\wuk- 4 Tobicp. : pr Coss ° Right Conds © Nesmal Subgrovp ® Rings © Fiald Therm LI Gy by ypreep ont by a 0 ub of Gy. Wt ven ed Proof’ Soppe Rs, if bospibl, pe atnn. Thin peal and pet: Haney peat fer Ae het anal b= he ter pory hae. > hye ah, > OF hah! EH( Since Apa suby Thip con tra dicks Shah a GSH So ohnH=¢-Thiovam' Lr G ke a grerp and H ky a ASavbgroub of G. 34 a, bEC , thn sidhew oH =bH ov alnbi=é. Proof! Lb ot nbH #4 and bt pe atin by. Then peat and be bh. be ah > p= ah, }° pore HEH, pe bh > ps dH fy Bory haeH. Haney ah ABQ - > as bh and b= ahhy Lb x€ a. Thin = ahs {o* Bor hs €H x= bhatr tha = bhq for sem heey. Thop EAH => XEDH and Ahursfore aon — bH - Ly yeon Thin te bhs- fer Bory hs eH He Ore hs = achg for omy hott Thup PebH > FEAW > buC aH ---iyFrom U) and Gi) abe bH - Thurafor dither a= bH oF aHnbH= 4. Throram! Ld G& bt 4 gre up and H br subgrovb of &. Wb a.bEG. Thin aH= dH it and only it alb eH. root ' bh ohe= by, Thth ah= bha ter poy Hiyha EH - Trretor cl b= hy hy 649 Sing H Lp Q subgroup Conwer sly teh albEH. Thin alo=hs 4° por ha GH. Thafor b= ah, and dhip jmplirs beat, But bEbH. Thop dh telt coBetp aH and bH haw 4 Common slomint b and Shatafons ba, abow thiorsm ane oH,Whieran! lt 4 “bs a Sub g-r0 oh Qa qrrexp G. Thy tation e@ Letined on by “ao @ b’ if and only i bey fr a,bEG Ip an Lquivalon gy talation on G,. Yoo ' Rey Laxiwy! eae, yd ka cava aq=e€H. nes @ dp wm {exis Symmable, ES a,beG, ae b => abeH > (A DY'EH (Since Hip a subyrp) > Bach => bea. Vhera}ons dus Syme hie . Vran pity’ For a,b,c 6G, eb and beEC HabeH ang bceH =? (alb) (tlc) EHDace dagc. Tharajors @ ip dtrangitiu. Sing @ tp Tafdouy, Aymrr bie and dtranpily. dd ip an sequivelery vatalion on G, Thy wt G 4B partitiensd tnte syrivalencs clappip cand tach class Lp a Lath coped | H» beavat chCaye { eEG LAR xy = § xegrgalx eH} = [eee xean t= at, Thora’ Pry two Set condi of H in 6 qreep G thaw = the Aary cardinality . Prot! Lif al, bH a two Jott conds | inG. Lb up doting a mabbing- {ia bk by tleh) = bh we heHNow ws prs shed { 4p inte chi, flab) ={(ahe) se bh) = hha Cheah) > hye he FZ ah= ah, Thebere fleh = feb) 9 ah he > { dp dnjeehna. Now we prey thet { ip sonjeliv Lo bbhe bY. flery=eh0> {dp sets Teafors { is bija chy => a and by -haw sh ary cardinality . Thioram (Lag rangt) Thy ordi of tury. , svbyroeb ot a fist yr G ip a divipzes i dh order 4 4. Proof’ Lb H by o subgroup of a finty7 grr G. Lb OCG)=EN. Lt vp Con pide thy sar of all distinc Jaf + conds oH in G Sina & contains 4 tists numluy i shamans thy Ambo of dip Het Jutr coms of W dp ficite. Then hee UT guuntp Ho 73S 6g A in & wsueh thal a, tay REOW Up & complats Sink of Min tack byt coats af Hin G. Sine dif coastp any diplinct 5 Shy. ars dipjeiat. Thasafors q= Ox: H) > Aina G dp fartitiond into diptineh Lh Conus 4 H. o(zin) = eH) =e(H) U7Q= vy Ga 4) =>0(h) = OG4H) + 0CQH) +-- FO tH) = o(H) OCH) +- -- - >t OCH) (m tims) Nota og) = m: oft) o(azi) = \xah| = Numby of = o(H) | ola) . abewunke in GH. Right Comtp' Let G hy aad and k SA dsb q-reeh G- Le o EGE Dating HaoRPes | hen ={ hal went. ee ee G. Example. Lb G1=(Zs4+) and H=(3Z,+) Hto = { an|nezwy=H Hel = {anti [nex He = {3n+ | neZ}Age oy thy cane of Ld cont, Shove 7 ON Ahuostinys concesning wight COBLER Thowm! Wt G me 4 grep and Ha 0) Sub veep | G. Thin Hh=t A Thora | 7 gy ~ and AY sah of G. Thin i 4 ao g. Thovsm! Lb G& be a qrexp ano} H kn a bubgrerh 4 G. Thin silky Ha=Hb ox HanHbo=+ (” abe C,. Throvam' Lt H bt a subg voub ef a gob G and a,b€G. Thin bEHa it and only i} baleH.Thovam, Lt H bao Jvbq50%b 4 4 sob Gy, Thin th ut - ne 2 and dy so 4 al) wight coals in G haw dh sam cardinality . Proof Lk Lm By et op Lath combrp and RNG th auf all wight Goats of H in G, Lt 2 €G. DMiy {2 LR by- {erd=Hes Now we show het { dp wl dstinad in Shy inde tha if xY=at dn fete Hal. x=ah a> x Cay epalxey E> (CY EH ee eH ded nalene, Thetators t ABBIGNA 4 ony cofst-in R do a cotat- jn _L. Lt up daki fw distinct thiments at, bHEL: Hal= Hb! => OH bH. Se at FH => flan) ~ fleH). > dp injachw. Le up daky an jatherst Ha ER. Thy bra- imagy | Ha Spy oH inl, sing {LAH Hyl=ta Thera { Jp ATPL. Thitatory { Ap bi jcc yy and thy Aus Land Ro haw Sh Kary cardinality. Notal L@iH} dunehip thy number of diptinet Seth and right consts sf H sn G. ke Wh We]= {Rl = LGtHyOh) = oh) LOH] Laray= 2C@ o(H) Nermal Svbareupas tt Ca.#) by oO croup and (He*) Bw 4 subg 70% 4 G. Thin (tA) th normal Jsvbgseep \f oh= Ha Ar a£ON Th standard nobdtion [ “H ipa norma) gbgrorP ef GC. sp HAG. Throwem, LR CG, #) be 8 qreeP and (w,*) 48 4 AubgreeP 4 G. Thin Cpe) tp 9 nema) sudg704P i and only it acho EH NE AEH and eG, Proof Supposg (wk) Ap 9 normal Avbysoup of G. Lt xe ond bEN- Thin wh & THHHEC OY defini on | nerme|Jvbq +0 vb) > ahebe a> hehe for fom AEH. > xheiet, EX > ahxt eH HEH and WEG, Conwr sly, dat ahxTEH HEH and ¥x 6, Now uy prow dnrot HHH +x 6H, Wb pe ch. Then parchy for Romy ha cH pe (ehgrd!) x Sharh ring hax! = hs eH D> penx Sx che —W Now Sub Pe Thin Y= hex for Aer ne eH - = rt (hy 2) eS x (4 ha «y’) =xhs- fr Bom he = Ahe CEH Yung y € XH > trex —ui By i and Uiiy He = 2H Wo MEG.Theory H ap a normal Avbgre4p in G. Thiocem!) Lb CW ®) and CR) BA two normal subgroup t q prosh (Git). Thin (HK) UB 8 formal Sobgveup - ic Th intertchiby Nef tee normal Avbaroub & °4 a a6 up ip q normal Saboyrorh - Proof WPLW= HK. Tan W da 9 Subgroup Ot Gy Ainu Shy in txt BecHon sf two Shy roep Lp 4g Subgroup - Ly wed and % EO: Than WEH and weK. xwxt eH (Sina H ipa Norm} Avbyrexp) awd EK CSing K Lp Q Normal Avogreub=> xwt! CHAK Thivaperd » nox EW werd and ¥XEQ, Sei hcl normal vbgr0¥P 4 q, Quotiun- qrerP | Factor qroep leh H bo normal Judqreoh 1 qrerP Cok). La S be dy Ht i Aiptinet comshe qi Gn Dating a binges. o Pn 0 OnS by ato by AOxb)H = 8d EG. Now saat pe thab (Si) se rp (\) ae bH= (axb)H ES WOH bHE S. (i) aHO(bHecH) = aHe(d«e) H = ax(bec) = Geb) RCH = @kb)HocH OHobH)e C 3 © 4B anpoutanee el(ii) eH=H dp th ida ntuy bom tucavss Hos aHoeH = @xa)} . = ay Q(Y) Ths inwrar of aH LR ath, breway aneatH = QxalHs CH= H and al Heal = (at #a) y= eH=H A\ qrexp preprty Faw buon Aatiafied Sheraton (S59) ip 6 wp: Trip gre Seif te by ty avenue qe of & by H and 4p dunokid by aly. Homomor PNipyy . Ld (Gy, ®) and (agar) by =o qreupp - fA ma ing 4" G > Gy Jp ral do by a homomorphiam J $(axd)= 4(a) 0 $b) + ab EO,Exam | lt 6! Gy GQ, & difind by (4) = Cay : &(axb) = Cop = Caz ° fa, = $ (a) 0 dlb) . Example’ Lt 6) = (Zs+) ond G=(2Z4) dtu b Gy 7A by 4(a) = &q for aez b(ath) = alate gored = 4(a)+ 90d) > 6 apa home morphipm. Note, A horomarpiiam $..G, 742. ip raid te & dpomarphiprs it 6 ip or orny and oro . Me 4G) Ga Ap an dpomerpNgn dan Gy and Gg 9% callid dao mer pNic 4 reeb .Ring" A non- mbt sat Ro dp seid to fori Q ving wth “rapprot fo wo binary combo sitions » adda Hon(+) and rnul} pli cation G) defined on dts Jf tu following Conditiong am ootipted - Q) (RH Ap ang greeks (&) (Ro) J mi g-reep » WB) a (oF a-b $a-C (bic) -Q= batcq abc eR. Th ving. Lp denoted a CRate). R ap said to kr a Commutotiy ving it ab=b:4 4,bER. A ving CRits-) ip ald do by ving with urty if they sod pt mull plicahiy idualiby ‘Poin Rabe ale paca WaeR.Exarple’ CZ te ea en Ting. (iy (4) ip an absbten group &) (25°) ip RLM) qreep (3) albtens abtac (prc) ae DA TC YA bEX, A\po O-beb-a ¥ abe dhetafery (a5 ts) ip commis Ny aver dd whe hans wate Thiru 4 {oN 7 2) Jd& q Commv dati 7N9 widh unity. Exambh' (Q,+,°) , CR, +5°) and Cl y+ +) all ard Commu tahivy ving with vrity . Example’ (XZ, +9) Lp a Commute ving without idankity .Examble! met) =f ( “ 4) 0b. Gd eR GUACOF +) Ap an akulian qreep whe + dino his matrix addi Hen (My (Ry ) dp O Aim) a-roob 5 whery + dunotig matrix mull plication Theradeny ( m,(R), Ay y Lp 4a “ring wish unity Sing A BABA ( sory A,B EMR) Huradory (MUR +>) ip a Non- Commo tatiw wing. FoLy-nomial Ring’ bt CRot>o) a ving. and 2% an ind.akee min aby, aLey= {astarx £Ogr4 -panx” nENv{o} and Oj ER vee don}Equality af two palynomial Two palynomial POD= Mo Hay x4 = > - +anx” and Gt) = de Hoy Xt bet -- “by? ERE ory Bad to ky save 44 Ao= Yo» A= by 9 +s 9 An = bn. Addi Hen 4 two polynomials lu poo= ot A) X + Og 2? oo - tan ERIE] and GUD= by thi xt Bore - + byXMERLT. Cosel. mary _ 5 pO FY) BOT Caz +d;) ot A=o Cosra’, n +9°) AP algo a ving. widh unity The iden iby abomunb of She wing (RUdsto) ip dh cong tant fpelyrenid pu =i ERLS-Divipow of Zero! Lb CR, by) bs opin. A Non- Bere wlumenh AER ip waid to by a divipo= + gee iy dhirg seine a non ger Shaman bin R sd. ab=o oF b-aze. Sn th first cary, a 4B said to by Jt dinipor 07 4 in dtu dicond cart (bazo) a df, atd Jo bt 4 Fight dininey 4 Bere Exam|eh’ Ia th ving (Zc. i) Z ip a sdiviacr of Bere br cave Al Sieve) es Z3=6- Th ving (Beet) contalng Neo Aivipoy a o-oo Algo (Zr), ( Qs+5-) and (Ry +9) Contains no BN Ro a JrThisgr) domain: A non- trivial ving R, with unihy tp sald do be oan intura} demajn if id Lp Commataly and con falng no divi or GI Ber. Exam pi “TN singe (AZ, +>)) (@-+-) and (Rots) apd nbegra| domaing . if) Ths TINE (Le » 9+) LB & Commublh ing with Unity and = Shy wing. Conheiy no diviser of gero. Theradory it is ay in bral domain , (ii) The ny (Bes +, *) 1p 4 Comnoltiy vig with unity TL Containg Aivisn {Bee Thndere ib ip nak an intyral domainFilld! (Foto) ap 4 field if Q) (Foto) ap an intagrad domain . \K) For age non- Be ahem has a mall pi cating inur sd Thavorn a nen- .timbhy Sort FE tors a iad with raphact fo two binary com po nitions +Nand - , it (atbeF Swaber (iar (DEQ (atb)tc * ab.cer ii) thong soipkp an shined, calla) dh give shimenb and — dunehed by 6, in F Such thet ato =o ver, (VY) Waer, E-ter ah arcadeoo (VY) atb= b+a AP UbEF Wi aber aber, = abta-c 4b. CEF Example! Thy rings (A431) (Rt) ard tid. (Cty Yip also a fist (Wl) Th iG (Zest) dp 9 Commo “4 waith unity and tach non-ger hom et dh is, ip a ont. Thrsfer} dh ving (Ae H+) ta 9 qi