x 2  p  q
( x 2  p  q)
 pq 
2
( x 2  p  q)
Here, is rational.
2
But as p and q are both primes, then pq will not be a perfect square.
Therefore, pq is not rational. But this is contradiction, so our original assumption
must be wrong.
So, p and q are irrational, where p and q are primes.
Sample Question

1. Show that the square of an odd positive integer can be of the form 6q + 1
or 6q + 3 for some integer q.
Ans: We know that, any positive integer can be expressed in the form of
6m, 6m  1, 6m  2, 6m  3, 6m  4 or 6m  5, for any integer m.
If we take an odd positive integer it will be of the form 6m  1, 6m  3 or 6m  5 .
Therefore,
 6m  1  36m2  12m  1  6(6m2  2m)  1  6q  1

2
 6m  3  36m2  36m  9  6(6m2  6m  1)  3  6q  3

2
 6m  5  36m2  60m  25  6(6m2  10m  4)  1  6q  1

2
Where q is an integer.
Thus, the square of an odd positive integer can be of the form 6q  1 or 6q  3 .
EXERCISE 1.4
1. Show that the cube of a positive integer of the form 6q + r, q is an integer

and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is also of the form 6m + r .
Ans: Let us assume 6q  r is a positive integer, where q is an integer and

r  0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 .
Then, the positive integers are of the form 6q, 6q  1, 6q  2, 6q  3, 6q  4 and 6q  5 .
Taking cube of each term, we have,
 6q   216q 3  6  36q 3  0  6m,

3
where m = 36q 3 is an integer
 6q  1  216q 3  108q 2  18q  1
3
 6  36q 3  18q 2  3q   1

 6m  1, where m = 36q 3  18q 2  3q is an integer.
 6q  2   216q 3  216q 2  72q  8
3
 6  36q 3  36q 2  12q  1  2
 6m  2, where m = 36q 3  36q 2  12q  1 is an integer.

 6q  3   216q 3 + 324q 2 +162q  27
3
 6  36q 3  54q 2  27 q  4   3
 6m +3, where m = 36q 3  54q 2  27 q  4 is an integer.
 6q  4   216q 3  432q 2  288q  64

3
 6  36q 3  72q 2  48q  10   4
 6m  4, where m = 36q 3  72q 2  48q  10 is an integer.
 6q  5   216q 3  540q 2  450q  125

3
 6  36q 3  90q 2  75q  20  +5
 6m  5, where m = 36q 3  90q 2  75q  20 is an integer
Hence, the cube of a positive integer of the form 6q  r , q is an integer and

r  0,1, 2,3, 4,5 is also of the form 6m  r .
2. Prove that one and only one out of n, n + 2 and n + 4 is divisible by 3, where n
is any positive integer.
Ans: Using Euclid’s division lemma,
we have a  3q  r; 0  r  b
For a  n , we have
n  3q  r , ………  i 

where q is an integer and 0  r  3 , i.e. r  0, 1, 2 .
Putting r  0 in  i  , we get n  3q
So, n is divisible by 3.
n  2  3q  2 so, n  2 is not divisible by 3.
Putting r  1 in  i  , we get n  3q  1 so, n is not divisible by 3 n  2  3q  3  3  q  1

so, n  2 is divisible by 3
Putting r = 2 in  i  , we get n  3q  2 so, n is not divisible by 3.
n  4  3q  6  3  q  2  so, n  4 is divisible by 3.
For every value of r so that 0  r  3 only one out of n, n  2 and n  4 is divisible

by 3.
3. Prove that one of any three consecutive positive integers must be divisible
by 3.
Ans: Let the three consecutive positive integers be x, x  1 and x  2 , where x is any
integer.
By Euclid’s division lemma, we have c  dq  r; 0  r  d For c  x and d  3 ,

we have x  3q  r ......  i  , Where q is an integer and 0  r  3 ,
i.e. r  0, 1, 2 .
Putting r  0 in  i  , we get

x  3q So, x is divisible by 3.
x  1  3q  1 so, x  1 is not divisible by 3.
Putting r  1 in  i  , we get
x  3q  1 so, x is not divisible by 3.
x  2  3q  3  3  q  1 so, x  2 is divisible by 3.
Putting r  2 in  i  , we get x  3q  2 so, x is not divisible by 3.
x  1  3q  3  3  q  1 so, x  1 is divisible by 3.
Thus for each value of r such that 0  r  3 only one out of x, x  1 and x  2 is
divisible by 3.
4. For any positive integer n, prove that n 3 - n is divisible by 6.
Ans: factorizing n³  n  n  n²  1 = n  n  1 n  1
n3  n is divisible by 6, the possible reminders are 0, 1 and 2.

[ if P  ab  r , then 0  r  a by Euclid lemma ]
 Let n  3r , 3r  1 , 3r  2 , where r is an integer
Case 1 :- when n  3r
Then, n³  n is divisible by 3
[ n³  n  n  n  1 n  1  3r  3r  1 3r  1 , it is divisible by 3 ]

Case 2: when n  3r  1
n  1  3r  1  1  3r
Then, n³  n   3r  1 3r  3r  2  , it is divisible by 3.
Case 3:- when n  3r 1
n  1  3r  1  1  3r
Then, n³  n   3r  1 3r  3r  2  it is divisible by 3.

Therefore n³  n is divisible by 3 , where n is any positive integer.
5. Show that one and only one out of n, n+4, n+8, n+12 and n+16 is divisible by
5, where n is any positive integer.
Ans: n, n  4, n  8, n  12 and n  16 is divisible by 5, where n is any positive integer.
Therefore,
Any positive integer is of the form
5q, 5q  1, 5q  2, 5q  3, 5q  4
b  5
r  0 , 1, 2 , 3, 4
When r  1 ,
n  5q  n  5q  1 [ not divisible by 5]
n  4  5q  5  5  q  1 [ divisible by 5]
n  8  5q  9 [ not divisible by 5]
When r  2

n  5q  2n  5q  2 [ not divisible by 5]
n  8  5q  10  5 q+2  [ divisible by 5]
When r  3
n  5q  3n  5q  3 [ not divisible by 5]
n  12  5q+15  5 q + 3  [ divisible by 5]
When r  4 ,
n  5q  4 n  5q  4 [not divisible by 5]
n  4  5q  8 [not divisible by 5]
n  6  5q  10  5  q+2  [divisible by 5]
From equations it is clear that one and only one out of n, n+4, n+8, n+12 and n+6
is divisible by 5.

NCERT Exemplar For Class 10 Maths Chapter 1

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NCERT Exemplar For Class 10 Maths Chapter 1

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NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 10

Chapter 1 – Real Numbers

1. The decimal expansion of the rational number 33

(A) One decimal place

(B) Two decimal place

(C) Three decimal place

(D) More than 3 decimal places

Express the denominator as the multiple of 10,

If we divide both numerator and denominator by 5, denominator can be changed to

Convert the obtained fraction into decimal.

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 1

(A) 1 < r < b

(D) 0 < r < b

1. For some integer m , every even integer is of the form

Every Even integer is a multiple of 2.

 2m  ....  6,  4,  2,0, 2, 4,6.... (all even numbers)

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 2

Even numbers can be written in the form of 2m.

2. For some integer q, every odd integer is of the form

Every Even integer is a multiple of 2.

 2q  ....  6,  4,  2,0, 2, 4,6.... (all are even numbers)

 2q  1  ....  5,  3,  1,1,3,5,7.... (all are odd numbers)

Every odd integer can be written in the form of 2q  1.

(B) a natural number

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 3

(D) an even integer

Since, ‘n’ is any number. Therefore, it can be even or odd.

When ‘n’ is an even integer.

Let, n  2k (where 'k ' is an integer)

 x  4   1  1  3 (which is not divisible by

 x  4  0   1   1 (which is not divisible by

When ‘n’ is an odd integer.

n  2k  1 (where 'k ' is an integer)

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 4

 x  4   1  1  1  0 (which is divisible by 8 )

 x  4 11  1  8 (which is divisible by 8 )

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 5

HCF of 65 and 117 by prime factorisation method.

As, 13 is the common factor between 65 and 117 .

Therefore, HCF  65, 117   13

65m  117  HCF

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 6

The number to be obtained = HCF  70, 125

 117  65 1  52 ( Dividend  divisor  quotient  reminder)

Hence, 13 is the highest common factor of 70 and 125, leaving 5 and 8 as

6. If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x 3 y 2 and b = xy 3 ; x, y are

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 7

Therefore, the HCF will be xy 2 .

7. If two positive integer p and q can be expressed as p = ab 2 and q = a 3b; a, b

Therefore, the LCM will be a 3b 2 .

8. The product of a non-zero rational and an irrational no. is

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 8

(B) Always rational

(C) Rational or Irrational

Irrational number can be defined as a non- repeating, non-terminating decimal

When a non-repeating and non-terminating number is multiplied by an irrational

Factors of numbers from 1 to 10.

Class X Mathematics www.vedantu.com 9

LCM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10   2  2  2  3  3  5  7  2520