Network Segmentation

Reasons for Subnetting

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 Network Segmentation
Reasons for Subnetting
Communication Between Subnets
 A router is necessary for devices on different networks and subnets
to communicate.
 Each router interface must have an IPv4 host address that belongs to
the network or subnet that the router interface is connected to.
 Devices on a network and subnet use the router interface attached to
their LAN as their default gateway.

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
IP Subnetting is FUNdamental

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Basic Subnetting
 Borrowing Bits to Create Subnets
 Borrowing 1 bit 21 = 2 subnets

Borrowing 1 Bit from the host portion creates 2 subnets with the same subnet mask

Subnet 0 Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25 Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
Mask: 255.255.255.128 Mask: 255.255.255.128

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Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Subnets in Use

Subnet 0
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25

Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.128-255/25

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Subnetting Formulas
Calculate Number of Subnets

Calculate Number of Hosts

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Creating 4 Subnets
Borrowing 2 bits to create 4 subnets. 22 = 4 subnets

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Creating 8 Subnets
Borrowing 3 bits to Create 8 Subnets. 23 = 8 subnets

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 Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Creating 8 Subnets(continued)

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 Determining the Subnet Mask
Subnetting Based on Host Requirements
There are two considerations when planning subnets:
 Number of Subnets required
 Number of Host addresses required
Formula to determine number of useable hosts
2^n-2
2^n (where n is the number the number of host bits remaining) is
used to calculate the number of hosts
-2 Subnetwork ID and broadcast address cannot be used on each
subnet

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 Determining the Subnet Mask
Subnetting Network-Based Requirements
Calculate number of subnets
Formula 2^n (where n is the number of bits borrowed)
Subnet needed for
each department in
graphic

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 Determining the Subnet Mask
Subnetting To Meet Network Requirements
It is important to balance the number of subnets needed
and the number of hosts required for the largest subnet.
 Design the addressing scheme to accommodate the
maximum number of hosts for each subnet.
Allow for growth in
each subnet.

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 Determining the Subnet Mask
Subnetting To Meet Network Requirements (cont)

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 Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses
Traditional subnetting - same number of addresses is
allocated for each subnet.
Subnets that require fewer addresses have unused
(wasted) addresses. For example, WAN links only need 2
addresses.
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) or subnetting a
subnet provides more efficient use of addresses.

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 Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
VLSM allows a network space to be divided in unequal
parts.
Subnet mask will vary depending on how many bits have
been borrowed for a particular subnet.
Network is first subnetted, and then the subnets are
subnetted again.
Process repeated as necessary to create subnets of
various sizes.

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 Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
Basic VLSM

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 Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
VLSM in Practice
Using VLSM subnets, the LAN and WAN segments in
example below can be addressed with minimum waste.
 Each LANs will be assigned a subnet with /27 mask.
Each WAN link will be assigned a subnet with /30 mask.

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 Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masking
VLSM Chart

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 Structured Design
Planning to Address the Network
Allocation of network addresses should be planned and
documented for the purposes of:
Preventing duplication of addresses
Providing and controlling access
Monitoring security and performance
Addresses for Clients - usually dynamically assigned using
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Sample Network
Addressing Plan

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 Subnetting an IPv6 Network
Subnetting Using the Subnet ID
An IPv6 Network Space is subnetted to support
hierarchical, logical design of the network

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 Subnetting an IPv6 Network
IPV6 Subnet Allocation

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 Subnetting an IPv6 Network
Subnetting into the Interface ID
IPv6 bits can be borrowed from the interface ID to create
additional IPv6 subnets

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