Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun

TMA-101
By Dr.Neeraj Dhiman

Inverse and Rank of a Matrix

1. What are singular and non singular matrices?
1 3 3 
2. Transform 2 4 10  into a unit matrix by using elementary transformations.
 3 8 4 
 1 2  2 
3. Reduce the matrix  1 2 1  to the upper triangular form by using elementary
 1  1 0 
transformations.
 1 2  2 
Ans:  0 4  1  [Answer may be different also].
 0 0 5 
4. Find the inverse of the following matrix by elementary transformations.
2  3 4 
2  3 4  Ans: Does not exist.
 
0  1 1 

5. Employing elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix

1 2 3 1
0 1 2  1 3 3 2
(i) 1 2 3  (ii)  .
2 4 3 3 
3 1 1   
1 1 1 1
 1 2 1 0
 1 1 1   1  2 2  3
1
Ans: (i)   8 6  2  (ii)  
2  0 1 1 1 
 5  3 1   
 2 3  2 3 
2 3  1  1 
1  1  2  4
6. Find the rank of A if A=   Ans: 3
3 1 3  2
 
6 3 0  7
1 1 2

7. For the matrix A = 1 2 3  , find non singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in
0  1  1
normal form.
8. Reduce the following matrix to normal form and hence find its rank:
 1 2 1 4  1 2 1 3 1 3 2 5 1
2 4 3 4 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 6 3
(i)   (ii)   (iii)  
1 2 3 4 3  1 1 2 1 1 2 3  1
     
 1  2 6  7  1 2 0 1 0 2 5 2  3

2 1  3  6  1 2 3 2
(iv)  3  3 1 2  (v) 2 3 5 1 
 1 1 1 2   1 3 4 5 

Ans (i) 3 (ii) 3 (iii) 3 (iv) 3

(v) 2
0 0 0 0 0
0 4 5 0 0 
9. Obtain a matrix N in the normal form equivalent to A=   .Hence find non
0 9 1  1 2 
 
0 10 0 1 11
singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ=N.
10. Find the inverse of the matrix M by applying elementary transformations:
0 2 1 3    1  3 3  1
 1 1  1  2 1 1 1 0 
  1  
M= Ans: M =
1 2 0 1   2  5 2  3
   
 1 1 2 6   1 1 0 1
11. Find the inverse of the following matrix by using row operations:

3  3 4  1 1 0 
2  3 4  Ans:  2 3  4 
   
0  1 1   2 3  3 
1 1 2 3
1 3 0 3
12. Find the rank by reducing to normal form:   Ans: 3
1  2  3  3 
 
1 1 2 3
System of Linear Equations
1. Solve with the help of matrices, the simultaneous equations:
2 x 1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 + x 4 =6, 6 x 1 -6 x 2 + 6 x 3 + 12 x 4 =36 , 4 x 1 + 3 x 2 + 3 x 3 -3 x 4 =-1,
2 x 1 + 2 x 2 - x 3 + x 4 =10 Ans: x 1 =2, x 2 =1 x 3 =-1, x4=3.
2. Using matrix method, show that the equations 3x+3y+2z=1, x+2y=4, 10y+3z=-2 and 2x-3y-z=5
are consistent and hence obtain the solution for x, y and z. Ans: x=2,
y=1and z=-4.
3. Investigate for what values of λ and μ do the system of equations x + y + z=6, x+2y+3z=10,
x+2y+ λ z= μ have (i) No solution (ii) Unique solution (iii) Infinite solutions?
Ans: (i) λ=3, μ≠10 (ii) λ≠3 (iii) λ=3, μ=10.
4. Show that the equations -2x+y+z=a, x-2y+z=b and x+y-2z=c have no solution unless a+ b +
c=0, in which case they have infinitely many solutions. Find these solutions when a=1, b=1,
c=-2. Ans: x=k-1, y=k-1and z=k.
5. Find the values of k for which the system of equations (3k-8) x+3y+3z=0, 3x +
 2 11 11
(3k-8) y+3z=0, 3x+3y+ (3k-8) z=0 has a non trivial solution. , Ans: k=
, .
3 3 3
6. Show that the system of equations x + y + z=-3, 3x+y-2z=-2 and 2x+4y+7z=7 is not consistent.
7. Show that the homogeneous system of equations x+ y cos  +z cos  =0, x cos  +y +z
cos  =0, x cos  +y cos  +z=0 has non trivial solution if  +  +  =0.
8. For what value of k, the equations x + y + z=1, 2x+y+4z=k and 4x+y+10z= k 2 have a solution
and solve them completely in each case.
Ans: k=1,k=2.When k=1;x= -3 k 1 ,y=2 k 1 +1,z= k 1 , When k=2;x= 1-3 k 2 ,y=2 k 2 ,z= k 2 .
 1 2 1 
9. If A=  3  1 2  , find the values of  for which the matrix equation AX=O has (i) Unique
 0 1  
solution (ii) More than one solution. Ans: (i)  ≠1 (ii)  =1.
10. Apply the matrix method to solve the system of equations: x + 2y - z=3,
3x-y+2z=1, 2x-2y+3z=2 and x - y + z=-1 Ans: Unique solution, x=-1, y=4, z=4
11. Test the consistency and hence solve the following set of equations:
x 1 + 2 x 2 + x 3 =2 , 3 x 1 + x 2 -2 x 3 =1, 4 x 1 -3 x 2 - x 3 =3 , 2 x 1 + 4 x 2 +2 x 3 =4.
Ans: Unique solution x 1 =1, x 2 =0, x 3 =1
12. Verify that the following system of equations is inconsistent:
x + 2y +2 z=1, 2x+y+z=-2 3x+2y+2z=3 and y + z=0
13. Test the consistency of following system of equations:
5x +3y +7z=4, 3x+26y+2z=9 7 x +2y+11z=5. Ans: Consistent
14. Verify that the following set of equations has a non trivial solution:
x+3y-2z=0, 2x-y+4z=0, x-11y+14z=0
15. Verify that the following set of equations always has a non zero solution:
4x +3y - z=0, 3x+4y+z=0 x-y-2z=0 and 5x+ y -4 z=0.
16. Show that the system of equations x + 2y – 2u=0, 2x-y-u=0, x+2z-u=0 and 4x - y +
3z-u=0 do not have a non trivial solution.
17. Test the consistency of following system of linear equations and hence find the solution:4 x 1 -
x 2 =12, - x 1 +5 x 2 -2 x 3 =0, 2 x 1 +4 x 3 =-8
44 4  32
Ans: Unique solution, x 1 = , x 2 = , x3 =
15 15 15

Linear Dependence and Independence

1. Show that the vectors x 1 =(1,2,4), x 2 =(2,-1,3), x 3 =(0,1,2)and x 4 =(-3,7,2) are linearly dependent
and find the relation between them. Ans: 9 x 1 -12 x 2 + 5 x 3 - 5 x 4 =0.
2. Find whether or not the following set of vectors is linearly dependent or independent:
[1, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0, 1]. Ans: Linearly independent.
1 0 0
3. Show that the column vectors of A= 6 2 1 are linearly independent.
 4 3 2 
4. Show that the vectors X 1 = [ a1 , b1 ] and X 2 = [ a 2 , b2 ] are linearly dependent if and only if
a1 b2 - a2 b1 =0.
5. Show that the vectors X 1 =[2,3,1,-1], X 2 =[2,3,1,-2] , X 3 =[4,6,2,1] are linearly dependent.
Express one of the vectors as a linear combination of others.
Ans: 5 X 1 -3 X 2 = X 3
6. If X 1 =[3,1,-4], X 2 =[2,2,-3] and X 3 =[0,-4,1],then show that:
(i) The vectors X 1 and X 2 are linearly independent.
(ii) The vectors X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are linearly dependent.
7. Show that the vectors [1, 2, 4] and [3, 6, 12] form a linearly dependent set.
Eigen values and Eigen Vectors

1. Find the eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of the following matrices:
 8 6 2   6 2 2  3 1 4 
   
(i)  6 7  4  (ii)   2 3 1 (iii) 0 2 6 
 2  4 3   2 1 3  0 0 5 
1  2  2 2 1 1
1   1   3 
           
     
Ans:(i)0,3,15  2  ,  1    2  (ii)2,2,8 k1 2 + k 2  0 ,
 1 (iii)3,2,5 0  ,  1 ,  2 
 2   2   1   1  0   2 
0   0   1 
 2 1 1 
2. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix A=  1 2  1 .
 1  1 2 

3 1 1
1
Hence compute A-1. Ans:
4
1 3 1
 1 1 3

 2 1 1
3. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A= 0 1 0  and hence compute A 1 .Also find
 1 1 2 
the matrix represented by A 8 -5 A 7 +7 A 6 -3 A 5 + A 4 -5 A 3 +8 A 2
 2 1 1 8 5 5
3 2 1 1
-2A+I. Ans:  -5  +7  -3=0, A =  0 3 0  , 0 3 0
3
 1 1 2  5 5 8

1 2 1
4. Given A = 0 1 1 , find adjA by Cayley Hamilton Theorem.
3 1 1


0 1 1
Ans: 3 4 1 .
  3 7 1

2 1 1 
5. Find Characteristic equation of A =  1 2 1 and verify that it is satisfied by A and hence
 1 2 2

 2 0  1
1
1 3 1  .
3 2
obtain A-1. Ans:  -6  +8  -3=0, A-1= 
3
0 3 3 
 1 2 3   3 4 1
6. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix (i)  2 4  2  .(ii)  2 1 6
 
 1 1 2   1 4 7 
4 3 1
7. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of 2 1  2  .
 1 2 1 
 5 1 7 
1 
Ans:  4 3 10 
11 
 3  5  2 

2 1 1 
8. Prove that for the matrix A=  2 3 4  , all its eigen values are distinct and real. Hence
 1 1 2

1 0 2
find corresponding eigen vectors. Ans: λ =1,-1,3;  1 ,  1 ,  3 
 0   1   1
 3 10 5 
9. Show that the matrix  2  3  4  has less than 3 linearly independent eigen vectors. Also
 3 5 7 
1 5
   
find them. Ans:  =2, 2, 3.For  =3, X1=  1  , For  =2, X2=  2 
 2   5 
10. Show that the matrix A has repeated eigen values. Also find the corresponding eigen vectors,
2 0 2  1  1 
where A=  1 3 1  Ans:  =2, 2, 4; 1 ,  0 
 
 1  1 3  0   1

1 1 2 
11. Reduce the matrix A= 0 2 1 to diagonal form by similarity transformation. Hence
0 0 3

1 0 0  1  7 32 
3 3
find A . Ans: D = 0 2 0  , A = 0 8 19 
0 0 3 0 0 27 

 1 2 2 1 0 0 
12. Reduce the matrix A= 1 2 1  to diagonal form. Ans: 0 5 0 
 1
1 0 0
0  5

13. Define the eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix. Find the Eigen values and eigen vectors
 1 3 5
of the matrix: 3 5 1
5 1 3
 4 0 1
14. State and prove Cayley Hamilton theorem. Hence, find A 1
where A is 0 1 2  .
 1 0 1 

Eigen values and Eigen Vectors (contd.)

 2  i 3  1  3i   
1. If A= 
 5 i 4  2 i  , verify that A A is a Hermition matrix where A is the conjugate
 
transpose of A.
  i    i  2 2 2 2
2. Show that the matrix   is unitary if and only if        =1.
   i   i 
 0 1  2i 
3. If N=   , obtain the matrix I N  I  N 1 and show that it is unitary.
 1  2 i 0 
 3 5  2 i  3

4. If H= 5  2 i 7 4 i  , show that H is a Hermition matrix. Verify that iH is a skew
  3  4i 5 
Hermition matrix.
 1i 1i 
 2  has eigen values with unit modulus.
5. Verify that the matrix A=  2
1 i 1  i 
 
 2 2 
6. If A is any square matrix, prove that A+A*, A A*,A*A are Hermition and A-A* is skew
Hermition.
7. Prove the following:
a) The characteristic roots of a unitary matrix are of unit modulus.
b) Latent roots of a Hermition matrix are all real.
c) The characteristic root of a skew Hermition matrix is either zero or a purely imaginary
number.
8. If  be an eigen value of a non singular matrix A, show that
a) 1 is an eigen value of A-1.
A
b) is an eigen value of adjA.

9. Show that the sum of eigen values of a square matrix is equal to the sum of the elements of
its principal diagonal.
10. Show that the product of eigen values of a square matrix A is equal to detA.
11. Prove that every eigen vector corresponds to a eigen value.
 8 4 1 
1
12. Prove that the following matrix is orthogonal:  1 4  8 .
9
 4 7 4 