OF ADJUSTABLE CHANNI ral lead By eee Factory & Works: ‘Adarsh Nagar New Hardwar Road Roorkee ~ 247 667 Phone: 01332 ~ 275639, 273121 (Resi) Phone: 01332 - 273721 Fax: 01332 - 271621 E-mail: [email protected],net.in, [email protected] Visit us at: www.enggmod.com1.0 2.0 3.0 @ (b) © @) © OBJECTIVE xperiment 1: To determine the discharge coefficients of 1 _ Venturi Flume I. Spillway Weir Ill, Broad Crested We IV. Sharp Crested Weir V. 90° V Notch CVE. Rectangular Notch) Experiment 2: To study the formation of hydraulic jump APPARATUS: Models of weirs viz. venturi flume, spillway weir, broad crested weir, sharp crested weir, 90°V and rectangular notch, and pointer gauge. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY: A channel is a structure in which water flows under atmospheric pressure while in a pipe water flows at pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. Therefore techniques of measurements of discharge in pipes cannot be applied here. Different types of models are available to find discharge in an open channel as venturiflume, spillway weir, broad crested weir, Sharp Crested weir, V notch and rectangular notch etc. For calibration of either venturiflume or weir some flow is allowed in the flume. Once the flow becomes steady and uniform discharge coefficients can be determined for any model. ‘The weir is a device used for the measurement of flow in a channel. It is an obstruction in the channel that causes the liquid to rise behind the weir and then flows over it. By measuring the height of upstream liquid surface, the rate of flow is determined. The sheet of water flowing through a weir is known as the nappe. The top of a weir over which the water flows is known as crest. The weir may be broad crested, spillway etc. The relationship between discharge and head over the weir can be developed by making the following assumptions as to the flow behaviour: Upstream of the weir, the flow is uniform and the pressure varies with depth according to the hydrostatic equation p= pgh ‘The free surface remains horizontal as far as the plane of the weir, and all particles passing over the weir move horizontally. The pressure through out the sheet of liquid or nappe, which passes over the crest of the weir, is atmospheric. The effect of viscosity and surface tension are negligible. The velocity in the approach channel is negligible.XA venturi fume is a structure in a channel, which has a contracted section, called throat, downstream of which follows a flared transition section designed to restore the stream to its original width, Discharge coefficient Cy of fume can be determined by applying formula Qva*. . = Ce A avg (VEER) where Q is the discharge flowing through the channel. A, a and H, h depths of flow section at entrance and throat of the flume respecti re the areas and ehh A spillway is the portion over which the excess water, which cannot be stored in the reservoir formed on the surface of the dam, flow to the downstream side and the flowing sheet of water remains in contact with the surface of the spillway, thereby Preventing the negative pressure being developed on the downstream side, Discharge coefficient ¢ (having dimension L' T") of spillway can be determined by applying the formula Q BH? c= where Q is the discharge flowing over an spillway and H is the head above the crest of spillway. Weir in which the sheet of flowing fluid is supported by the surface of the crest is called broad crested weir. Discharge coefficient Cy of a broad crested weir may be determined by applying formula Q 2 H \"? —H]b ¥2g} — 3 3 where Q is the discharge over a broad crested weir, b is the width of weir, g is acceleration due to gravity and H is the head above the crest of broad crested weir. A sharp crested weir may be formed by means of a metallic plate. As water flows over the weir, the surface of water over the crest and immediately upstream of it, becomes curved. The discharge coefficient Cy of a sharp crested weir may be determined by applying formula Q 2 ie mr Co Where Q is the discharge over a sharp crested weir, B is the width of notch, H is the head over the crest of the weir, and g is acceleration due to gravity.4.0 Notches are those overflow structures whose length of crest in the direction of flow is accurately shaped, They may be rectangular, trapezoidal, V notch ete. The V- notch ig one of the most precise discharge-measuring device suitable for a wide range of flow, A triangular or V notch is having a triangular or V shaped opening provided in its body so that water is discharged through this opening only. The line which bisects the angle of the notch should be vertical and at the same distance from both side of the channel, The discharge coefficient Cy of a V notch may be determined by applying formula. Coe = @ Sign? tan Where Q is the discharge over a triangular notch, 0 is the apex angle of notch and H is the head over the crest of the notch. A rectangular notch, symmetrically located in a vertical thin plate, which is placed perpendicular to sides and bottom of a straight channel, is defined as rectangular sharp-crested weir. The discharge coefficient Cy of a rectangular notch may be determined by applying formula c,=-;—2_ 2 ag Ber? Where Q is the discharge over a rectangular notch, B is the width of notch, H is the head over the crest of the notch, and g is acceleration due to gravity. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP: cm The experimental set up consists of a hydraulic channel 25 cm wide and 30 cm deep with a stabilising tank. The total length of flume is nearly 4.5 m. For visual observation of flow pattern along the flume section both sides of flume are provided with transparent perspex sheet. The upstream and downstream sections are provided with adjustable gates. In a portion of flume one can fix a model of weir, notch or venturi flume. The flume is provided with pipe railing in full length (between the gates) for the movement of pointer gauge. A pointer gauge is used to measure the head of water over the model. The flume has the screw mechanical jack to give a tilt to the channel. Pressure gauges with calibrated Orificemeter are provided to measure discharge. 5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Step! Stey The channel is adjusted so that the bed is horizontal. The model is placed in the channel and carefully sealed to prevent leakage between the walls and floor of the channel, and the model. The channel is filled with water up to the erest level and reading on the scale on the Point gauge is noted down. p2:Step3: Step4: Steps: Step6: 6.0 \ The flow-regulating valve is adjusted to give the maximum possible discharge without flooding the model. Conditions are allowed to steady before the rate of discharge and head over the model is recorded. The discharge is reduced in stages and a series of readings of Q and head over the model are recorded. The above procedure is repeated for other types of model. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Note down (a) width at entrance of the venturiflume, (b) width at throat of the venturiflume, (c) width of the spillway, (d) width of broad crested weir, (e) width of sharp crested weir (f) the Apex angle of V-notch and (g) width of the rectangular notch. Calculate the discharge and head over the weirs, venturiflume and notches. Find out the coefficient of discharge Cy of venturiflume, weirs and notches. SAMPLE DATA SHEET: Venturi flume: Width at entrance of the venturi flume, B, cm Width at throat of the venturi flume, b, em — SI. Discharge measurement __| Depth of | Depth i Disch- | flow at | of QVBAY - (hy arge Q| entrance | flow at 2) | (om? ~| H(em) | throat (cm) ~ | /See) hem) ~ (BH)(bh)V2g(H-h) “Width of spillway, B, em ‘Average C= Spillway weir Crest level of spillway H1, em Arerofvelectingankermn SI. Discharge measurement Final reading of | Head over No [ever] Diff. of [Dischar | water level | weir hy | head geQ | above the weir | H=IJ,-H (em) | Ah=(hi-ha) | (cm’/ | Ha (em) (cm) (cm) Sec) T ; - | Average c=9— Broad Crested Weir Width of broad crested weir, b, cm Crest level of broad ct ted weir Hy, cm Arerofcollecting-tank-em= ST. Discharge measurement "| Reading | Head over No [initia | Kinal-] Ditfer- | Discharge | of water | weir H= Q Lp, |i (fence off Q — |level | Hi-He Cs ———— (cm) | head (cm*/Sec) | above |:(cm) 2/3 1 bv2g HE Xo /-kAh= the crest “ (tu-ha) Hz (em) ‘Average Ca = & ao ‘Sharp Crested Weir Width of notch, B, om = Crest level of notch, Hi, cm : Area-of collecting tankyarem?- Ss Discharge Measurement Final reading [Head over[, of water | notch 4 an Time | Discharge | level above 1-H2 3 v2eBH (sec) |Q the notch Ho (cm’/sec) | (cm) ‘Average Ca= GQ Triangular or V notch, Apex angle of notch, 0 Crest level of V notch, Hi, em Arcrofootecting Imica-em s Discharge measurement Final Head over | —_ No. reading of | notch intial [Eine] Differ- | Discharge | water level | H=H)-Hy hy hy | ence of Q | above the | (em) (cm) | (em) | head | (cm’/sec) | notch Hz Ah= (cm) uch) a) S| A fo “Average Ca=ue () Rectangular notch x Width of notch, B cm = % Crest level of notch, Hi em Area of collecting tank, a cm? = Ss Discharge Measurement Final reading | Head over No. of water | notch Initial [Final ] Differ- [Discharge | level above | H=H)-H2 hy {hz | ence of the notch Hz | (em) (cm) | (cm) | head (cm*/sec) | (cm) Ab= | (hi-h2) ‘Average Ca= 8.0 PRECAUTIONS: Reading must be taken in steady or near steady conditions. For the measurement of correct discharge there must not be any leakage near the weir and take care that weir is not running in overflow conditions. For measurement of correct head over the weir the point gauge must just touch the water level in the well. Discharge must be varied very gradually from a higher value to smaller valuesEXPERIMENT No. 2: 1.0 2.0 3.0 OBJECTIVE: To study the formation of hydraulic jump APPARATUS: Tilting flume having a gate at the inlet end, a tail gate at the downstream end, and top rails for the movement of pointer gauge is required. A sluice valve is provided in the supply pipe. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY: When supercritical flow meets sub-critical flow there forms what is known as hydraulic jump which is accompanied by violent turbulence, eddy formation, air entrainment and surface undulations. Hydraulic jump is a very useful means to dissipate the excess energy of flowing water which otherwise would cause damages downstream. Consider the flow situation, shown in fig. in which section 1 is in supercritical zone and section 2 is in sub-critical zone. Assuming the channel bed to be horizontal, friction forces to be negligible and flow to be two dimensional, one can write, using the momentum equation. Py —P2 = pq (V2-V1) a) Where, q = Q/B in which B is the width of channel and P represents the hydrostatic force. Writing down the values of P; and P2 for rectangular channel, in Equation (1), one gets, pghy? — pgha® pq (V2— Vi) Q) where, p is the mass density of water. From the continuity equation, q = V2 hz = Vi hy Q)4.0 Step1: Step2: Step3: Step4: 5.0 9Combining equation (2) & (3) and then, solving for hy/hy one obtains, hp 1 = GCL4+V1F8Pr7) (4) ho 2 in which, Fr: = V\/ gh, _and is termed as Froude number of the incoming flow at section 1. hz and hy as related by Equation (4), are known as conjugate or sequent depths. A jump forms when Equation (4) is satisfied, Because of eddies (or rollers), and flow decelerations that accompany the jump, considerable head loss occurs. ‘This head loss, hy may be calculated by using the energy equation, thus, vP Vi hy = (hy +—) — (hp + 6) 28 28 From Equations (3) and (5), it can be shown that, (he - hy? h, =———. ) 4h; hp Height of jump, hj is defined as the difference between the depths after and before the jump, ie. y= hy-hy O) This variation of h/E, and h,/E; with Fr; has been shown in Fig 2. Here, E; is the specific energy at Section 1. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Adjust the supply valve, sluice gate and the tail gate so that there forms a stable hydraulic jump in the flume. ; ae Note: Broad crested weir can also be used for the formation of hydraulic jump. ‘Take the pointer gauge readings for the bed levels and water surface elevations at pre- jump section (1) and post-jump section (2). os ‘Measure the discharge by the help of orificemeter provided in the discharge line... Repeat step! & step2 for other positions of valve, sluice gate and tail gate. FIGURES TO BE PREPARED: Plot hy/hy v/s Fr; on an ordinary graph paper. On the same plot also draw the line represented by Equation 4. Note the scatter of observed data points.hy al On Fig 2 mark the data points of hy scatter of the experimental data points from the standard curves. By and hyEy for various values of Fri. Note the 10 T al 0.0 ag O41 08 : ay 02 o7 i 03 T i aeF i 04 lie os 08 ye ey i 06 thy Ct 03 7 tH as ae 0-8 01 ZONE OF DIRECT JUMA| ne ZONE OF UNDULAR o Ut ue _|__J10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VALUE. OF Fr,6.0 SAMPLE DATA SHEET: Width of flume, B, cm Run No. Left limb hi (cm) Right limb ha (cm) Diff. Of Head, h = (hy-h2) cm Discharge, Q cm/sec from = | the equation Pre-jump Depth, hy (cm) Post-jump Depth, h2_(em) [Vi =Q/Bhy cm/sec isfy [V2= QBhs emisee Fr = Vi/ Veh Vii E,= (hy +—) 2 ve y 2g E,= (ht hy ho—hy Ey Ey hy Ey E Eyss! Discharge coefficient can be calculated using formula. Diameter of pipe line, do, em F Cross sectional area of the pipe line, a), cm? Diameter of orifice, d, cm Cross sectional area of the orifice, ao, cm? Ce #5 Cateay2eh Cy’ Vai - a5 0.62 x 7.068 x 19.64 V2x 981 x Ah 19.647 — 7.068" =, | = 208.10 ah 66e