MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1 : A REVIEW ON EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

At the end of this chapter, student must be able to :

i. Simplify exponent and logarithmic terms using properties of exponent and

logarithm because these concepts might be used before being able to
differentiate or integrate.

ii. Sketch the graph of exponent and logarithm.

iii. Differentiate exponential & logarithmic function

iv. Integrate involve with exponential function and also integration leading to
logarithmic function.

v. Differentiate using logarithmic differentiation

1.1 LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTS

1.1.1 Basic Properties of Exponents

If a  0, b  0 and x, y are real numbers, then

i. a x y  a x  a y
ax
ii. a xy 
ay
iii. a 
x y
 a xy
x
a ax
iv.    x
b b

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

Example :

3 n 9 n 1
1. Simplify .
27 n

Solution:
3 n 9 n 1

 
3n 32
n 1

27 n 3 
3 n

3 n  3 2n  2

3 3n
3 3n 2

3 3n
 3 3n2 3n
 32
9

1
 27 xy  3
2. Simplify and state in positive index  3/2 
.
 xy 
3
Ans: 1 1
x 6y 3

1.1.2 Basic Properties of Logarithm

If x, y, a  R  , then

i. log a xy  log a x  log a y

x
ii. log a  log a x  log a y
y
iii. log a x p  p log a x
iv. aloga x  x
v. log a a  1

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

Example :

1. Without using calculator, solve log 3 18  2 log 3 9  log 3 54

Solution :

log 3 18  2 log 3 9  log 3 54

 log 3 18  log 3 9 2  log 3 54

 log 3
18  81
54
 log 3 27
 log 3 3 3
 3og 3 3
3

 100 a 
2. Express in terms of log a, log b and log c for the expression log  3 2  .
 b c 
1 3
Ans: 1  loga  logb  logc
2 2

Exercises :

1. Simplify the expression and state in positive index

a)  
6 y 2 2y 0
2
Ans: 24y 2
b)  z  3z 
3 4
Ans:  3z 7
3 4
4 3 5184
c)     Ans:
y y y7
 b 2  b  2
d)    Ans: 1
 a 2  a 
 
3
 x 3 y 4  125 x 9
e)   Ans:
 5  y 12
 
 a 2  b  3 b5
 
f)  b 2  a  Ans:
a5
 
g) 2x  2 3/2
 2 1/ 2  x  4 Ans :
2
x
h) x y 
4 2 1/ 3
xy 1/ 3 Ans : xy 1/ 3

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

2. Use the properties of logarithm to expand the expression :

1
a) log 6 Ans:  3 log 6 z
z3
b) ln xyz 2 Ans: ln x  ln y  2 ln z
c) ln zz  12 Ans: ln z  2 lnz  1

d)
 x 2  1
ln
 x3 
  
Ans: ln x 2  1  3 ln x
 
 x 4
e) ln 2 5  Ans : 4 ln x  2 ln y  5 ln z
y z 
 

e) ln
1
Ans: 
1
2

ln x 4  3 
x4  3
x2 2
f) ln 3
3
Ans: ln x  ln y
y 3
y 1 3
g) log 2 x 4 Ans : 4 log 2 x  log 2 y  log 2 z
z3 2 2

h) ln 4

x3 x2  3  Ans :
3
4
1
4

ln x  ln x 2  3 

3. Find x if log x 3  log 3 x  2 Ans: x  3 , y  1

8 y  4 2 x 3
4. Solve Ans: x  3 , y  6
log 2 y  log 2 x  1

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

1.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

1.2.1 Exponential Function

Definition : The function of form f x   a x , where a is a positive constant. It is called an

exponential function with base a.

f x   3 x , f x   0.5 , f x    x
x
Example :

Natural Exponential Function

A special exponential function with the value e  2.71828 and it is called natural
exponential function.

1.2.2 Logarithmic Function

If f x   a x where a>0 , a  1 then the function of f x  is either increasing or decreasing

and also it is one to one, therefore it has an inverse function f 1 x  , which is called the

logarithmc function with base a. Then, we have log a y  x  a x  y

Note : If a 0  1 , then log a 1  0

If a1  a , then log a a  1
Example :
1. Change the equation to logarithmic form
1
a) 2 6  64 b)  3 4 c) 5 3  125
81
1
Ans: log2 64  6 Ans: log 3  4 Ans: log5 125  3
81
2. Change the equation to exponential form
1
a) log 7 49  2 b) log 3  2 c) log 2 8  3
9
1
Ans: 7 2  49 Ans: 3 2  Ans: 2 3  8
9

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

CHANGE OF BASE FORMULA FOR LOGARITHM

Two ways to change the formula for logarithm

log b c
1. log a c 
log b a

ln x
2. log a x 
ln a

Proof :

Let m  loga x
am  x
ln a m  ln x
m ln a  ln x
ln x
m
ln a
ln x
 loga x 
ln a

Example :

Change the following logarithmic form to base 3

a) log 5 3 b) log 7 4
log3 4
Solution: Ans:
log3 7

log3 3
=
log3 5

1
=
log3 5

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

1.3 GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

1.3.1 Exponential Graph

Basically, these graphs represent the exponential function

y
y  a x ,0  a  1 y  a x ,a  1

a 1

x
0

Family of exponential graphs

i) For a  0
y y  10 x
y  3x

y  2x

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

ii) For a  0

 1
x y
y   1
x

2 y 
3

Graph of Natural Exponential Function

The exponential function of f x   e x , one of the most frequently occurring functions in
calculus

y  ex

D f :  , 
Conclusion :
R f : 0, 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

Exercise : Sketch the graph of

a) f x   e x , f x   2e x , f x   e x  1
b) f x   e x  2 , f x   1  e x  2

Find the domain and range of the functions

1.3.2 Graphs of Logarithmic Function

y  log 3 x
y  log 5 x

y  log 10 x

D f : 0, 
Conclusion :
R f :  , 

Exercise :

1. Sketch the graph of natural logarithmic function, y  ln x, x  0 .

State the domain and range of the function.

Ans : y  ln x , x  0
D f : 0, R f :  , 

2. Sketch the graph

a) f x   lnx  1, f x   1  lnx  1
Ans:
i. f x   lnx  1
Df :  1,  R f :  , 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

ii. f x   1  lnx  1
Df :  1,  R f :  , 

b) f x   ln x  1
Df :  1,  R f :  , 

c) f x   ln 3 x  2
Df  2,  R f :  , 

State the domain and range of the function

1.4 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Definition 1 :
If x 1  x 2 then f x1   f x 2  , therefore f x  is one to one function.

Example :

1. Is the function of f x   x 3  2 is one to one?

Solution 1 : If x 1  x 2 then x 1 3  x 2 3 (2 different numbers), therefore by Definition 1;

f x   x 3  2 is one to one.

Solution 2 : From the graph, we find out that no horizontal line intersects the graph
more than once.

2 Is the function of f x   x 2  1 is one to one?

Definition 2 :
Let f be a one to one function with domain P and range Q. Then, its inverse function, f 1
has domain Q and range P and is defined by f 1 y   x  f x   y for any y in Q

P Q

f
x y

f 1

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

This definition says that if f maps x into y, then f 1 maps y back into x. If f were not 1-1
function, then f 1 would not be uniquely defined.

Domain of f 1 =Set of Q= Range of f

Range of f 1 = Set of P= Domain of f

The principle of interchanging x and y to find the inverse function gives the method for
obtaining the graph of f 1 from the graph of f. Since f a  b , then (a,b) is on the graph
of f iff the point (b,a) is on the graph of f 1 . We get the point (b,a) from (a,b) by reflecting
about the line y  x .

Theorem :

If f has an inverse function f 1 , then the graph of y  f x  and y  f 1 x  are reflections

of one another about the line y  x , that is, each is the mirror image of the other with
respect to that line.

Example :

f x   lnx  2 and its inverse f 1 x   e x  2 . Sketch the graph of f x  and hence

determine the graph of f 1 .

Steps to find inverse function , f-1:

S1 : Let f 1 x   y then f y   x
S2 : Replace x by y
S3 : Solve for y

OR

S1 : Write y  f x 
S2 : Solve the equation for x in terms of y
S3 : To express f 1 as a function of x, interchange x and y. The resulting
equation is y  f 1 x 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

Example :

1. Find the inverse of the following functions :

a) f x   e ( x 1) / 2

Solution:

Let y  f x 
y  e ( x 1) / 2
x 1
ln y 
2
2 ln y  x  1
x  2 ln y  1
y  2 ln x  1

 f 1 x   2 ln x  1

b) f x   lg1  x  Ans: f 1
x   10 x  1
c) f x   ln x Ans: f 1 x   e x
d) f x   2 x , f x   e x Ans: f 1 x   log2 x , f 1 x   ln x
e) f x   e x 2 , f x   e x  2 Ans: f 1 x   ln x  2 , f 1 x   lnx  2 
f) f x   lnx  3, f x   ln x  3, f x   2 ln2x   1
x 1
Ans: f 1
x   e x 3 , f 1
x   e x 3 , f 1
x   1 e 2
2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

1.4.1 Differentiability of Inverse functions

 
If f is differentiable and one to one then f 1 is differentiable for which f ' f 1 x   0 such

that
dx
  
f x  
d 1 1
f ' f 1 x 


Example :

1. Given f x   x 3  5 , find 
d 1
dx

f x  .

Solution :

f x   x 3  5

Let y  f x 
y  x3  5
x3  y  5
x  3 y 5
y  3 x 5
 f 1 x   3 x  5


f x  
d 1
 1
dx d 1
dx

f x  
1

d 3
dx

x 5 
1
 2
1
 x  5  3 . 1
3
1

1
2
3 x  5  3
2
 3 x  5  3

df 1
2. Given f x   2x 3  3 and f 2  13 , find the differentiability of when x  13
dx
1
Ans :
24

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

1.5 DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC

FUNCTION

1.5.1 Derivative Of Exponential Function

If u is any differentiable function of x, then

d u
dx
 
a  a u  ln a 
du
dx

Integrals Of Exponential Function


1 bax
bax   C
a ln b

Example 1 : Differentiate all the following questions :

y  2 x , y  3 x s
, y  2s
2
1. 2. y 5

Solution:
dy d dy 5 s ln 5
 2 x ln 2  x  a)  ,
dx dx ds 2 s
= 2 x ln 2

dy d dy
 3  x ln 3   x   2s ln 2. 2 s
2
b)
dx dx ds
=  3  x ln 3

3. y  7 sec  ln 7 4. y  3 tan ln 3

dy dy
 7 sec  sec  tan ln 7 2  3 tan  sec 2  ln 3 2
d d

5. y  2 sin 3t 6. y  5  cos 2t

dy
dt

 3 ln 2 cos 2t 2 sin 3t  dy
dt

 2 ln 5 sin 2t 5 cos 2t 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

1 2x
7. y  e 8. y  3e 1/ x  x 2
4
1
dy 1 2 x dy 3e x
 e   2x
dx 2 dx x2

e x
9. y  x 3e 3 x 10. y 
1 e x

dy dy  e  x  2
 3 x 2e 3 x x  1 
dx dx 
1 e x 
2

11. y  e cos x 12. y  tane x  2

dy
dx
  sin xe cos x
dy
dx

 2e 2 x sec 2 e e 2 x 

Example 2 : Solve the integrals :

1
e 3 x
1.
e 5x
dx ,
 5
dx 2.

0
2  d

Solution:
e 5x

1
a) e 5x  C Ans :
ln 5 2 ln 2
e 3 x e 3 x 

1
b)    C
5 5   3 
1 3 x
= e C
15

2
x2

  x 2 x dx
2
3. 4x e dx 4.
1
1
Ans : 2 e x  C
2
Ans :
ln 2

dx
5.
 e 2x
6.
 e tan x sec 2 x dx

1
Ans :  C Ans : e tan x  C
2 e 2x

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

7.
 e x  x dx 8.
  
e x 3  4e x dx
0

3
Ans : e  Ans : 3 e x  2 e 2 x  C
2

1.5.2 Derivatives Of Logarithmic Function

If u is any differentiable function of x, then

d
log a u  1  du
dx u ln a dx

Integrals Of Logarithmic Function


1
du  ln u  C
u

Example 1 : Differentiate all the following questions :

1. y  log2 5 2. y  log3 1   ln 3

dy 1
Solution : y  log2 5 
d 1   ln 3
dy 1
 5
d 5  ln 2
1
=
 ln 2

3.  
y  ln x , y  ln t 2 4.
3
y  ln 
x 
dy 1 dy 1
a)  
dx x dx x
dy 2
b) 
dt t

5. y  ln2  5 6. y  ln x 3 , y  ln x 3

dy 2 dy 3
 a) 
dx 2  5 dx x

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

dy 3 ln2 x
b) 
dx x

s4 s4 lnt
7. r  lns  8. y 
4 16 t

dr dy 1  lnt
 s 3 ln s 
ds dt t2

9. y  lnln x  10. y  lnsec   tan 

dy 1 dy
  sec 
dx x ln x d

ln x x ln x
11. y  12. y 
1  ln x 1  ln x

dy 1 dy 1  ln x  ln2 x
 
dx x 1  ln x 2 dx 1  ln x 2

Example 2 : Solve the integrals :

ln x
x 
5
1. dx 2. dx
x

Solution :
ln2 x
x x
5 1
5 dx Ans : C
2
= 5 ln x  C


x

sin 2
3. d 4. 3
dx
3  cos 2 2x

1 1
Ans :  ln 3  cos 2  C Ans : ln 2  x 3  C
2 3

4e 2 x
5.
 tan x dx 6.
 1  e 2x
dx

Ans :  ln cos x  C Ans : 2 ln1  e 2 x  C

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

Differentiation of trigonometric functions(Revision)

If u is any differentiable function of x, then

1.
d
sin u  cos u  du
dx dx

2.
d
cos u   sin u  du
dx dx

3.
d
tan u  sec 2 u  du
dx dx

4.
d
sec u  sec u tan u  du
dx dx

5.
d
csc u   csc u cot u  du
dx dx

6.
d
cot u   csc 2 u  du
dx dx

As a result, we get

1.
d
sin x  cos x
dx

2.
d
cos x   sin x
dx

3.
d
tan x  sec 2 x
dx

4.
d
sec x  sec x tan x
dx

5.
d
csc x   csc x cot x
dx

6.
d
cot x   csc 2 x
dx

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

1.5.3 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION

Usually we use logarithmic differentiation when we encounter complex function and we

dy
want to solve for .
dx
dy
Steps to find using logarithmic differentiation :
dx

1. Take ln at both sides of the equation y  f x  and simplify the equation using laws
of logarithm
ln y  ln f x 

2.
d
ln y  d ln f x 
dx dx

3.
1 dy
 
d
ln f x 
y dx dx
dy
4. Solve for .
dx
Then the equation will be
dy
 y
d
ln f x 
dx dx
5. Lastly, substitute y with f x  .

dy
 f x  
d
ln f x 
dx dx

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

Example :

dy
Use logarithmic differentiation to find :
dx

a) 
y  x2  3 x

Solution:


y  x2  3 x

ln y  ln x 2  3   x


= x ln x 2  3 
d
ln y   d x lnx 2
3 
dx dx
1 dy
y dx
 x 2
1
x 3
 2x  ln x 2  3  1  
=
x 3
2x 2
2

 ln x 2  3 
dy  2x 2
y  2

 ln x 2  3   
dx  x  3 

= x2  3 x  2x 2
 2

 ln x 2  3   
 x  3 

sin x dy  sin x 
b) y x  x sin x   ln x cos x 
dx  x 
dy  cos x 
c) y  x  1cos x  x  1cos x  x  1  sin x ln x  1
dx

x dy x  2 x sec 2 2 x ln tan 2x  
d) y  tan 2 x   tan 2 x    
dx  tan 2 x 2 x 

2 x  1 cos 2 x
e) y  2x
e x 1

dy 2 x  1 cos 2 x  2 1 
   2 tan 2 x  2 
dx e 2 x
x  1  2x  1 2x _ 1 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 1

f) 
y  x 2 3 ln x dy

 x 2 3 
ln x  2 x ln x
 2 

ln x 2  3 
dx  x  3 x 
x x
ln x e dy ln x e  e x 6x 
g) y     e  x ln ln x   2 
x 2  43 dx 
x2 4
3
  x ln x x  4 

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