6.employment Final

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ECONOMICS

XII-(2023-24)

PART -1
VIDEO
NOTES
EMPLOYMENT OFFICIAL
SYLLABUS

Growth and changes in work


force participation rate in
formal and informal sectors;
problems and policies.

EMPLOYMENT

is the number or percentage of people who


have jobs. Employment is defined as what you
do as a paying job. Example: Some people
working for a coffee shop, some work on farms,
in factories, some people work at shops, some
people run their own business and few people
also work at home. Employment enable people
to do work for earning. Every working persons
contributes to national income and gross
domestic product by engaging in various
economic activities.
UNEMPLOYMENT

is a situation when people are willing


to work and able to work at existing
wage rate, but are not getting work.
Here economy fails to create more
jobs. It is a situation of not being able
to find a job. Here demand for labour
force is less. (Labour force is the total
number of people who are eligible to
work including employed and
unemployed people.

Labour force = Persons working +


Persons seeking and/or available for
work)
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE (LFPR)

It is defined as the section of working population in the


age group of 16- 64 in the economy currently employed
or seeking employment. People who was still undergoing
studies, housewives and persons above the age of 64 are
not counted in this labour force. The labour force
participation rate should at 49.8% in 2017-18, falling
sharply from 55.9% in 2011-12

LABOUR SUPPLY

It is the total hours that workers wish to work at a


given real wage rate
WORK FORCE

The number of persons who are actually employed at a


particular time are known as work force.
It includes only those persons who are engaged in
productive activities

Work force = Labour force – Number of persons not


working but willing to work

WORKER
POPULATION
RATIO IS DEFINED
AS THE NUMBER OF
PERSONS
EMPLOYED PER
1000 PERSONS.
WORKER-POPULATION RATIO
WORKER-POPULATION RATIO
IN INDIA (2017-18)

Sex Rural Urban Total

Men
Men 51.7
51.7 53.0
53.0 52.1
52.1

women
women 17.5
17.5 14.2
14.2 16.5
16.5

Total
Total 35.0
35.0 33.9
33.9 34.7
34.7
ECONOMICS
XII-(2023-24)

PART -2
VIDEO
NOTES
EMPLOYMENT

is an activity which enables a person to earn


means of living. Employment may be either in the
form of self-employment or wage employment.

EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION (2017-18)

Nature of Employment Percentage

Self-Employed 52.2

Regular Workers 22.8

Casual Workers 25.0

Total 100
SELF-EMPLOYMENT

An arrangement in which a worker uses his own


resources to make a living, is known as self-
employment.

→ Workers who own and operate an enterprise to


earn their livelihood are known as self employed.
→ About 52.2% of workforce in India belongs to this
category.
→ In case of self-employment, a person makes uses
of his own land, labour, capital and
entrepreneurship, to make a living.
e.g. Shopkeepers, traders, businessmen, etc.

WAGE EMPLOYMENT (HIRED WORKERS)

An arrangement in which a worker sells his labour and earns wages in


return, is known as wage employment. Under wage employment,
worker is known as employee (or hired worker) and buyer of labour is
termed as employer.

→ Workers do not have any other resources (land, capital and


entrepreneurship), except their own labour
→ They offer their labour services to others and in return get wages
for their services.
e.g. if a doctor running his own clinic is an example of self
employment. However, if the doctor is employed by a hospital, then it
will be a wage employment
Regular Workers
When a worker is engaged by someone (employer) or by an
enterprise and is paid wages on a regular basis, then such
worker is known as regular salaried employees. Regular
workers account for just 22.8% of India’s workforce e.g.
Professors, Teachers, Civil Engineer working in the
construction company etc. They also get social security
benefits (like pension, provident fund, etc.)

Casual Workers
Workers who are casually engaged and, in return, get
renumeration for the work done, are termed as casual
workers. They are not hired on a permanent basis. This
means that they do not have job security, regular income,
social benefits, casual workers contribute 25% of India
workforce
DISTRIBUTION OF
EMPLOYMENT BY GENDER

DISTRIBUTION OF
EMPLOYMENT BY REGION

DISTRIBUTION OF
EMPLOYMENT IN DIFFERENT
SECTOR (2017-18)
ECONOMICS
XII-(2023-24)

PART -3
VIDEO
NOTES
STATISTICAL DATA
REPRESENTATION

DISTRIBUTION OF
EMPLOYMENT
(MALE-FEMALE) IN
DIFFERENT SECTORS
JOBLESS GROWTH

It refers to a situation where GDP


of an economy increases due to
innovative technology without
increase in level of employment.
Because companies are trying to
achieve their target through
efficient technology without use
of manpower.

Changing Structure of Employment In India majority of


population lives in rural areas and they are majorly depending
on agriculture. it shows the highest percentage of people is
getting employment from primary sector, but this percentage is
continuously decreasing because of urbanization and shifting
of people from rural to urban areas. In Urban areas secondary
and tertiary sector provides employment more than primary
sector because people are engaged in manufacturing and
service providing. percentage of people getting employment
from secondary and tertiary sector has been increased.

TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT (SECTOR-WISE)

Sector 1972-73 1993-94 2011-12 2017-18

Primary
74.3 64 48.9 44.6
sector

Secondary
10.9 16 24.3 24.4
sector

Tertiary
14.8 20 26.8 31
sector

Total
100 100 100 100
Casualization of workforce means shift of self-employed and
regular salaried employed to casual wage work. Casual workers
are defined as those who work for others in farm or non farm
enterprises and are paid wages that are daily basis or periodic
basis. It is due to lack of opportunities in the organized sector
people start working as casual workers. In the last four decades
(1972-2012). People have moved from self employed and regular
salaried employment to casual wage work. Informalization of
workforce refers to a situation where there is a continuous
decline in the percentage of workforce in the formal sector
along with simultaneous rise in informal sector’s workforce.

EMPLOYMENT MAY BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS:-

1.Formal or organized sector: Formal sector refers to


organized sector of the economy. it includes all government
departments, public enterprises and private establishments
which hire 10 or more, workers. Those working in organized
sector are called ‘formal workers’. Government protect them in
various ways through its labour laws and they can form ‘Trade
Unions’ to protect their interests. However organized sector
provides work to just 7%

2.Informal or unorganized sector: It includes all such private


enterprises which hire less than 10 workers, besides farming and
self employment ventures those working in unorganized sector
are called ‘informal workers’. Informal sector workers do not get
regular income they do not have any protection from the
government. Such workers have the risk of being dismissed
without any compensation. In India, over 90% employment is
found in the unorganized sector, like small farms, household
industries, shops and other self-employment units. of the total
workforce
ECONOMICS
XII-(2023-24)

PART -4
VIDEO
NOTES
UNEMPLOYMENT TYPES IN INDIA
Around 70% of India’s population lives in villages.
Agriculture is the single largest source of their livelihood.
But agriculture suffers from a number of problems like
dependence upon rainfall, financial constraints, old
technology, etc.

OPEN SEASONAL DISGUISED


UNEMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT

1.Open unemployment: In the agriculture sector, there are large numbers of


landless workers who are openly looking for work. Here the person are able and
willing to work at the prevailing wage rate, but fail to get work. They can be seen
and counted in terms of the number of unemployed people.

2.Seasonal employment: In India, we have mostly unirrigated land which is


capable of giving only one crop a year. Our farmers remain unemployed from 3
to 8 months a year. They have not tried to find any alternative occupation for
themselves in this period like road building, brick making, house construction,
digging wells, etc. out of laziness our farmers fail to utilize their time. So they
are employed for certain seasons only.

3.Disguised unemployment: In India there is too much pressure of population


on land. As a result productivity per person falls. Disguised unemployment occurs
when the number of workers engaged in a job is much more than actually
required to accomplish.
URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT
The unemployed in the urban areas have increased
considerably over the year. The number of unemployed
registered in employment exchanges has increased more
than eight times. In 1961, there were 32 lakh registered
unemployed, in 2008 their number rose to 270 lakh

1.Industrial unemployment: Those illiterate persons who


are willing and able to work in factories or industries in
urban areas but cannot find work. Rapid rise in population
and rural urban migration increases so industrial
unemployment also increased.

2.Educated unemployment: The most horrifying kind of


unemployment is when the educated youth are unable to
find appropriate jobs to suit their qualifications. With an
improvement in education over time, skilled workers have
increased in number but the number of available jobs has
not increased correspondingly. This cause educated
unemployment.

3.Technological unemployment: This type of


unemployment take place every time technology upgrades
and the existing workforce are unable to cope with new
technology. if the skills required to meet the new technology
do not match the existing skill-sets of the employed workers
and they can’t adopt, they become unemployed.
Upgradation is a natural process, with cyclical obsolescence
as one set of technology becomes irrelevant and gets
replaced by another
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Slow economic growth: A slow rate of economic growth


would mean that the national output is not increasing by
much. It indicates that not enough jobs are being created to
absorb the workers able and willing to work. Simply, labour
supply is more than existing job opportunities.

2. Population explosion: The number of people looking for


jobs had increased over the years as population increases.
The rising population proves to be a burden on the number
of jobs that can actually be created in an economy with its
limited resources.

3. Over-dependence on technology: Now a days


multinational companies are trying to achieve their targes
by using more machineries instead of man power. Innovative
technologies replace the demand for labours.

4. Underdeveloped Agriculture: Lack of irrigation


facilities, lack of credit facilities and indebtness of farmers
leads to slow growth in agriculture.

5. Defective educational system: The prevailing education


system in India is full of defects as it fails to make any
provision for providing technical and vocational education.
As a result, educated people are unable to meet the
requirements of the firm.

6. Joint Family system: In joint families there is a high


tendency to survive on a joint income without work. It
encourage high degree of disguised unemployment.

7. less savings and investment: Due to shortage of


savings and investment opportunities of employment have
not been created. Due to lack of capital number of firms,
organizations and industries are inadequate.
REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR
UNEMPLOYMENT

1.Increase in production: To increase employment, it is essential


to increase production in agriculture and industrial sectors.
Development of small and cottage industries should be
encouraged.

2.More importance to employment programmes: In five year


plan more importance should be given to employment. The
programmes like irrigation, roads, flood control, power,
agriculture, rural electrification can provide better employment to
people.

3.Change in education system: Educational pattern should be


completely changed. More emphasis is given on practical training
and vocational education.

4.Expansion of employment exchanges: More employment


exchanges should be opened. Information regarding employment
opportunities should be given to people.

5. More assistance to self employed people: Most people in


India are self employed. They are engaged in agriculture, trade,
cottage and small scale industries etc. These persons should be
helped financially, providing raw, material and technical training.

6. Improvements in infrastructure: The infrastructural facilities


like health, education, irrigation, electricity, roads, etc. are critical
for overall development of the economy. Better infrastructural
facilities enable agriculture and industry sector to produce to
their full capacity. This will generate more employment.

7. Promotion to investment: Rate of capital formation in the


country should be accelerated. Capital formation should be
particularly encouraged in such activities which generate greater
employment opportunities. Government should approach foreign
countries to invest in India due to larger investment economy can
increase job opportunities. (Government of India has already
started campaigns like skill India, make in India and start up India,
for the development of Indian Economy)
SOURCES OF
UNEMPLOYMENT DATA

Currently, unemployment data is collected by several


departments, agencies and ministries in India. The primary
agencies for survey and collection are:

1.Employment-unemployment survey (NSSO): It is the


most comprehensive survey providing labour force
statistics in India. It was first conducted in 1955 and since
1972-73, is conducted every five years.

2.Population Census: It collect data on main, marginal


and non workers. However, since census data comes every
10 years, these figures hardly get any attention.

3.Directorate General of Employment and Training


(DGET): It is the apex organization for development and
co-ordination at national level for the programmes
relating to vocational training including women’s
vocational training and employment services. It provides
information about the structure of employment,
occupational structure and educational profile of
employees.
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