EMİR CAN YILMAZ

200304052

JOMINY HARDENABILITY TEST

[Experimental Methods in Engineering II _ Experiment ]

The purpose of the experiment

With jominy, we test to harden steel by heat treatment to determine the depth of hardening.
At the depth of hardening, we take the steel and look at the iron carbon balance diagram to see
what temperature we will be astonished.
This is related to our carbon content.

Try it introductory section

For plain carbon steels, at full eutectoid 0.77 carbon, the temperature of A1
rises above 727 and therefore 30-50 degrees.
but if we look under the eutectoid, we need to go 30-50
degrees above the A3 temperature. Thus, we determine the austenitizing temperature.

In alloyed
steels, since the conversion temperatures are affected, we should look specifically and determi
ne the A3 and A1 temperatures.
------------------------
At room temperature, there is ferrite with HMK structure. If we heat it,
austenite with the structure of YMK is formed. If we leave it alone, it returns to the HMK stru
cture. However, if we cool it quickly, the carbon atoms in our solution, which has too much
carbon in it, cannot come out, they resist to come out and try to shrink in the cage by nature.

Thus, a volume-centered tetragonal

lattice structure is formed. The phase with this lattice structure is called the martensite phase.

Therefore, when we austenite the steel and give it water, the steel hardens because the martens
ite phase is formed. Because the martensite phase is very harsh.
Does not include sliding system. It resists the applied forces and if we force it too hard, the
pole will break.

When we austenite our steel and throw it into the water, the cooling rate is different from the
outermost part and the inner part.
The outermost part will come into contact with cold water, but heat must be transferred inside,
so we look at the temperature-time conversion diagrams.

Watering is the general name of cooling, and when we cool it from the austenite phase, at wha
t rate does it cool, what phases are formed?
We can determine this by looking at the CCT TTT diagrams.
 CCT diagram of 4140 steel

In our diagram with S curves, we look at the critical cooling rate and look at whether perlite
, brain, or martensite is formed by interpreting it graphically.
That is, when we put the steel in the oven and we make it austenit, it means that if it cools ver
y slowly in the oven, it will cool for a very long time.

If we do not leave it in the oven and throw it into the water, it cools very quickly, this time
martensite starts to form. And martensite formation is completed. The martensite phase is
completely formed inside the material.
Phases with different hardness are gradually formed towards the steel.

In other words, if we measure its hardness, when we harden the surface, the stiffness graduall
y decreases inwards.
Phases with different hardnesses are gradually formed into the steel. In other words, if we
measure its hardness, when we harden the surface, the hardness inwards gradually decreases.
If we can harden a steel in a large layer from the surface to the core, we can say that the steel
has the hardenability capability.

EXPERIMENT

When we place our sample through the auricles, it becomes

suspended in the air and we give water from the bottom. If we threw it all into the water, it wo
uld represent the outermost part.
The part that we do not water represents the part from the surface of the steel to the core.
When completely cooled
After about 10-15 minutes, we start the hardness measurement step by step, starting from the
point where we take the sample and pour water. We determine the hardenability graph of the
material by making a hardness graph depending on the distance.

There is a chart showing hardenability for different Steels here is 1040 steel 1040 steel is a
plain carbon steel It contains 0.4 carbon in 100 As for 5040 steel, this Steel also contains 0.4
carbon but we expect alloy element in 8640, the amount of alloying element increased even
more in 4140 it increased even more in 4340 it increased more in all of them the carbon
content is the same the amount of alloying element gradually increases the curve goes up on
the surface almost 55-56 Rockwell on all of them but 1040 fell immediately 5140 fell more
slowly
If we look at 4340, it almost never fell from the surface to the core because it was hardened.
alloying elements shift our s curves to the right here, the maximum alloying element is 4340.

So this material is also in the innermost part and there is still time for martensite to form.

The effect of alloying elements shifts their artifacts to the right, even if it cools more slowly, it
allows us to obtain martensite Structure or allows us to obtain a deeper martensite Structure.
The hardenability is also the layer hardened until 50% martensite is formed from the surface
of the steel. This is the part that we measure as hardening.

If we draw it, the hardening depth of the 1040 steel is below 5 and it is three and a half to 4
millimeters.
If we look at the 5140 steel, if we draw 50% I, we observe it as approximately 12mm. It is
around 22-23 25 millimeters in 4140 Steel, but 4340 Steel showed 50 mm below and we
obtained eighty percent martensite, that is, we were able to harden this Steel completely.

In other words, the values given in millimeters that we are talking about here are
actually the radius, so we can harden an entire piece with a thickness of 100 millimeters.

Dimensions of our 4140 steel:

diameter 20mm
length 100mm
Conclusion :

a)

Since alloy steels have higher hardenability, martensite may form in their internal
structures at lower cooling rates. Alloys increase hardenability.
An alloy steel with high hardenability
While the jominy curve does not show a sudden decrease, a rapid decrease is observed
in the jominy curve of unalloyed carbon steel. In other words, we can find from the
graph that 4340 steel has the highest hardenability and 1040 steel has the lowest
hardenability.

The distance quenched in 4010 steel is between 15-20 mm and has a hardness of 35-40
RSD-C.
 b)

It is possible to show the cooling curves suitable for the cooling rates at Jominy distances on
the CCT diagrams. This diagram is given below.
c)
The temperature called AC1 is the eutectoid temperature of 723 degrees Celsius and forms
the boundary between ferrite-cementite, austenite-ferrite or austenite-cementite fields. The
AC3 temperature, on the other hand, is the temperature at which α‐iron transforms into – γ
iron, forming a boundary between the ferrite‐austenite and austenite fields.
If we look at the CCT diagram, the ac1 temperature is around 720 and the ac3
temperature is around 780.

d)

Conclusion 2 :
a)

Of the alloying elements, C, B, Cr, Mn, Mo, Si and Ni affect the hardenability the most.
Carbon, hardness of martensite.

b) The answer to this question is available in the comments above.

c)
It is the general name given to the state of the water used in the experiment as the
hardenability measurement methods, when the steel becomes martensite and the hardening
properties of the steel emerge. This feature is the situation where the hardness of the steel,
which occurs from the outer surface to the inner center, can be different according to the
surface.
 c) The hardenability depends on the chemical composition of the steel (carbon and
alloying elements), its structure and the austenite grain size during quenching.

Steels with alloying elements increase the hardness as they shift the s curves to
the right. In addition, when the steel is austenitized and quenched, the steel becomes
hard because the martensite phase is formed.

e)

It takes the form of a descending curve as shown in the figure above, and this curve is
called the jominy curve. The distance from the cooled end is called jominy distance,
and as this distance increases, the cooling rate decreases.

g)
We can increase hardenability by alloying. Since titanium is one of the important carbide-
forming elements, it increases the hardness of the steel. At the same time, it also creates a
grain-thinning effect, just like niobium. In addition, when used together with boron, it can
strengthen the positive effect of boron on hardenability.
Most metallic alloying elements slow down ferrite and pearlite reactions and thus
increase hardenability.

h)
The most important difference between Gradual Cooling Diagram (TTT diagram) and
Continuous Cooling Diagram (CCT diagram); It is the study of the progress of the t
ransformation as a function of time at a constant temperature in a gradual cooling diagram.
Since we look at gradual cooling at constant temperature over time, we can have detailed
information about the structure formed in the CTT diagrams.
REFERANCES

https://slideplayer.biz.tr/slide/1905748/
https://www.dokumtek.com/kademeli-soguma-diyagrami-
ttt-diyagrami-
nedir/#:~:text=S%C3%BCrekli%20So%C4%9Fuma%20Diyag
ram%C4%B1%20ile%20Kademeli,zaman%C4%B1n%20bir%
20fonksiyonu%20olarak%20incelemesidir.
 https://www.ktu.edu.tr/dosyalar/14_14_00_1b633.pdf
EMİR CAN YILMAZ
200304052

METALLOGRAPY TEST
[Experimental Methods in Engineering II _ Experiment ]

The purpose of the experiment

The purpose of metallographic examination is to make improvements to the

material by sample preparation, polishing and etching technique in order to determine the
processes that materials see, the properties that they have and the processes that need to be
done to change these properties.

Try it introductory section

metallography is the branch of science in which we study the internal structure of materials.
When we examine the internal structure of materials, grains, grain boundaries, different
phases in the material, for example, if we talk about 0.1 carbon steel, the white ones are
ferrite, and the black ones are pearlite.

When we draw perlite schematically, we see that it is in the form of lamellar and parallel
lines. At higher magnification we can see that structure, but at this magnification we can only
see it as a dark region.

The carbon content of the one containing 0.25 C is more. The closer we get to the perlite
region in the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, the more perlite there is. the closer we get to
the ferrite zone, the more ferrite there will be.

We observe that as the carbon ratio decreases, the amount of ferrite increases and as the
carbon ratio increases, the amount of perlite increases.

When we examine the internal structure of the material, we see regular coaxial grains, whose
grains, phases, and grain shapes we cannot see, but grains with geometry whose edges and
boundaries are not rounded. If we look at other materials, we can see elongated oriented
grains. It shows us the presence of plastic deformation here.
Micro-structural differences between the surface and the material are an indication that
something has been done on the surface of this material. Nitriding is done, nitrided layer is
formed. Completely different metallurgical structures develop in the nitration layer. We can
observe this in the cross section. Likewise, it is possible to distinguish the carburized
structures from the martensite structure on the surface and the pearlitic structure inward. Or
vice versa, we can observe the example of the decarburization layer.

Decarburization is the reduction of carbon content. The amount of carbon may decrease when
the material is processed at high temperatures by diffusion, for example, when heat treatment
is applied. When the carbon decreases from the surface of the material, the hardness of the
surface decreases. But this is not what we want.

If the decarburization layer cannot be prevented, it must be removed from the surface by
machining. Because we need to remove the weakened layer on the surface.

We use metallography when we develop new materials, develop new processes. We need to
be able to assess whether changes in mechanical properties occur during this time. So we have
to look at the internal structure of the material.
We also use it when our material is damaged. Because if we understand why the material is
damaged, we can figure out what we need to do for our material. We examine the interior in
the damaged structure and examine the interior in the undamaged surface. We evaluate the
cause of the damage by explaining the reason for the difference.

EXPERIMENT

First of all, we need to sand the material surface. Indent numbers are written on the back of
our sandpapers. These indentation numbers indicate how many particles are in an inner
square.
If the number of abrasive particles fits more in the same area, it means that the diameter is
smaller. The larger the Crete number, the smaller the diameter of the abrasives, and we can do
more precise abrading.

We need to cut our sample and bring it to tangible form. It can have very small, very fine,
complex geometry parts. In order to examine the parts that we cannot hold, for example a
braces, we need to mount the sample and make it tangible.
To get a brace
We have 2 methods:
1) hot molding
2) cold molding
In hot molding, we put our sample into our cylinder slot with the surface to be examined
below.
We pour Bakelite powder on it, then we harden the powders with pressure and temperature
and make it a whole in a way that we can embed our material. Now our sample is suitable for
sanding and can be handled. During this process, the temperature rises up to 170-220 degrees.
Of course, in this case, it is not possible to mount materials that may be affected by heat in
this way. For example, martensitic stainless steels can be hardened by the steel martensitic
transformation.
Therefore, it is a hard material. but it also has the feature of being rustproof. Because most
stainless materials are not hardened by transformation hardening, no heat treatment is applied.
Those in this group are steels that can be hardened by heat treatment.

The hardening process takes place in 2 stages. First, we heat it, austenitize it, quench it, then
temper it and take its extreme hardness and make it usable. In general, this tempering in tool
steels goes up to 500-550 degrees. However, for martenisitic stainless steels, it is
recommended to be below 200 degrees. Because it spoils its corrosion.

Some steels for cold molding are recommended to keep their tempering temperature below
200 degrees. As we expose it to a higher temperature than the tempering temperature when it
reaches 200 degrees, our material continues to be tempered and we suffer from corrosion. We
cannot apply hot molding for such a material. When materials with low melting temperature
rise to this temperature, grain deepening occurs. Again, hot molding cannot be applied. We
also apply cold molding.

Cold molding hardens when we wait for a certain time by mixing two separate plastic liquid
materials. We place our sample in a container, put a certain amount of this mixture on it, wait
for a certain time, and our material hardens and is embedded in it. The advantage is that it
does not require a machine, we can do it manually. The plastic materials we use are
inexpensive. The disadvantages are that it is unhealthy to breathe the plastic material and the
material we bury can hold loosely.

We took the material as high quality and made it tangible. Then we need to sand. The good
quality of the surface allows us to skip our sanding trick. When sanding by hand, we need to
constantly apply constant force. If we apply some water while sanding, we will prevent
abrasions.
If all lines are parallel when we examine them under the microscope after sanding, the process
is successful. We move on to the next sanding number and turn our sample 90 degrees and do
the same. We turn it 90 degrees to lose the previous traces. After this process, we check the
lines again and move on to the next level.

Emery
46 microns in 320 indentations
18 microns at 1000 indents

After the sanding stage, we move on to the polishing stage. We use broadcloth in the
polishing process. Mostly, we do the etching process by mixing aluminum oxide powder with
water, obtaining a solution and squeezing them into the environment. We can do 2-3 levels of
polishing. We apply a polishing process until the lines become the shallowest.
Polishing is frequently used in industry to polish the inner surface of molds. We apply the
process until our material has a mirror shine.

Etching is done after polishing. By mixing various chemical materials, we obtain an etcher.
We apply this cautery on the material with a cotton ball. When we look at it with a light
microscope, the light coming into the hollow is reflected back as darker. It reflects brighter
than the surface.
The different rates of influence of different phases create a contrast for us. We also observe
this difference.
CONCLUSION

3. a)
1/50 scale

b) St-37 is in the austenitic phase. The austenitic phase is the high-

temperature crystalline structure, which usually forms at temperatures above 720 degrees.
The austenite phase has a face-centered cubic structure.
Austenite has a carbon solubility of 0.8% and a maximum carbon solubility of 2 % at 720
degrees.

d) We can see in our sample that it has been subjected to sanding, polishing and etching
processes. From many pits, we see that it is exposed to impact.

e)
Nitric acid was used in the etching process. Because it is desirable to remove small impurities
on the surface that cannot be eliminated and to fill the surface gaps.

f) Ethanol and Picric Acid.

4.
a)
Unwanted small pieces of sample during processes can cause further damage due to friction o
n the sample surface
or damage the machinery used during these operations.
Parts on the surface are removed by wetting and drying.

b)
The purpose of using these samples is to reduce and improve roughness that cannot be remove
d by machines and to fill in very deep roughness.

c) sometimes the sample is too small and the machines may not have a suitable housing.
In order not to take the wrong measurement, it is mounted on a certain plastic part and placed
in the slot. This results are more consistent and valid.

d) The carbon content of subeuctic

steels is below 0.8%, while the carbon content of subeuctic steels is in the range of 0.8 - 2%.
Eutectide steels contain 0.8% C.

e)
Dislocations accumulate around the grains on the grain frames and barriers and the movement
of the dislocations is forced.
In all of the strength enhancement mechanisms, in parallel with the increase in strength, the
ductility of the material decreased, the material became brittle and its toughness decreased in
parallel. But when the grain size is reduced and the strength is increased, the strength
increases and the toughness increases.
f)
By adding alloying elements, the grain size is reduced and hardened by controlled
cooling. Can be controlled by cold processing, cold rolling, alloy addition .

REFERANCES

http://w3.bilecik.edu.tr/makine-en/wp-
content/uploads/sites/119/2016/12/Metalografik-deneyi.pdf

https://cevap-bul.com/tane-boyutu-ile-mukavemet-arasinda-
nasil-bir-iliski-vardir/
EMİR CAN YILMAZ
200304052

ROUGHNESS TEST
[Experimental Methods in Engineering II _ Experiment ]

The purpose of the experiment

What is purpose the surface roughness measurement?
to determine the surface roughness of the manufactured
parts and to examine the effect of the cutting speed from the parameters
affecting the surface roughness.
the surface significantly improves fatigue strength, corrosion resistance and friction life.

Try it introductory section

It is the diameter of the abrasives that determines the quality. The smaller the abrasive we hav
e done the last treatment, the better surfaces we can achieve. However, it is not possible to
obtain a flat surface.

Assuming that the material surface is on the x direction, those above it are protrusions and tho
se below are indentations.

Ra= mean surface roughness. That is, it can be considered as the average of indentations an
d protrusions. This term is most often used in the market.

In our sample, very small indentations are observed in the surface roughness measurement
and we see that Ra=0.22. In the next sample, it is sanded with 120 grit sandpaper
to determine the surface roughness of the manufactured
parts and to examine the effect of the cutting speed from the parameters
affecting the surface roughness.

the surface significantly improves fatigue strength, corrosion resistance and friction life.
It is the diameter of the abrasives that determines the quality. The smaller the abrasive we hav
e done the last treatment, the better surfaces we can achieve. However, it is not possible to
obtain a flat surface.
Assuming that the material surface is on the x direction, those above it are protrusions and tho
se below are indentations.
inner square. This means that as the number gets smaller, the particle of the abrasives grows.
Average roughness height Rz The representation of this parameter is easier to represent than t
he representation of (Ra).
First, a parallel axis is drawn on the profile. 5 lowest point distances from this profile in order
is measured. Average value;
The Cretan number tells us the number of corrosive particles in an inner square. This means th
at as the number gets smaller, the particle of the abrasives grows.
Average roughness height Rz The representation of this parameter is easier to represent than t
he representation of (Ra).
First, a parallel axis is drawn on the profile. 5 lowest point distances from this profile in order
is measured. Average value;

Roughness:

Many events that occur when a machining tool travels from one end of the surface to the
other.
are striped, irregular short wavelength lengths.
Measuring scratch marks on the surface in the opposite direction (angled
dashed line) with normal direction There is a difference in terms of wavelength length.
Rz (JIS): Average of 5 high and 5 low points
Rv = the depth of the maximum depth builder
Rp = with maximum height
Rt=(Rv+Rp)The sum of the maximum height and maximum depth for the entire measuring
length.

EXPERİMENT
We can measure the surface quality of the material with mechanical profilometers.

The profilometer has a structure similar to a head. At the tip of the head is the driver's arm, an
d at the end of the driver's arm we have a thin needle.
We contact this tip on the material. Our needle travels on the material as much as
the distance we set, enters in the recesses and exits in the protrusions. The movement in the z-
axis direction is transformed by the converters in the device, giving us the surface roughness
as a result.

In the measurement of surface roughness, the diameter of the tip we use in the measurement is
important. The finer we use it, the more detail it can go into.
The thicker this tip is, the less it will go into detail. And to determine this territory will be ver
y difficult.

In some cases, we cannot measure with the tip on the device. If we change our tip with deeper
indentations or protrusions and get a finer tip, we can perform a more precise measurement.
Surface quality is important in friction-
driven systems because if the friction coefficient is high, the materials can corrode each other.
In addition, where there are indentations, surface quality is important because there is a possib
ility of creating a notch effect on the fatigue strength of the material. By improving the
surface quality of the material, we can increase the fatigue life.

Surface of hard or soft materials of various shapes, with or without contact It can be used to
detect roughness. used during the experiments in Figure 10. Surface profilometer device is
shown schematically.

CONCLUSION

2.
a) In the explanations above, information about the test procedure is given.

b)
We observed a reduction in roughness after heat treatment. We measure different
measurement methods by checking them from material to material, according to suitability.
When we measure with a mechanical profilometer, the tip touches the surface and
if our material is very sensitive, if we use it only for quality control, a scratch may occur in
that area.
Therefore, if this scratch formation is not at an acceptable level, we need to switch
to non-direct contact measurement methods.
To give an example, we measure with the use of light with optical profilometers.

3.
a)
Surface roughness is a precise quality criterion that indicates the quality of a product and acts
on the joining surface of two parts.
By ensuring the surface roughness between the appropriate values, the fatigue breaking
strength and corrosion resistance of the material increases as well as making it look
aesthetically beautiful.
b)
Mechanical profilometers,
Optical profilometers,

Mechanical profilometer and atomic force microscope, from these devices, are
contacted.
While determining the surface roughness, surface roughness can be determined non-contactly
with optical and scanning electron microscopy. Soft and delicately machined
Non-contact measurement devices are used for surface examinations of materials.
Mechanical and optical profilometers are widely used in surveys.
The quality of laser cutting and plasma cutting is determined by the range in which it can cut.
When we make a product with a laser cutting machine, we need to show which
ranges (range 1,2,3,4) our device can cut in which materials and thicknesses.
When we cut a 10mm thick stainless sheet with laser cutting, if we get it under 17
microns on our surface, it enters the range 1. We can produce in Range 1 with good surface
quality. However, if it reaches up to 50 microns, our device can provide range 2 quality
cutting service from graphics.
Or, when the Rz value is between 50-70, it can cut in range 3 quality. These statements
should be paid attention to when purchasing the device.

The more thickness of our stainless steel sheet, the lower the surface quality we will obtain.
However, depending on the type of our laser and the device we use, it may be
possible to obtain a slightly better surface.

In the figure, the arm at the end of a (Fe) core placed between the two poles of the magnet
With its vertical movement, the spacing at the ends of the (E) hub changes. This variation of
electrical signals
Increases or decreases the amplitude. If these signals are required with an interface element
is magnified. A linear smooth recording (printing) by developing a filtration system
process is achieved.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The figure shows a coil type device. The coil is placed on the diamond tip.
A magnetic field is provided in the vertical direction with the magnet placed between the coil.
coil tipped
goes up and down together. The magnetic field changes with the vertical movement of the
diamond tip. This magnetic The area is proportional to the amplitude and wavelength of the
surface. Or with the frequency of movement of the diamond tip proportional. The frequency
may not be sensitive in the working area of the device. A (Rc) correction circuit
unwanted frequencies are separated

c)
Rz (JIS): Average of 5 high and 5 low points. Rv is extremely important for fatigue strength.
The greater the Rv, the greater the problem of fatigue strength.

If the Rp is high, it will damage the material by abrading in abrasive, frictional

systems. It also poses a great risk to employee health. For example, there are Rp values that
determine the laser quality in laser cutting. In laser cutting, it causes the material to break by
fast melting, so serious cavities occur wherever the laser beam enters.

d)
Polishing, sanding, etching can be done to reduce the surface roughness.
By polishing, but also in the surface area during previous operations
It is aimed to reduce the deformation zone formed by degrees.
The main purpose of the polishing process is to reduce the surface roughness and produce a
light reflective material.
to obtain a surface. Because metal microscopes reflect the rays reflected from the sample
surface.
is examining. polishing term,
sanding and polishing as previously stated
includes steps. In this regard, polishing in general, coarse and fine sanding and rough
and it is possible to separate as final polishing
Etching: The surface obtained as a result of the etching polishing process is based on
some material.
It is suitable for examining the parameters.

REFERANCES :

https://silo.tips/download/yzey-przll-lm-deneyi#
http://w3.balikesir.edu.tr/~ay/lectures/ot/yuzey.puruzlulugu.
pdf
https://www.atauni.edu.tr/yuklemeler/4f05a52c9a997dcffb54
739f0ab83a81.pdf