MATHEMATICAL METHODS CAS

UNIT 2

REVISION

Name_______________________________

1
CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE(S)

Rates of Change 2
Differentiation 3
Applications of Differentiation 4
Integration 5
Circular Functions 5
Exponential & Logarithmic Exponentials 6

Revision Exercises
QUESTIONS TOPIC(S) PAGES(S)
EXERCISE

A  Multiple-Choice  Circular Functions 7-9

 Extended-response  Exponential & Logarithm Functions 9-11
B Short-Answer Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 12
C Short-answer Circular Functions 13-14
D  Multiple-Choice  Rates of Change 14-19
 Differentiation
 Applications of Differentiation

 Extended response  Rates of Change

 Applications of Differentiation 19-20
E Multiple -choice  Differentiation – fractional and 21
negative indices
F Short-answer  Differentiation 20-21
 Applications of Differentiation
G Short-Answer  Differentiation 23
 Applications of Differentiation
J Multiple-choice & Short Integration 27
Answer

Answers
Ex Page(s) Ex Page(s
)
A 28 G 32
B 29 J 33
C 29-30
D 31
E 31
F 32

2
 MATHEMATICAL METHODS CAS UNIT 2

There are TWO exams for Unit 2.

EXAM 1 -notes free, non-calculator.
Date of exam:

EXAM 2 - CAS calculator and one bound reference

There are two sections (booklets) to this examination;
Section A : 22 Multi-choice questions
Section B: Four extended-answer questions
Date of exam:

Topics to study
The UNIT 2 exam will cover the following topics:
1. Rates of Change
2. Differentiation
3. Applications of Differentiation
4. Integration
5. Circular Functions
6. Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

Topic 1 : Rates of Change

Vocabulary
Students must know the meaning of the following terms, definitions and key words.
gradient
find the rate of …. average rate of change
secant chord
instantaneous rate constant rate
vessel relationship
velocity speed
displacement acceleration
initial

Students must be able to:

 Find an average rate of change.
 Draw or select a graph which shows a relationship between 2 variables.
 Given a real life situation, draw or select a graph which shows an effect of change.
 Find a constant rate.
 Find a rate of change.
 Estimate a rate of change, algebraically and graphically.

3
Topic 2. Differentiation

Vocabulary
Students must know the meaning of the following terms, definitions and key words.
limit strictly increasing or strictly decreasing
gradient continuity
find the derivative …. continuous
differentiate chord
differentiate by first principles find using calculus
hence interval
fractional power negative indices
second derivative

Students must be able to:

 Differentiate a polynomial by:
 first principles
 rule
 Find limit - lim
x a
f ( x ) and lim f ( x )
x 

 Differentiate functions with negative powers.

 Differentiate functions with fractional powers.
 Find the second derivative

Topic 3. Applications of Differentiation

Vocabulary
Students must know the meaning of the following terms, definitions, phrases and key
words.
tangent reciprocal
normal linear
quadratic cubic
key points stationary points
restricted domain maximum
point of inflexion minimum
show that parallel
perpendicular point of intersection
slope coordinates
local maximum, local minimum absolute minimum, absolute maximum
increasing decreasing
corresponding value of find y in terms of x
greatest least
length, width, height dimensions
breadth cuboid
rectangular prism cross-section
curve is modelled by a given equation
angle curve makes with positive direction of X- axis

Students must be able to:

 Use the first derivate to find:
4
 o the gradient function.
o the gradient of a curve.
o the rate of change.
o the gradient of a tangent.
o the gradient of a normal.
o the angle the curve makes with the positive direction of the X-axis.
o stationary points.
o equations of a tangent and normal to a curve
o maximum and minimum values of a function.

 sketch the graph of a polynomial.

 find maximum and minimum values.
 find points on a curve given the gradient of a curve at a particular point(s).
 find the equation of a curve given gradient at a point, key points etc.

Topic 4. Integration

Vocabulary
Students must know the meaning of the following terms, definitions, phrases and key
words.
integrate antidifferentiate
constant integral
evaluate

Students must be able to:

 integrate (antidifferentiate) polynomials with positive, negative and fractional powers.
dy
 given dx , find f(x)

Topic 5 Circular Functions

Vocabulary
Students must know the meaning of the following terms, definitions, phrases and key
words.
amplitude exact value
period unit circle
phase sine
dilation cosine
translation tan
reflection quadrant
vertical asymptote radian
degrees symmetry
identity Pythagorean Identity

Students must be able to:

 find the period and amplitude of y  a cos n( x   )  b and y  a sin n( x   )  b
 sketch the graphs of y  a cos n( x   )  b and y  a sin n( x   )  b
5
  find the period and equations of vertical asymptotes of y  a tan n( x   )  b .
 sketch the graph of y  a tan n( x   )  b .
 convert radians to degrees and degrees to radians.
 evaluate using exact values of sin, cos and tan of 300, 450 and 600.
 find exact values of angles in the 4 quadrants using symmetry properties.
 solve trigonometric equations over a given domain.
 evaluate using Pythagorean identity.
 find the general solution of a trigonometric equation
 list the transformations which are needed to be made to the graph of y = cos(x) ,
y = sin(x) or y = tan(x) in order to obtain the graphs of y  a cos n( x   )  b ,
y  a sin n( x   )  b and y  a tan n( x   )  b .

Topic 6: Exponential Functions and Logarithms

Vocabulary
Students must know the meaning of the following terms, definitions and key words.
exponent index laws
evaluate negative indices
fractional indices exponential growth and decay
vertical asymptote horizontal asymptote
half-life base
logarithmic laws domain
range function
euler’s number exponential model
Students must be able to:
 Simplify expressions using Index Laws.
 Solve exponential equations.
 Simplify expressions using Logarithmic Laws.
 Evaluate logarithms without using calculator.
 Solve logarithmic equations.
 Sketch the graph of an exponential function and state the domain and
range. State the equation of the horizontal asymptote.
 Sketch the graph of a logarithmic function and state the domain and
range. State the equation of the vertical asymptote.
 Given a table of values, use the graphics calculator to find the equation
of an exponential model.

6
EXERCISE A

Multiple-choice questions
1 If loga 8 = 3 then a is equal to
A1 B2 C3 D4 E0

2 5n−1 × 5n+1 is equal to

2 2
A 5n B 52n C 102n D 252n E 25 n –1

1
3 If 2x = 64
then x is equal to
1
A6 B −6 C5 D −5 E 6

4 125a × 5b is equal to
A 625a+b B 625ab C 125a+3b D 5a+3b E 53a+b

5 The solution of the equation 4x = 10 − 4x+1 is

1 1
Ax=4 Bx=2 Cx=4 Dx=2 Ex=1
n+2 n–1
7 – 35(7 )
6 n+2
bis equal to
44(7 )
1 1 1 1
A 49
B 44
C 28
D 7
E7

7 If f (x) = 2 + 3x then f (2x) − f (x) is equal to

A 3x B 32x C 2 + 3x D 3x(3x − 1) E 3x(3x + 1)

8 If 72x × 492x−1 = 1 then x is equal to

1 1
A −1 B−3 C3 D1 E3

x
1
9 The graphs of y = 2 and y    have
x

2
A the same x-axis intercept
B the same y-axis intercept
C no point in common
D two points in common
E three points in common

– 23
10 If f (x) = (2x)0 + x , then f (8) is equal to
5 65
A 4 B 4 C5 D 20 E None of these
2 2
11 log a + log b − 2 log ab is equal to
A0 B1 Ca Db E a2b2

12 An angle is measured as 2x radians. The measure of the angle in degrees is

7
 0 0 0 0 0
 x   90 x      360 x   x 
A  B  C  D  E 
 90      180 x      360 

13 The figure shows the graph of y = sin 2x + 1.

The coordinates of Q are

14 The smallest values of 1 − 3 cos  is

A −5 B −4 C −3 D −2 E −1

15 A rollercoaster is constructed in such a way that any car is y metres above the ground
 
when it is x metres from the starting point, where y = 16 + 15 sin  x  . The height of the
 60 
car, in metres, when x = 10 is
A 31 B1 C 16 D 23.5 E 16 − 5√2

16 sin (  +  ) + cos ( +  ) is equal to

A sin  + cos 
B −sin  + cos 
C sin  − cos 
D −sin  − cos 
E −sin  cos v

17 For  ∈ [0,  ], which of the following equations has exactly two solutions?
A sin x = 0 B cos x = 0 C sin x = 1
D sin x=−1 E cos x = 1


18 Which of the following is the graph of y = sin for one cycle?
2

19 The minimum value of 2 − 3 sin is

8
A2 B1 C0 D −1 E3

20

The above is the graph of

A y = cos (x − 30)◦
1
B y = 2 cos (x + 30)◦
C y =cos (x − 30)◦
1
D y = 2 cos (x + 30)◦
1
E y =2 cos x
21 The function f: R→R, f (x)=−2 cos 3x has
2
A amplitude 2 and period  B amplitude –2 and period
3
C amplitude 2 and period 6 D amplitude 3 and period 
2
E amplitude 2 and period
3
d 4d
22 If C = 3 then C − 5 equals
A 76 B7 C 22 D 86 E 35

23 The value of log2 56 − log2 7 + log2 2 is

A log2 51 B1 C2 D3 E4

24 If logb a = c and logx b = c, then loga x equals

Aa B c−2 C b2 Db E abc2

1
25 If cos  − sin  = 4
, then sin cos equals
1 15 1 15 1
A 16
B 16
C 32
D 32
E 2
1 1
26 The coordinates of a point of intersection of the graphs y = 2
sin(2x) and y = 2 are

Extended-response questions
1 The height of the tide, h metres, at a harbour at any time during a 24-hour period is given
by the equation h(t) = 10 + 4 sin(15t)◦, where t is measured in hours.
a Sketch the graph of h against t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
b Find the times at which h = 13 during the 24-hour period.
c A boat can leave the harbour when the height of the tide is at 11 m or more. State the times
during the 24 hours when the boat can leave the harbour.

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2 Medical researchers studying the growth of a strain of bacteria observe that the number of
bacteria present after t hours is given by the formula N(t) = 40 × 21.5t.
a State the number of bacteria present at the start of the experiment.
b State the number of bacteria present after:
i 2 hours ii 4 hours iii 12 hours
c Sketch the graph of N against t.
d How many minutes does it take for the number of bacteria to double?

3 For a ride on a Ferris wheel, the height above the

 
ground of a person, h m, at time t (s) is given by h(t )  11  9 cos t  10
 30 
a How long does it take for the Ferris wheel to make one complete
revolution?
b Sketch the graph of h against t for one revolution.
c State the range of the function.
d At what time(s) is the person at a height
of 2 metres above the ground?
e At what time(s) is the person at a height of 15.5 metres above the ground?

4 The voltage, V, in a circuit after t seconds is given by V = 120 cos 60 t.

a Sketch the graph of V against t for one cycle.
b Find the first time the voltage is 60.
c Find all times at which the voltage is maximised.

5 The figure shows a waterwheel rotating at 4 revolutions per

minute.
The distance, d, of a point, P, from the surface of
the water as a function of time, t in seconds, can be
modelled by a rule of the form d = a + bsinc(t – h)
a Find:
i the period ii the amplitude iii c
b If d = 0 when t = 0 find h.
c Sketch the graph of d against t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 30.

6 A forest fire has burnt out 30 hectares by 11.00 am. It then spreads according to the
formula h = 30(1.65)t, where t is the time in hours after 11.00 am.
a Find h when:
i t = 0 ii t = 1 iii t = 2
b Find k such that h(N + 1) = kh(N).
c How long does it take for 900 hectares to be burnt?
d Sketch the graph of h against t.

7 A bowl of water is initially at boiling point (i.e. 100◦C). The temperature,  ◦C, of the
water t minutes after beginning to cool is  = 80(2−t ) + 20.
a Copy and complete this table:

10
b Draw a graph of  against t.
c At what time is the temperature 60◦C?
d Find  when t = 3.5.

8 A, B and C are three countries. Each of them now has a population of 70 million.
o Country A’s population grows uniformly by 30 million in every period of 10 years.
o Country B’s population grows uniformly by 50 million in every period of 10 years.
o Country C’s population is multiplied by 1.3 every 10 years.
a Give an equation for the population of each country at time t.
b On the same set of axes carefully draw the graphs of the three equations.
c From your graph find out when the population of C overtakes:
i the population of A ii the population of B
t – 1975
9 An estimate for the population of the Earth, P in billions, is 35
P = 4(2)
where t is the year.
a Evaluate P for:
i t = 1975 ii t = 1995 iii t = 2005
b When will the population be twice that of the Earth in 1997?

10 Two tanks simultaneously start to leak. Tank A contains V1(t) litres and tank B V2(t) litres
of water, where
– t
V1(t) = 1000 10 t≥0
e
V2(t) = 1000 − 40t 0 ≤ t ≤ 25
and t is the time after the tanks start to leak.
a Find V1(0) and V2(0).
b Sketch the graphs of y = V1(t) and y = V2(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 25.
c How much water is in tank A when tank B is empty?
d Find the times at which the two tanks have equal amounts of water in them.

11 A river gate is used to control the height of water in a river.

On one side of the gate the height of the water is subject to tides. The depth of the water in
metres on this side is given by
h1 (t) = 18 + 10sin  t  where t is the time in hours past midnight.
6
On the other side of the gate the water rises according to the rule
h2(t) = 8 + 6t where t is the time in hours past midnight and h2(t) is the height of the water at
time t.
a Sketch the graphs of y = h1(t) and y = h2(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 6, on the one set of axes.
b Find the time at which h1(t) = h2(t).
c When the water levels on both sides of the gate are the same, the gate is opened and
the height of the water on both sides is given by y = h1(t).
i The gate is closed again when h1(t) reaches its minimum value. At what time does
this happen?
ii Water flows in on the non tidal side so that the height increases by 6 metres every
hour. What will be the height of the river t hours after the gates have been closed?

11
12
EXERCISE B
Short-answer questions

13
EXERCISE C Short-answer questions

7
a. List the transformations which are needed to be made to the graph of y = sin(x) in order to

obtain the graph of y = 2sin  2x –   – 4 .

 3
b. List the transformations which are needed to be made to the graph of y = cos(x) in order to

obtain the graph of y = 5 – 1cos  3x +   .

3 3  4
c. List the transformations which are needed to be made to the graph of y = tan(x) in order to
obtain the graph of y = 3tan   – x  + 1 .
 2

8 Solve each of the following equations:

1
a. tan(x) = – , x [0, 2 ]
3
14
 b. tan(2x) – 1 = 0 , x [0, 2 ]
9 Sketch the graphs of each of the following.
a. y = tan(2x) , x [0,  ]

b. y = – tan  x  , -3  x  3
3

10 Find the general solution of each of the following equations:

a. sin(x) = 1
2
b. cos(2x) = – 3
2
c. tan(x) = 3

EXERCISE D

15
16
17
18
19
Extended-response questions
1. A designer of rollercoasters decides to use a
polynomial model for a new construction. He tries
the polynomial y=−0.0001(x3 – 100 x2), where
x ∈ [0, 100]. The graph is as shown.
a What are the coordinates of the highest point
reached?
b Find the gradient of the curve at:
i x = 20 ii x = 80 iii x = 100
c Describe the ride the rollercoaster would provide.
d What alteration would you suggest?

2 A rectangular block is such that the sides of its base are of length x cm and 3x cm. The sum
of the length of all its edges is 20 cm.
a Find an expression in terms of x for the height of the block.
b Show that the volume, V cm3, is given by V = 15x2 – 12x3.
c What values of x should be considered, i.e. find the domain of the function with the
rule V = 15x2 – 12x3?
dV
d Find .
dx
e Find {x: dV =0} and hence find the maximum volume possible.
dx
f Sketch the graph of V against x for the values of x determined in part c.

3 A box is made from the net shown below.

a Write down an expression for the surface area of the net in terms of x.
b Write down an expression for, V cm3, the volume of the made-up box in terms of x.
c Sketch the graph of V against x.
d Find the dimensions and the volume of a box with maximum volume.

20
4. The equation of the curve is of the form y = kx2(a – x).
a Find the values of a and k given that when
x = 170, y = 8.67, and when x = 200, y = 0.
b i Find the value of x for which
there is a local maximum.
ii State the value of y which
corresponds to this value of x.
c When x = 105 find:
i the y-value ii the gradient of the curve at this point.
d i Find the equation of the tangent at the point where x = 105.
ii State the y-axis intercept of the tangent.
e Find the average rate of change of y with respect to x for the interval [0, 105].
f Carefully sketch the graph of y = kx2(a – x), for x ∈ [0, 200] and on the same set of
axes sketch the graph of the tangent at x = 105.

21
EXERCISE E

22
EXERCISE F Short-answer questions

d For what values of x is the function strictly increasing?

10

23
EXERCISE G Short-answer questions

24
EXERCISE J
Multiple Choice
 (3x  6)dx 
2
1.
A x3  6x B 6x C 6x + c D x3
3  6x  c E x3  6x + c

2. If f ( x)  (2 x  1) 2 , f(x) is:
A (2 x  1) 3  c B 43 x  2 x  c
3 2
C 1
3 (2 x  1) 3  c
D 43 x  x  c E 43 x  2 x  x  c
3 3 2

 [4 x (2 x  1)]dx is equal to:

2
3.
C 2 x  43 x  c
4 3
x3
( x2  x)  c B 4( x 4  x 3 )  c
2
A 3

D x4
4  x3
3 c E x2
2 ( x  1) 2

4. If f ( x)  6 x 2  3 and f(1) = 7 then f(x) =

A 2 x 3  3x B 12 x C 84
D 2 x  3x  2
3
E 2 x 3  3x  7

Short-answer

25
ANSWERS
EXERCISE A
Multiple Choice
1 B 2 B 3 B 4 E 5 D 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 A 11 A 12 D 13 A 14 D 15 D 16 D 17 A 18 E
19 D 20 D 21 E 22 A 23 E 24 B 25 D 26 B

Extended-answer questions

26
EXERCISE B ANSWERS

27
EXERCISE C ANSWERS

7 a dilation factor 2 from the X-axis, dilation factor

1
from the Y-axis, translation
 units.in the positive X
2 6
direction and translation 4 units in the positive Y-direction.
b dilation factor
1
from the X-axis, dilation factor
1
from the Y-axis, translation
 units in the negative X
3 3 12
5
direction and translation units in the positive Y-direction, reflection about the X-axis.
3
c dilation factor 3 from the X-axis, reflection about the Y-axis, translation  units in the positive X direction
and translation 1 unit in the positive Y-direction.

8 a 5 , 11 b  , 5 , 9 , 13
6 6 8 8 8 8
9a b

10 a
 + 2n , 5 + 2n b 5 + n , 7 + n c  + n
6 6 12 12 3

28
ANSWERS EXERCISE D
Mult-Choice
1B2A3B4A5B6A
7 D 8 B 9 C 10 A 11 C 12 B
13 A 14 C 15 C 16 A 17 D 18 E
19 C 20 B 21 E 22 D 23 A 24 A
25 C 26 D 27 B 28 B 29 B 30 C
31 D 32 E 33 A 34 A 35 C 36 C

2 2
1 a ( 66 3
, 14 7 ) b i 0.28 ii −0.32 iii −1
c A gradual rise to the turning point and a descent which becomes increasingly steep
(in fact alarmingly steep).
d Smooth out the end of the trip

5 dV = 30x – 36x2 0, 5  17

2 a h = 5 − 4x c 0 < x < 4 d e   ; maximum volume = 3 36 cm3
dx  6
f

3 a A = 4x − 6x2 b V = x2 − 2x3

EXERCISE E
1B2D3A4A5B6A7D

29
EXERCISE F

d [-1,4]
9

ANSWERS EXERCISE G

30
EXERCISE J
Multiple-choice
1. A 2. E 3. C 4. A

Short-answer

1 2 1 3
5 S = t + 3t + +
2 t 2

31