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Python Functions

This document discusses functions and functional programming in Python. It covers topics such as defining functions, parameters, scopes, closures, higher-order functions using map, filter and reduce, list comprehensions, and recursion. Examples of each concept are provided in Python code snippets.

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Андрій Ільчук
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61 views18 pages

Python Functions

This document discusses functions and functional programming in Python. It covers topics such as defining functions, parameters, scopes, closures, higher-order functions using map, filter and reduce, list comprehensions, and recursion. Examples of each concept are provided in Python code snippets.

Uploaded by

Андрій Ільчук
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå

ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèè

Ïðîñòåéøàÿ ôóíêöèÿ íà Python:


> > def empty_func () :
.. pass

Ôóíêöèè îáúÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ êëþ÷åâûì ñëîâîì def


Ôóíêöèÿ - ýòî îáúåêò
Ïóñòûå ôóíêöèè íåäîïóñòèìû

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèè

Áîëåå ñëîæíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ


> > def gcd (a , b ) :
.. """ Greatest Common
.. Divisor """ # docstring
.. while a ! = 0 :
.. a , b = b %a , a
.. return b

docstring ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü òàê:


print gcd . __doc__

Ôóíêöèÿ áåç return âîçâðàùàåò ñïåöèàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå None


Ïàðàìåòðû â ôóíêöèè ïåðåäàþòñÿ ïî-õèòðîìó

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ïåðåäà÷à ïàðàìåòðîâ

Call by object, call by sharing, call by object reference


> > def magic ( v ) :
.. v . append ( " Blue " )
..
> > list = [ " Red " , " Green "]
> > magic ( list )
> > print list
[ ' Red ' , ' Green ' , ' Blue ']

> > def magic2 ( v ) :


.. v = [ " Hue " , " Saturation " , " Value " ]
..
> > magic2 ( list )
> > print list
[ ' Red ' , ' Green ' , ' Blue ']

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèè

Ôóíêöèè ìîæíî ïðèñâàèâàòü:


> > d = gcd
> > print d ( 14 , 7 )
7

Áëàãîäàðÿ êîðòåæàì, èç ôóíêöèè ìîæíî âîçâðàùàòü


ìíîæåñòâî ýëåìåíòîâ:
> > def multiout () :
.. return 1 , 2 , 3
> > print multiout ()
(1 , 2 , 3 )

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Îáëàñòü âèäèìîñòè - Scope

 ëþáîé ìîìåíò âûïîíåíèÿ ïðîãðàììû ñóùåñòâóåò, êàê


ìèíèìóì, 3 îáëàñòè âèäèìîñòè:
Ëîêàëüíàÿ
Ñðåäíÿÿ (ãëîáàëüíûå èìåíà ìîäóëÿ)
Âíåøíÿÿ (âñòðîåííûå èìåíà)

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèè

Ïåðåäà÷à íåèçâåñòíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïàðàìåòðîâ:


> > def avg ( * args ) :
.. sum = 0 . 0
.. for arg in args :
.. sum + = arg
.. return sum / len ( args )
..
> > avg (1 , 2 )
1.5
> > avg (3 , 5 , 2 )
3 . 3333333333333335

Òàêæå ìîæíî ïåðåäàâàòü èìåíîâàííûå ïàðàìåòðû. Â òàêîì


ñëó÷àå, èçìåíÿåòñÿ ñèãíàòóðà:
> > def avg ( * * args ) :

Òåïåðü ðàáîòà ñ args àíàëîãè÷íà ðàáîòå ñî ñëîâàðåì

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèè

Ïàðàìåòðû ïî-óìîë÷àíèþ:
> > def greet ( adr = " mr . " , name = " X " ) :
.. print " Hello " + adr + name + " ! "
..
> > greet ( " mrs . " , " Anderson " ) # Íîðìàëüíûé âûçîâ
Hello mrs . Anderson !
> > greet ( name = " Gates " ) # Èìåíîâàííûé ïàðàìåòð
Hello mr . Gates !
> > greet () # Âûçîâ ñ ïàðàìåòðàìè ïî - óìîë÷àíèþ
Hello mr .X !

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ëÿìáäà-ôóíêöèè

Ëÿìáäû ìîæíî âûçûâàòü ñðàçó ïîñëå îïðåäåëåíèÿ


> > ( lambda x : x * x )( 5 )
25

Ôóíêöèè ìîæíî çàäàâàòü ÷åðåç ëÿìáäû


> > foo = lambda x : x * x
> > print foo ( 7 )
49

Ëÿìáäà-ôóíêöèÿ - íå èìåíîâàííàÿ ôóíêöèÿ


Ôóíêöèè â Python - îáúåêòû ïåðâîãî êëàññà

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Çàìûêàíèÿ

Çàìûêàíèå (àíãë. closure) â ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèè - ïðîöåäóðà,


êîòîðàÿ ññûëàåòñÿ íà ñâîáîäíûå ïåðåìåííûå â ñâîåì
ëåêñè÷åñêîì êîíòåêñòå.
>> def make_adder ( x ) :
.. def adder ( n ) :
.. # Çàõâàò ïåðìåííîé " x " èç âíåøíåãî êîíòåêñòà
.. return x + n
.. return adder
..
>> f = make_adder ( 10 )
>> print f ( 5 ) # 15
15
>> f = make_adder ( 15 )
>> print f ( 5 ) # 20
20

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå â Python

Ýëåìåíòû ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ â Python


Ôóíêöèè âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ
Ñïèñî÷íûå âûðàæåíèÿ
Ðåêóðñèÿ

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèè âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ

Ôóíêöèÿ map() ïîçâîëÿåò îáðàáàòûâàòü îäíó èëè íåñêîëüêî


ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòåé ñ ïîìîùüþ çàäàííîé ôóíêöèè:
> > list1 = [7 , 2 , 3 , 10 , 12 ]
> > list2 = [ -1 , 1 , -5 , 4 , 6 ]
> > map ( lambda x , y : x *y , list1 , list2 )
[ -7 , 2 , - 15 , 40 , 72 ]

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèè âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ

Ôóíêöèÿ lter() ïîçâîëÿåò ôèëüòðîâàòü çíà÷åíèÿ


ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè. Â ðåçóëüòèðóþùåì ñïèñêå òîëüêî òå
çíà÷åíèÿ, äëÿ êîòîðûõ çíà÷åíèå ôóíêöèè äëÿ ýëåìåíòà
èñòèííî:
> > list = [ 10 , 4 , 2 , -1 , 6 ]
> > filter ( lambda x : x < 5 , list )
[4 , 2 , - 1 ]

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ôóíêöèè âûñøèõ ïîðÿäêîâ

Äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè öåïî÷å÷íûõ âû÷èñëåíèé â ñïèñêå ìîæíî


èñïîëüçîâàòü ôóíêöèþ reduce():
> > list = [2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]
> > reduce ( lambda res , x : res *x , list , 1 )
720

Âû÷èñëåíèÿ ïðîèñõîäÿò â ñëåäóþùåì ïîðÿäêå:


((((1*2)*3)*4)*5)*6

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ñïèñî÷íûå âûðàæåíèÿ - List comprehension

> > S = [ x * * 2 for x in range ( 10 ) ]


> > V = [ 2 * * i for i in range ( 10 ) ]
> > M = [ x for x in S if x % 2 = = 0 ]
>>
> > print S ; print V ; print M
[0 , 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 ]
[1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 , 64 , 128 , 256 , 512 ]
[0 , 4 , 16 , 36 , 64 ]

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


List comprehension vs map and lter

Lc áûñòðåå, åñëè â map íåîáõîäèìî ïåðåäàâàòü ëÿìáäó:


python - mtimeit - s ' xs = range ( 10 ) ' ' map ( lambda x : x +2 , xs ) '
100000 loops , best of 3 : 4 . 24 usec per loop
python - mtimeit - s ' xs = range ( 10 ) ' '[ x + 2 for x in xs ] '
1000000 loops , best of 3 : 1 . 74 usec per loop

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


functools

functools - ìîäóëü ôóíêöèé âûñøåãî ïîðÿäêà.


@functools.total _ordering (cls)
äåêîðàòîð, ïî îäíîìó èëè áîëåå îïåðàòîðó ñðàâíåíèÿ
ãåíåðèðóåò îñòàëüíûå
@functools.lru _cache(maxsize)
äåêîðàòîð, êåøèðóåò äî maxsize âûçîâîâ ôóíêöèè
functools.partial(func, ∗args, ∗ ∗ keywords)
Ñîçäàåò partial îáúåêò, êîòîðûé âåäåò ñåáÿ êàê func ñ
àðãóìåíòàìè args è keywords. Ïðèìåð:
> > from functools import partial
> > basetwo = partial ( int , base = 2 )
> > basetwo ( ' 10010 ')
18

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå


Ñïàñèáî çà âíèìàíèå!

Àëåêñàíäð Ìèõàéëîâ Python: ôóíêöèè, ôóíêöèîíàëüíîå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå

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