Analytical

CHEMISTRY
 NOTES
Introduction to Analytical Chemistry The Language of Analytical Chemistry
Applications of Analytical Chemistry
Qualitative analysis: An analysis in which we determine the
In medicine, analytical chemistry is the basis for clinical identity of the constituent species in a sample.
laboratory tests which help physicians diagnosis disease and
chart progress in recovery. Quantitative analysis: An analysis in which we determine
how much of a constituent species is present in a sample.
In industry, analytical chemistry provides the means of
testing raw materials and for assuring the quality of finished Analytes: The constituents of interest in a sample.
products whose chemical composition is critical. Many
household products, fuels, paints, pharmaceuticals, etc. are Matrix: All other constituents in a sample except for the
analyzed by the procedures developed by analytical chemists analytes.
before being sold to the consumer.
A selective reaction or test is one that can occur
Enviermental quality is often evaluated by testing for with other substances but exhibits a degree of
suspected contaminants using the techniques of analytical preference for the substance of interest.
chemistry. A specific reaction or test is one that occurs only with
the substance of interest.
The nutritional value of food is determined by chemical Note: few reactions are specific but many exhibit
analysis for major components such as protein and selectivity.
carbohydrates and trace components such as vitamins and Detection limit: A statistical statement about the smallest
minerals. Indeed, even the calories in a food are often amount of analyte that can be determined with
calculated from the chemical analysis. confidence

Forensic analysis - analysis related to criminology; DNA finger Precision and Accuracy
printing, finger print detection; blood analysis.
Precision describes the reproducibility of a result. If
Bioanalytical chemistry and analysis - detection and/or you measure a quantity several times and the values
analysis of biological components (i.e., proteins, DNA, RNA, agree closely with one another, your measurement is
carbohydrates, metabolites, etc.). precise. If the values vary widely, your measurement is
not very precise.
Applications of analytical chemistry in Accuracy describes how close a measured value is to the
pharmacy sciences “true” value. If a known standard is available, accuracy is
how close your value is to the known value.

Pharmaceutical chemistry
Pharmaceutical industry (quality control)
Analytical toxicology is concerned with the detection,
identification and measurement of drugs and other foreign
compounds (and their metabolites in biological and related
specimens.
.Natural products detection, isolation, and structural
determination.
Classifying Analytical Techniques

Classical techniques
Mass, volume, and charge are the most common signals for
classical techniques, and the corresponding techniques are:

1- Gravimetric techniques.
2- Volumetric techniques. Equipment for Measuring Volume
3- Coulometeric techniques. Analytical chemists use a variety of glassware to measure
volume. The type of glassware used depends on how exact the
Instrumental techniques volume needs to be.

Volumetric flask is designed to contain a specified volume of

Spectroscopic methods - measuring the interaction solution at a stated temperature, usually 20 °C.
between the analyte and electromagnetic radiation (or the
production of radiation by an analyte).
Electroanalytic methods - measure an electrical property
(i.e., potential, current, resistance, amperes, etc.) chemically
related to the amount of analyte.

Pipette
Basic Tools and Operations of is used to deliver a specified volume of solution. Several different
styles of pipettes are available.
Analytical Chemistry

Basic Equipment
Measurements are made using appropriate equipment or
instruments. The array of equipment and instrumentation
used in analytical chemistry is impressive, ranging from the
Burette is volumetric glassware used to deliver variable,
simple and inexpensive, to the complex and costly.
but known volumes of solution. A burette is a long, narrow
tube with graduated markings, and a stopcock for
Equipments for Measuring Mass (Analytical dispensing the solution.
Balance)
An object’s mass is measured using a balance. The most Equipment for Drying
common type of balance is an in which the balance pan is
placed over an electromagnet. Another type of analytical Reagents, precipitates, and glassware are conveniently dried in
balance is the mechanical balances which are replaced by an oven at 110°C.Many materials need to be dried prior
the electronic balances. to their analysis to remove residual moisture. Depending
on the material, heating to a temperature of 110–140 °C is
usually sufficient. Other materials need to be heated to
much higher temperatures to initiate thermal decomposition
 laboratory oven capable of providing the required
temperature. Commercial laboratory ovens are used Preparing Solutions
when the maximum desired temperature is 160–325 °C
(depending on the model). Higher temperatures, up to Preparing a solution of known concentration is perhaps the
1700°C, can be achieved using a muffle furnace. most common activity in any analytical lab. Two methods for
preparing solutions are described in this section.

Preparing Stock Solutions

stock solution is prepared by weighing out an
appropriate portion of a pure solidor by measuring out
an appropriate volume of a pure liquid and diluting to a
known volume.
A desiccator is a closed container thatisolates the sample from
the atmosphere. A drying agent, called a desiccant, is placed Preparing Solutions by Dilution
inthe bottom of the container. Typical desiccants include Solutions with small concentrations are often
calcium chloride and silica gel. prepared by diluting a more concentrated stock
solution. A known volume of the stock solution is
transferred to a new container and brought to a new
volume.

Filtration In gravimetric analysis, the mass of product

from a reaction is measured to determine how much
unknown was present. Precipitates from gravimetric analyses
are collected by filtration. Liquid from which a substance
precipitates or crystallizes is called the mother liquor. Liquid
that passes through the filter is called filtrate.